^i^f^iilSuilSK^Kii]^^
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE ADMINISTEATION
OF THE INTEENAL SECUKITY ACT AND OTHER
INTEENAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIAEY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-SECOND CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
THE INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
PART 14
MAY 2 AND JUNE 20, 1952
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
i,.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE TO INYESTICiATE THE ADMINISTRATION
OF THE INTERNAL SECURITY ACT AND OTHER
INTERNAL SECURITY LAWS
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
UNITED STATES SENATE
EIGHTY-SECOND CONGEESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
THE INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
PART 14
MAY 2, JUNE 20, 1952
Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
88343 WASHINGTON : 1952
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY
PAT McCARRAN, Nevada, Chairman
HARLEY M. KILGORE, West Virginia ALEXANDER WILEY, Wisconsin
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi WILLIAM LANGBR, North Dakota
WARREN G. MAGNUSON. Washington HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan
HERBERT R. O'CONOR, Maryland WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
ESTES KEPAUVER, Tennessee ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
WILLIS SMITH, North Carolina ROBERT C. HENDRICKSON, New Jersey
J. G. SoDKWiNE, Counsel
Internal Secturity Subcommittee
PAT McCARRAN, Nevada, Chairman
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan
HERBERT R. O'CONOR, Maryland WILLIAM E. JENNER, Indiana
WILLIS SMITH, North Carolina ARTHUR V. WATKINS, Utah
Subcommittee Investigating the Institute of Pacific Relations
JAMES O. EASTLAND, Mississippi, Chairman
PAT McCARRAN, Nevada HOMER FERGUSON, Michigan
Robert Morkis, Special Counsel
Benjamin Mandel, Director of Research
II
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC KELATIONS
FRIDAY, MAY 2, 1952
United States Senate,
Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration
OF THE Internal Security Act and Other Internal
Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary,
New York, N. Y.
The subcommitte met, pursuant to call, at 10 a. m., Hon Pat Mc-
Carran, chairman, presiding.
Present : Senator McCarran.
Also present : J. G. Sourwine, committee counsel ; Robert Morris,
subcommittee counsel; and Benjamin Mandel, director of research.
The Chairman. The committee will come to order.
Mr. Morris. Both Mr. Carter and Mr. Holland have been sworn
previously.
The Chairman. Very well ; they have been sworn.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, yesterday afternoon I spent some time
with Mr. Lockwood presenting to him copies of letters written to
him and written by him. He was able to spend the afternoon on this,
and he did make a statement authenticating the documents.
Mr. Mandel, will you identify these for the record, please?
Mr. Sourwine. Do you have a list of those documents ?
Mr. Mandel. I have a list which was drawn up under my direction.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that a true list of that batch of documents ?
Mr. Mandel. It is.
Mr. Sourwine. Can you offer that list for the record ?
Mr. Mandel. I can.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, in connection with this list, did you notice
there have been two amendments since it was originally compiled ?
Mr. Mandel. The list is authentic with the exclusion of those.
Mr. Morris. Those amendments are two letters, one a letter from
W. W. Lockwood to Col. William Mayer dated December 26, 1942,
which is file No. 131B. The other is a letter to Philo W. Parker and
others from William W. Lockwood dated December 2, 1942, No.
131B.2. They were both added by Mr. Lockwood yesterday.
The Chairman. The witness identifies everything except those two?
Mr. Morris. No, they have been added to Mr. Mandel's list.
The Chairman. Does he identify those ?
Mr. JNIoRRis. Yes. I am going to introduce his statement on that.
The Chairman. He identifies them as what?
Mr. Morris. JSIr. Mandel will testify that all of the documents on
this list as amended were taken from the files of the Institute of Pa-
cific Relations. It that risht, Mr. Mandel ?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
4907
4908 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The Chairman, Is that true?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Yesterday Mr. Lockwood stated that he could not be
liere today, and he gave a sworn statement to me which reads :
State of New York,
County of New York, sa :
I have examined the documents described in the list attached hereto as
exhibit A. While many of the documents so described are documents of which
I have no present recollection, I am satisfied that all of the documents listed in
exhibit A are letters or memoranda or copies of letters or memoranda sent by me
or received by me.
^ , [s] William A. Lockwood.
Dated : May 1, 1952.
Present :
[s] Robert Morris
Robert Morris
[s] Stuart Marks
•Stuart Marks
Mr. SouRwiNE. Were you there, and that was your client's list?
Mr. Marks. Yes ; that is true.
Mr. SouRwiNE. May the list and the affidavit together with the
documents which are named in that list ba offered for the rex^ord at
this time ?
Tlie Chairman. They may be inserted in the record at this time.
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibits Nos. 765 to 771,
inclusive; 773 to 782, inclusive, and 784 to 799 C" and a])i:.ear on
pp. 4958 through 4983.)
The Chairman. Who is this gentleman ?
Mr. Morris. This is Mr. Marks of Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Sunder-
land & Kiendl. He is counsel for Mr. Holland and Mr. Carter.
May the documents be numbered consecutively ?
The Chairman. They may be numbered consecutively in order of
previous exhibits.
Mr. Morris. When Mr. Lockwood appeared. Senator, he author-
ized me to make the statement that the list is accurate.
The Chairman. Very well.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, I offer you a group of documents together
with a list appended thereto. Will you tell us wliat are those docu-
ments and what is that list?
Mr. ]\Iandel. The documents I hold are taken from the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations or submitted by officers of the Institute
of Pacific Relations, of wdiich documents I made an itemized list.
Mr. SouRAviNE. The list is that list you made ?
Mr. Mandel. The list is the list I hold in my hand.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Is that a true and correct list of the documents
that you have in that batch ?
Mr. Mandel. It is.
The Chairman. The list is one thing. The documents are another.
The list was made by you ?
Mr. Mandel. The list was made under my direction from the
documents.
The Chairman. All right. Are you offering the list, so-called, or
are you offering the documents ? I take it that you are offering the
documents.
Mr. Morris. We are going to offer the documents.
Mr. Souravine. The list is in fact an inventory of those documents.
Mr. Mandel. That is correct.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFICi RELATIONS 4909
Mr. Sot RwiNE. Mr. Chairman, we are proffering the list also as
evidence of what this batch of documents contains.
The Chairman. That is all right. That is merely a list that was
made by Mr, Mandel or under his direction, but the documents are
taken from the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Morris. Are all of those documents taken from the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations ?
Mr. Mandel. All except one, which was prepared by Mr. Holland
at our request.
Mr. Morris. What is that?
Mr. Mandel. That is a list of the staff members of the Institute of
Pacific Relations.
The Chairman. As of what date ?
Mr. Mandel. Various dates. There is one list from 1936 to 1943.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, may we not consider this at this time ?
That does not belong in there.
The Chairman. I think that is correct. I think that is the best
way to handle that.
Mr. Mandel. The others are all documents from the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations.
TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM L. HOLLAND, NEW YORK, N. Y., AND
EDWARD C. CARTER, NEW YORK, N. Y., ACCOMPANIED BY
STUART MARKS, ATTORNEY AT LAW
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland, have you had an opportunity to look at
the documents that we have now offered for the record?
Mr. Holland. Yes, I have been through that whole list.
Mr. Morris. Have you in connection with that group of documents
looked at the list that has been compiled by Mr. Mandel ?
Mr. Holland. Yes. The list seems to be complete with the excep-
tion of the document you have just removed. I found corresponding
documents to each item in the list. I am prepared to identity all of
the documents with the exceptions which I will name in a moment
as letters or memoranda written by me or received by me in the
course of my work with the Institute of Pacific Relations.
Mr. Morris. What are the exceptions ?
Mr. Holland. Three exceptions that I wish to note are: One, a
letter which appears to be from me to a man called Harondar, an
official of the Soviet council. He was an official of the Soviet council
of the IPR.
Mr. Morris. ^Vhere does that appear on the list?
Mr. Holl.\nd. That is item No. 4, I believe, and the point is that
it only appears to be the last page of a letter and a copy. It is un-
signed and is not a carbon. While it seems to me like a perfectly
normal letter, I have no means of identifying what the beginning of
the letter was nor do I happen to remember writing this particular
paragraph.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, apparently by mistake we have only
the second page of this letter, and I move that this be stricken from
the list.
The Chairman. Just do not offer it.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I believe since this is on the list and since Mr.
Holland has testified about it, it should not be stricken from the list.
4910 INSTITUTE QF PACIFIC RELATIONS
As the chairman suggested, it should be exchided from the offer.
The Chairman. Just remove it from the offer at this time. You
may be able to identify it at a later time.
Mr. Holland. The second exception, which is I think about item
No. 15, your exhibit No. 819, is an unsigned memorandum with the
initials "W. L. H. and K. M. from E. C. C," giving background infor-
mation on the Muslim League in India. This, too, is a letter which
I have no recollection of and is unsigned. It appears to me to be a
perfectly normal kind of memorandum and one which I might well
have seen, but it just so happens that I cannot myself identify it.
The Chairman. Mr. Carter's initials are on there; are they not?
Mr. Morris. That is right.
The Chairman. Does he identify or recall it?
Mr. Morris. It has now been offered to Mr. Carter.
Mr. Carter. It has every external appearance of being a photo-
stat of an interoffice memorandum of mine to Mr. Holland and Miss
Mitchell. I do not remember it, but it seems to be authentic, and I
do not identify who the author is, what the source of the enclosure is.
The Chairman. How do your initials appear on it; from or to you?
Mr. Carter. The initials "W. L. H. and K. M. from E. C. C." My
signature is not on it. There is a mark here, "Carter," which is not
in my handwriting, but I think it is one of the routine information
memorandums and while I do not remember it specifically, I should see
no reason why it should not be used in the record.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland, you say you have a third exception?
Mr. Holland. I have a third one. This is I think about five more
items down the list, your file No. 823. This is the one item already
mentioned, a free distribution list for a memorandum called Korean
Industry and Transport by A. J. G., presumably A. J. Grajdanzev.
I have no recollection of this list, and it would appear to be some-
thing prepared by someone on my staff, but I do recall the memo-
randum, and it is perfectly likely that it was distributed in fact to
the list indicated there.
The Chairman. You make no objection to its being attached?
Mr. Holland. No, sir. The remaining exception is the fifth from
the last, your file No. 862. This is an original letter from a Chinese
by the name of Tseng to S. B. Thomas, and I am prepared to say
that this appears to me to be an authentic copy of a letter sent to a
junior member of my staff who had apparently requested some docu-
ments from a Chinese book agency in Peking.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland, you will notice that there is on the letter
from Mr. Tseng a pencil notation, "rewrite for Bill to sign," and the
Bill presumably is you.
Mr. Holland. Yes. The following is a letter from me which I
acknowledge and identify.
Mr. Morris. So even though one-half of the correspondence is
addressed to S. B. Thomas, the answer to that was prepared by you?
Mr. Holland. That is true. Finally, Mr. Chairman, the list which
you just excluded is one which I sent to the committee some weeks
ago.
Mr. Morris. Let me finish this other thing first.
Mr. Chairman, in view of Mr. Mandel's testimony and Mr. Holland's
testimony in connection with these documents, may they all be re-
ceived in the record ?
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4911
The Chairman. They may all be received into the record.
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibit Nos. 800, 802,
804 to 866," and appear on pp. 4984 through 5031.)
The Chairman. You are going to have to be very careful about
identifying these documents because you are putting them in in
clusters, and each one of them should have a serial nmnber.
Mr. Morris. They do, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. SouRwiNE. That is why I am asking that the list in each case
go in. The documents themselves have been physically examined in-
dividually by the witnessses who are testifying with respect to the
list, which is an accurate list of the documents, and the testimony
of Mr, Mandel and of Mr. Holland, who said he had checked it,
is simply to save the time of the committee and to shorten this hear-
ing. If the list goes in and also the documents, I believe we will have
a clear record on it.
The Chairman. I understand the testimony, first, as to Mr. Mandel,
saying that these are copies of instruments found in the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations. Secondly, Mr. Holland identifies
each and every one of these as being instruments that were in the
files of the Institute of Pacific Relations. Am I correct in that?
Mr. Holland. Subject to the qualifications which I have just in-
dicated.
The Chairman. Subject to the qualifications that you made.
Mr. Holland. Finally, Mr. Chairman, just so that there will be
correspondence between the typed list and the documents, I notice two
or three typographical, minor errors. On your file No. 807 it should
read "to W. L. H. from E. C. C." At present you have it reversed. On
your file No. 818 it should read "to W. L. Holland from William T.
Stone" and not William T. Johnstone as you have it in your list.
On your item 837, apparently a slip in the carbon copy — it may not
appear on the original — it should read "to William L. Holland from
Schuyler Wallace." My copy has only S-c-h-u-y-1.
Finally on item 839, missing date figure, "to Scliuyler Wallace from
W. L. Holland," the correct date should be April 12, 1944. I think
it is the carbon that reads March 12, 1944. Otherwise that list seems
to be correct.
The Chairman. As to those corrections suggested by Mr. Holland,
it might be well for you to make the corrections on the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations. In other words, evidently an error
has crept in as to these small items. That should be corrected. It is
not an exception taken by the witness. It is just a suggested check,
and his suggestion should be followed up to see that he is correct and
the instrument corrected accordingly.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, the list describing the documents which
we have been discussing will be corrected in view of the recommenda-
tions made by Mr. Holland.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland, I offer you four documents, and ask you
what they are,
Mr. Holland. These documents are lists of the staff members of
both the Pacific Council and the American Council of the Institute of
Pacific Relations for various periods, namely, 1936 to 1943; 1937 to
1943, 1944 to 1951, and 1944 to 1951.
4912 INSTITUTE or PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. Morris. I think I have a fiftli one, Mr. Holland.
Mr. HorxAND. And a fifth entitled "IPR Staff Members," sub-
mitted by W. L, Holland, date October 10, 1951. All of these docu-
ments, Mr. Chairman, were prepared under my direction at the request
of the subcommittee some weeks ago, the latest date here being October
10, 1951, and to the best of my belief and according to our personnel
records, they present the true facts regarding the lists of employees
and dates of employment of the persons who worked for the Institute
of Pacific Relations, the staff members.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Did you have access to your personnel records in
connection with the preparation of those lists?
Mr. H0L1.AND. I had access to them. I did not myself scrutinize
every personnel card. The list was prepared under my direction by
Miss Ruth Carter, and I have every reason to believe that it is a cor-
rect and complete list.
Mr. Morris. Mr, Chairman, will we insert this in the running re-
cord, or should we put this in the appendix ?
The Chairman. Where do you want it? What do you offer them
for ? Do you offer them for the record ?
Mr. Morris. I offer them for the record.
The Chairman. I think so. They will be inserted in the record.
(The documents referred to were marked Exhibit No. 801 and
appear on p. 4987.)
The Chairman. All that shows is who were the officers of the In-
stitute of Pacific Relations in the respective years mentioned?
Mr. Morris. Yes.
The Chairman. Let the record show that the stenographer in the
outer room closed the door so that the telephoning might go on in the
outer room without disturbing the hearing and that the Chair an-
nounced that this was an open hearing and anyone who came into the
outer room who wished to come in here might come in. This is an
open hearing.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I am offering to Mr. Mandel two
groups of documents.
Mr. Mandel, are those two groups of documents made up of letters
and papers taken from the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations ?
Mr. Mandel. These are documents from or to Mr. E. C. Carter taken
from the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations. They are either
the original documents or photostats thereof.
The Chairman. The instruments are true and correct photostats of
documents found in the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. And every one of the dociunents and papers in those
two groups is so classified ?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
Mr. Morris. Namely, taken from the files of the Institute of Pacific
Relations. Mr. Mandel, what are those two lists ?
Mr. Mandel. From these documents I have authorized a list to be
prepared itemizing each document and describing them.
Mr. SouRWiNE. You mean you have there a list which constitu*"es
an inventory of the documents which you have just identified and
which you hold?
Mr. Mandel. That is correct.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4913
Mr. Morris. There are two lists, Mr. Chairman; one with each
group.
Mr. Carter, have yon had an opportunity to look at the documents
so identified by Mr. Mandel and described in the list accompanying
those documents ?
Mr. Carter. Yes, I have had the opportunity of hurriedly going
through them.
Mr. Morris. Do they appear to you to be authentic documents?
Mr. Carter. I do not challenge the authenticity of any. There are
some that I don't particularly recollect, but those I will point out when
I go through the list.
Mr. Marks. You do not mean "recollection." You mean you do
not identify because you do not have personal knowledge of them.
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. Marks. But you do not challenge the authenticity.
Mr. Carter. That is right.
Mr. Morris. Do you want to make any particular comment as to
any document on either of those two lists?
The Chairman. As I understand, those minutes were made of con-
ferences. If Mr. Carter after having examined those minutes says that
they appear to him to be true and correct, that is about as far as he
can go unless he made them himself.
Mr. Marks. That is perfectly true.
Mr. Morris. Do you want to make any comment on any of the
documents in these two groups?
Mr. Carter. One such case is item 978, a discussion on collective
security.
Mr. Morris. "^^Hiat is the nature of that document, Mr. Carter?
Mr, Carter, It was a discussion on collective security in 700 Jack-
son Place, Washington, I did not prepare the minutes, I don't
know who they were j)repared by, but I remember the meeting, and
they look like a reasonably accurate job.
Mr, Sourwine, "\^niere is 700 Jackson Place ? Is that the corner of
Jackson Place and Pennsylvania Avenue alongside of the Blair
House ?
Mr, Carter. That is where the Carnegie Endowment Library has
been for many years.
This is to Edward C, Carter from MC, undated.
Mr, Morris. That is right under the exhibit No. 980 ?
Mr. Carter. Yes. I cannot think who MC is, I don't identify
the handwriting either, and it is in collection with a letter to Mr.
Dollard. This is a mimeographed study of Attitudes of American
Soldiers in the Berlin District Toward Our Allies. It is not mine,
and it was originally marked as restricted, but the classification has
been canceled, so it was an open document.
The Chairman. What point do you make in regard to it ?
Mr, Marks. Nothing at all, except I do not exactly know whether
we are authenticating this document as put out by the research library
of the information-education division. We acknowledge it was in
the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations if that is what you
want.
Mr, Sourwine. You said the classification is canceled. You mean
it shows on its face by proper authority there has been an official
cancellation of the security classification?
4914 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. Marks. Yes. Our only point is if you want us to say what
it IS, we will say it was taken from the files. We did not prepare it.
Mr. Sour WINE. Was it received by you as indicated ?
Mr. Marks. Oh, yes. We have no objection to that.
The Chairman. What is next?
Mr. Carter. There is a handwritten note of mine here, and it is
marked underneath "Dear Kate" in brackets "Enclosure, July 19
note." It should be July 17 notes. It is perfectly routine.
Mr. Marks. One other point on that. We don't understand why
it says "Enclosure." The list says "enclosure." We do not under-
stand why, but it does not make much difference, I guess. The list
says. Senator, "(Enc. July 19 notes)" and the list should be July 17.
We do not understand what the enclosure reference is, but I do not
think it is very significant.
Mr. Carter. With your permission I will let Mr. Marks do this.
The Chairman. That is all right.
Mr. Marks. Item 984. This is a report of conference of March
9. Mr. Carter acknowledges that it is a fairly accurate statement
of what went on, although he did not himself prepare the report.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Just at that point, you say he acknowledges that it
Is fairly accurate. Does he take exception to it on any point with
regard to accuracy ?
Mr. Marks. On those I do not think we ought to be bound because
we had to read those at a terrible clip. If we have to stop now to
examine this page by page, it will keep us here indefinitely. We
would like to reserve comment and check on these things. Mr. Carter
spent just a few minutes to go through this thing and to construe
it to see whether each thing is a fair statement would require a lot
more time, and I don't think he at this time can state more than I
have already stated. I want to suit your purpose.
The Chairman. The question is: Is the instrument found where
it was found ? It is admitted that it was found in the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Marks. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. What it sets out is not a matter for your construc-
tion nor for anyone else's just now. It is a matter for the committee's
construction.
Mr. Marks. Fine. That is perfectly acceptable to us.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, if "the Chair will permit, since I
understand that Mr. Carter is adopting Mr. Marks' statements as his
testimony, is that right, sir?
Mr. Carter. That is correct.
Mr. SouRwiNE. With regard to this particular document it might
save time in the future if I ask Mr. Carter a question now.
Mr. Carter, you have had an opportunity to examine that briefly;
is that correct?
Mr. Carter. Very sketchily.
Mr. SouRwiNE. From the examination which you have made of
it, does it appear to you to be a report which was prepared under your
direction or at your behest ?
Mr. Carter. I was present at the meeting. It does not show who
recorded it. The handwritten bits of editorial alterations are not
in my handwriting, and I could not swear who the author or editor
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4915
was. It may have been Mr, W, W. Lockwood. Let me see whether
he was there. Yes ; he was present.
Mr. SouRwiNE. What I am trying to get at is : Was that prepared
by someone who did so as a part of his duties as an official or employee
oiethelPR?
Mr. Carter. Not necessarily, because in the list of attendees there
is typed "W. W. Lockwood, Princeton," and then inserted in hand-
writing after Lockwood's name, "ACIS." That would be the Amer-
ican Committee for International Studies. That might indicate that
he was there in his capacity as an executive of the American Commit-
tee of International Studies, which has no connection with the IPR.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Do you have any knowledge as to how this found
its way into the files of the IPR ?
Mr. Carter. I have no knowledge.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Do you have any knowledge as to whether this was
prepared for the files of the IPR ?
Mr. Carter. I have no knowledge one way or the other on that.
Mr. Marks. The next item is 988. Tliis is a memorandum of the
meeting of the Arctic Institute, April 9, which was taken from the
files of the Institute of Pacific Relations, but not prepared by Mr.
Carter.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Carter, do you know by whom it was prepared?
Mr. Carter. I don't remember. With reference to this meeting of
the Arctic Institute, I note that there were present FD and HM. FD
is Faith Donaldson and HM is Harriet Moore. Either one of them
might have prepared the record of the meeting. I don't know which.
There is nothing written, straight typing, and I have no idea which
one of them prepared it or whether they prepared it jointly and sub-
mitted it to me.
Mr. SouR"\^^NE. One of those alternatives?
Mr. Carter. One of those alternatives.
Mr. Marks. The next item is 993. This is a memorandum of an
interview with Mortimer Graves, December 7, 1933, at which Mr.
Carter and Mr. Joseph Barnes were present. I think Mr. Carter will
state that either he or Mr. Barnes prepared this memorandum. He
doesn't remember which.
Mr. Carter. That is correct.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I would like to ask a question about that. Is Mr.
Barnes' style so similar to your own that you cannot tell them apart
when you look back over them ?
Mr. Carter. This is statistical. It was in 1933.
Mr. SouRwiNE. I think in fairness to you that should be explained
here. It is not a document that is likely enough to make it identi-
fiable; is that the point?
Mr. Carter. It is very short. It is statistical, and there are no
flourishes of authorship or rhetoric in it.
Mr. SouRwiNE. The point was if it had been prepared by you we
know you would be prepared to say it was absolutely true and correct ;
is that right ?
Mr. Carter. It makes sense to me.
Mr. SouRWiNE. On that basis since you cannot tell whether it is
yours or Mr. Barnes, I assume you are still able to say that it is true
and correct.
4916 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. Carter. It strikes me thorouo:hly as a correct compilation.
Mr. Marks. The next item is 1005, a meeting of the presidium of
the Soviet branch of the IPR. Mr. Carter will state that the report
was prepared either by Harriet Moore or Kate Mitchell. Do you
know which?
Mr. Carter. I have no idea.
Mr. Sourwine. Did Kate Mitchell take shorthand?
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. SotTRwiNE. Harriet Moore did not?
Mr. Carter. Not with the same precision. I don't remember
whether Harriet Moore actually used shorthand or her own shorthand
system.
Mr. Sourwine. And Faith Donaldson had no shorthand system at
all ?
Mr. Carter. Yes. She, if I remember correctly, had sort of a
debutante shorthand.
Mr. Sourwine. I thought you had testified here once — it is an un-
important point — that Faith Donaldson did not write in shorthand.
Mr. Carter. I remember describing her as a champion skier. I
don't remember referring to her shorthand capacity.
Mr. Sourwine. Was she a typist?
Mr. Carter. Oh, yes.
Mr. Marks. The next item is 1008. This is a photostat of what
purports to be a letter from E. V. Harondar to Kathleen Barnes,
June 20, 1935, which Mr. Carter will say was taken from the files of
the Institute of Pacific Relations, but it was not a letter received by
him nor written by him.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you have any recollection as to whether you
ever saw that letter before the committee presented it to you for
identification ?
Mr. Carter. I don't remember having seen it before. I may have
or I may not. I don't recall it now.
Mr. Marks. Item 1009 is a letter from Mr. Carter to Mr. Motylev.
The list shows the date "3/4/35." It should be "5/4/35."
Mr. Sourwine. Speaking of Mr. Motylev, we have a number of
documents in the file including some of these summaries wherein his
name is spelled M-o-t-i-l-e-v; is that not correct? It is the same per-
son, is it not?
Mr. Carter. That is correct.
Mr. Marks. The next item is 1010. This is a carbon copy of a docu-
ment entitled "Extracts From Letter From Harriet Moore to E. C.
Carter" of March 20, 1935. Can you tell who prepared this ?
Mr. Carter. I cannot discover who typed or prepared this copy,
who selected the extracts. There is no initial or other identifying
mark. It would all depend on who made the extracts as to what its
significance is, I .should assume.
Mr. Sourwine. Do you remember having seen the document before
or a copy of it?
Mr. Cari^r. I can't at this moment say that I do recollect it.
Mr. Sourwine. It is from the files of the IPR?
Mr. Carter. So Mr. Mandel shows me.
Mr. Sourwine. I mean do you have any knowledge on that point?
Mr. Carter. Not other than Mr. Mandel's certification.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4917
Mr. SouRWiNE. Of course, that is not a matter of your knowledge.
Mr. Carter. No.
Mr. Marks. Item 1011 appears to be a duplicate of 1009.
Item 1013, "Moscow meeting in Motylev's," the date should be
"3/31/86. ■' That is the ('ate shown by the document. It should be
that instead of "3/21/36' thown by the list. The document itself
purports to be a report of what happened at the meeting.
Mr. Carter. Tliis conc^-ns the administrative problems of the in-
stitute and, among others, there were present Harriet Moore, Char-
lotte Tyler, and Faith Donaldson as secretaries, but wiiich one of
tliem, whether all three collaborated in writing out this one page, I
don't know.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Their assignments were such that any or all of them
might have worked on it ?
Mr. CAR1T.R. Yes.
Mr. SouRwiNE, Mr. Chairman, may we go off the record?
The Chairman. Off the record.
(Discussion off the record.)
The Chairman. On the record.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, with regard to the remainder of the
documents on this list I believe an acceptable formula has been worked
out which will cover the identification so far as Mr. Carter is able
to make. Is that correct, Mr. Marks ?
Mr. Marks. That is correct, Mr. Sourwine. May I state the na-
ture of this arrangement ?
Mr. Sourwine. Please.
Mr. Marks. Mr. Carter states that all of the documents listed
Mr. Sourwine. From this point on.
Mr. Marks. From this point on of the two lists referred to
The Chairman. And "from this point on'' means what? What is
the point ?
Mr. Sourwine. From the point following the last document identi-
fied in this record and discussed.
The Chairman. Referring to the numbers in the list that you pre-
pared ?
Mr. Marks. Yes ; that is right. There are two lists which I think
Mr. Mandel has already referred to, the last two lists that Mr. Mandel
i-eferred to. These are lists setting forth documents which have just
been presented to Mr. Carter for identification.
The Chairman. And were taken from the files of the Institute of
Pacific Relations according to the testimony of Mr. Mandel ?
Mr. Marks. That is right.
The Chairman, And have been numbered serially under the di-
rection of Mr. Mandel ?
Mr. Marks. Up to the point of 1019, and after that there are no
inimbers, and we understand they will be numbered serially from there
on.
Mr. Morris. That is correct.
Mr. Marks. From this point on Mr. Carter states that the docu-
ments wdiich i^urport to be letters or memoranda to him, or copies of
such letters and memoranda, or letters or memoranda from him or
copies of those, are genuine. On the list there are a number of other
documents which are prepared by other persons and which do not in-
4918 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
dicate whether or not they were sent to Mr. Carter or sent by him to
anybody.
As to these, Mr. Carter has no personal recollection of whether or
not they do come from the IPR files, but he has no reason to raise
any question about it.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Marks. That is sufficient.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Morris, Mr. Chairman, may they therefore be admitted into
the record ?
The Chairman. They may be admitted under that agreement,
(The documents were marked "Exhibits Nos. 977 to 1007, 1009, in-
clusive; 1011 to 1031, 1032 to 1068, inclusive; 1070, 1071, 1073 to 1080,
inclusive; 1082 to 1090, inclusive; 1092, to 1095, 1097 to 1112, 1114 to
1122, inclusive, and appear on pp. 5083 through 5197.)
Mr. SouRwiNE. This order includes the two lists which have been
referred to and the documents which have been included on those lists ?
The Chairman. Yes. The lists are merely identification by serial
numbers ?
Mr. SouRWiNE. Yes, sir.
Mr. Marks. That is right.
Mr. SouRAViNE. Has Mr. Carter had an opportunity to examine
the documents which we are now discussing?
Mr. Marks, Mr, Carter has had a chance to examine the documents
now under discussion and identifies them all with certain exceptions
which I shall now enumerate.
Mr. SouRwiNE. And applies them as either documents that were
received by him or which he wrote ?
Mr, Marks, That is right.
This list does not bear exhibit numbers, and I am going to give the
item number as I count down.
Mr, SouRwiNE, Give the item number and the title,
Mr, Marks, All right. This is the fourteenth item on the first
page of this three-page list. It is to WLH from ECC. The date is
given as Marcli 20, 1940. I think it should be March 30, 1940, The
file number is 191.87.
The next is to Philip C. Jessup from Edward C. Carter, with the
file number of the committee 191.37. The date is given as December
19, 1943. I think it should be December 19, 1942, subject to your
check.
The next one purports to be an original of part of a note to "Dear
Dr. White."' It does not bear any date or any signature. It is on the
second page of this list under your No. 172.1. I don't know what
Mr. Carter wants to say about it.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Carter, up to this point do you adopt Mr.
Marks' statements as your testimony?
Mr. Carter. I do.
Mr. SouRWiNE. With regard to the document which has just been
handed to you by Mr. Marks what do you want to say about it ?
The Chairman. Dr. White is the name ?
Mr. Marks. It is addressed to "Dear Dr. White," no address.
Mr. Carter. I have no recollection of either side of this page.
Mr. Morris. It is not your handwriting ?
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4919
Mr. Carter. No.
Mr. Morris. I move it be stricken from the list of documents.
The Chairman. It will just not be inserted.
JNIr. SouRwiNE. It remains on the list, but you withdraw the oifer
of the document ?
Mr. Morris. I do.
Mr. Marks. The next item is a memo handwritten which appears
on your list immediately below the item, the offer of which has been
withdrawn. I hand it to Mr. Carter.
Mr. Sour WINE. Do you know what that is, Mr. Carter?
Mr. Carter. It's in pencil. I don't identify the handwriting.
There is a note regarding treatment of a book written for the IPR
at one time. There is nothing I object to. I simply don't know who
the author was.
Mr. SouRw^iNE. Do you have any reason to believe it did not come
from the IPR files ?
Mr. Carter. No.
Mr. Marks. The next item is to W. L. Holland from C. F. Remer,
dated March 17, 1942, your No. 119.121.
Mr. Holland. I have read this letter and identify it as having been
received by me. There is also the original of this same letter — this is
a carbon copy — in the collection which I have previously identified.
Mr. Marks. The final item is a mimeographed copy of what per-
haps is a telegram from Edward C. Carter to Lauchlin Currie, bearing
the date, mimeographed, September 17, 1941. This appears under
your file No. 119.13. It is listed on the third page of the list.
Mr. Morris. That is a copy we made of the original. We should
have the original rather than the stenciled copy. We will withdraw
the offer.
Mr. Marks. Those are all the remarks and exceptions that we have
to make to that list.
Mr. Sourwine. Wliich you previously generally identified ?
Mr. Marks. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Do, you adopt as your testimony all the statements
of Mr. Marks in connection with these lists ?
Mr. Carter. I do.
Mr. Sourwine. May these be inserted in the record ?
The Chairman. They may be inserted in the record with the same
numbers.
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibits Nos. 1136, 1145,
1203. and 1231," and appear on pp. 5204, 5210, 5245, 5259, i-espec-
tively.)
Mr. Sourwine. So that the record may be clear with regard to this
document, this is the document which was previously mentioned as
the "Dear Dr. White" letter or document, the offer of which was
withdrawn. This is a document, which on the one side, which I shall
designate as face, is marked with an F in ink and has a typed para-
graph, "Dear Dr. White: I understand from Irving S. Friedman,"
and so forth, ending with the words "until the end of the current
month."
On the other side in pencil, handwritten, is, "Dear Malik : I under-
stand that Mr. Friedman," and so forth, closing with the words "at any
time convenient to you. Sincerely yours," and it is unsigned. Mr.
darter, you state that you do not recognize that handwriting ?
4920 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. Carter. I do not recognize the handwriting. I would like to
comment for the record that Malik was the Indian official in New
York. It is not the Soviet.
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. And you do not recollect it ?
Mr. Holland. No.
Mr. SouRWiNE. How do you know which Malik is referred to ?
Mr. Carter. Isn't there some reference here to Friedman ? Fried-
man was an employee of the Indian Government in New York working
under Malik.
Mr. Sour wine. How do you spell it?
Mr. Carter. M-a-1-i-k.
Mr. Sourwine. Wliat you are saying really is because you know of
Friedman's connection you assume that was Malik the Indian rather
than the Russian?
Mr. Carter. That is right.
Mr. Sourwine. Are you renewing your offer on that now ?
Mr. Morris. I now offer it.
The Chairman. Very well; it will be inserted in its proper place
in the record.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 1202," and
appears on p. 5245.)
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, we have a third envelope which Mr.
Carter was not able to finish reading last night, and I wonder what
we can do with respect to having those received.
Mr. Sourwine. I have a suggestion, if the Chair please.
The Chairman. All right.
Mr. Sourwine. If the Chair please, I propose to ask Mr. Mandel to
identify these papers as coming from the files of the IPR and to
identify the list.
The Chairman. Let Mr. Mandel identify them.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Mandel, I hand you a number of documents or
what purports to be a list or inventory of documents. Will you please
identify them?
Mr. Mandel. I have here an inventory of documents taken from
the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations. The sheet begins with
a document to ECC and ends with one to A. Hiss. The documents
all come from the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
Mr. Sourwine. Is that list a correct inventory of those documents
and prepared under your direction?
Mr. Mandel. It is ; yes.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I- ask the permission of the Chair to
hand this list and the documents in question to Mr. Carter and to ask
that at his early convenience he go through these and examine them
and then furnish the committee with a statement in affidavit form
with regard to them along the lines of the statemens he has previously
made.
The Chairman. All right. Do you want them inserted in the record
now, to be followed by what you request?
Mr. Sourwine. I would request, sir, that tlie documents be put
in the record at this point, but that the affidavit which Mr. Carter
furnishes also go in at this point in the record when he furnishes
it.
The Chairman. All right; is that satisfactory?
Mr. Marks. Yes, it is. Senator
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4921
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibits Nos. 1269 to
1291, inclusive; 1293 to 1312, inclusive; and 1314," and appear on
pp. 5272 throu*rh 5303.)
Mr. SouRWiNE, I liand 3^ou additional groups of documents and ask
you if you will identify t?hose.
Mr. Mandel. I have here an inventory of documents from the files
of the Institute of Pacific Relations beginning with one marked
"Atomic Energy and U. S. Int. Policy," and ending with one ad-
dressed to "Secretary, Lithuanian Legation," which is an inventory
of documents from the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations, and
a second batch which is headed "A Second Batch," of which the inven-
tory begins with a document to E. C. Carter and ends with one to
E. C. Carter. This is an inventory of documents from the files of the
Institute of Pacific Relations.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Mandel, in each case does the list represent an
inventory of the actual documents to which it is attached?
Mr. Mandel. It does.
Mr. Sourwine. The inventory was prepared under your supervi-
sion ?
Mr. ]\f andel. Yes, sir.
Mr. Sourwine. And the documents themselves are all from the
files of the Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Mandel. They are.
The Chairman. Are they, or are they photostatic copies?
Mr. Mandel. They include originals, carbons, as taken from the
files, and photostats.
The Chairman. Photostats of instruments in the files ; is that right?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
The Chairman. The photostats were made under your direction ?
Mr. Mandel. They were.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, the reasons for the recurrence of the
photostats are many. In most cases the reason for it is that we have
gone through the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations on Fifty-
fourth Street and taken out certain documents there. We returned
the original documents to the Institute of Pacific Relations, but had
them photostated before returning them. That is the reason for the
photostating.
The Chairman. The photostats were not themselves taken from the
files ? The instrument was taken from the files and photostated, and
the photostats are here; is that right?
Mr. Morris. In almost every case. I think in some cases there were
photostats in the IPR files.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr, Chairman, I ask in regard to these two groups
of documents and the list attached thereto that Mr. Mandel has most
recently identified they be offered to Mr. Carter with the same stipu-
lation as the earlier one.
The Chairman. They will be inserted in the record and offered to
Mr. Carter with the same stii^ulation as to his making an affidavit.
(The documents referred to w-ere mai"ked "Exhibit Nos. 889 to 903,
inclusive ; 905 to 954, inclusive ; 956 to 964, inclusive, and appear on
pp. 5031 through 5083.)
Mr. Sourwine. I hold in my hand a file of material which was of-
fered for the recoi-d during Mr. Bogolepov's testimony. The Chair
88348-52-pt. 14 2
4922 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
ruled that it would be accepted and inserted in the record, but there
was the proviso that it be offered to Mr. Carter for identification. I
would like to ask has this ever been offered to Mr. Carter and has Mr.
Carter had an opportunity to examine it?
Mr. Marks. No, he has not. He just p;ot it.
]\Ir. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, I ask that these documents, which I
shall briefly identify, the first headed ''Confidential, not for distribu-
tion outside the office," under date of August 10, 1934
The Chairman. Where do they come from ?
Mr. Morris. They have been identified by Mr. Mandel at an open
session of the hearing as having been taken from the files of the Insti-
tute of Pacific Relations, and they were admitted by you provisionally
on their being recognized by Mr. Carter.
Mr. SouRWiNE. I simply thought, Mr. Chairman, that since the
record at this point does not specifically identify what we are handing
Mr. Carter there should be this identification : Under date of August
10, 1934, headed "Memorandum of Personnel on Soviet Studies."
The next item is called "Confidential, not for distribution outside the
office, Report on Soviet Relations with the Institute of Pacific Rela-
tions." The next is to Frederick V. Field from Edward C. Carter
under date of January 16, 1935. The next is headed "Meeting, April
9, Institute of Oceanography ; ECC ; OL ; HM, Harondar."
The next is headed "Report of the V isit of the Secretary General to
Moscow, December 20-31, 1934." The next is a letter or what appears
to be a letter, under date of April, 1934. It is headed "Communist
Academy, Volkhonka, 14 Moscow, U. S. S. R." The next is a letter,
and the date is Hotel Richemond, Geneva, September 12, 1934, and it
begins "Dear Owen,"
Then there is a letter to Senator McCarran under date of March 24
from Carlisle Humelsine and the attachment thereto.
The Chairman. Mr. Carter would have nothing to do with that
last.
Mr. SouRwiNE. The attachment, sir, is the one wliich raises the
question as to whether Mr. Carter can add anything by way of
identification.
The Chairman. These are to be made available to Mr. Carter for
his comment and his affidavit ?
Mr. Souewine. Along the same lines with regard to any identity he
should make, and he should have the privilege if he cares to include
in that affidavit any voluntary statement or comment about it.
The Chairman. All right.
(The documents referred to were previously marked "Exhibit No.
58" and appear on p. 262, pt. I. For the other documents, see exhib-
its 749, 758, 759, 760, 761, 763, respectively. )
Mr. Marks. With reference to comment, it is obvious from the rec-
ord that we have not made any comments on the contents of these.
Mr. SoTTRWiNE. That is correct. It is not completely correct because
in the instance of Malik he had a comment to make.
Mr. Marks. You are right there. %
Mr. SouRwiNE. With regard to any others he has not made a com-
ment. He is not bound, but if he wants to make comment as to these
submitted for study, he is to have the right to include in that affidavit
any comment he desires to make.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4923
Mr. Marks. We would like to reserve whatever rights we have to
comment on the others.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland or Mr. Carter, are you going to offer any
documents to be inserted into the record at this time ?
Mr. Carter. If I may have your permission, Mr. Chairman, on
April 23 1 mailed you in Washington, A Personal View of the Institute
of Pacific Relations, by Edward C. Carter, and in my letter to you
I promised to send a second statement on clarification and correction.
This I now hand you with a covering letter, and here is a copy of
my letter to Senator McCarran for Mr. Morris.
Mr. SouRWiNE. With regard to these documents, Mr. Carter, have
they been prepared by you ?
Mr. Carter. They have.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Are you offering them as part of your testimony,
that is, that the material in here is true to the best of your knowledge
and belief where it is stated to be on knowledge and belief, and if not
so stated it is true ?
Mr. Carter. That is my position.
Mr. Marks. Just one moment, Mr. Sourwine; I am not sure that
Mr. Carter understood the import of that.
Mr. Sourwine. I do not mean to take advantage of him in any V7^j.
Mr. Marks. I understand that, but I think as to everything he states
it is true to the best of his knowledge and belief. He is not using a
pleading style and stating upon information and belief thus and so,
but he is doing his best to represent the facts. Is that all right?
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Carter has handed here a document of over 50
pages, nearly 60 pages, including the appendix, headed "Amplification,
correction, and clarification of testimony." Obviously if Mr. Carter
is going to amplify, correct, and clarify his testimony, he has to do it
under oath.
Mr. Marks. I am sure that Mr. Carter will say that this shall have
the same status as if these things were read orally or stated orally at
any committee hearing.
The Chairman. Under oath?
Mr. Marks. Under oath ; yes, sir.
The Chairman. Does he make an affidavit to this ?
Mr. SouRWTNE. No, sir, that is another point. There is no jurat on
this. Whatever the form is immaterial, but the record should show
that Mr. Carter fully adopts this statement, the main text of 49 pages
and the appendix of 7 pages, as a sworn statement presented before
this committee.
Mr. Carter. I do.
Mr. Sourwine. The committee staff of course has had no opportun-
ity to see this until this moment and has of course had no oppor-
tunity to cross examine jSIr. Carter with regard to it. I cannot state
what the staff might desire in that regard.
]\Ir. Carter. Might I ask, ]\Ir. Sourwine, Mr. Chairman, whether
my first statement was received ?
Mr. Sourwine. The statement has been received, but has not been
offered in the record. You are referring to "A Personal View of the
Institute of Pacific Relations." I think it should be under the same
stipulation, that you were offering it as your sworn testimony.
Mr. Carter. I would be agreeable to making the stipulation now so
that it is all formally in your hands.
4924 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr, Chairman, Mr. Carter is stating, as I understand
it, that he offers as his sworn testimony at this hearing his statement
entitled "A Personal View of the Institute of Pacific Relations," which
he transmitted to the chairman in his letter of April 24.
The Chairman. Yes. I think the regular way and most orderely
way would be to have Mr. Carter present when the committee con-
siders that and let him then swear to it. I think you are doing this
by a long-distance operation here. I do not particularly like it, but
we can determine that when we get to it. We can call Mr. Carter
and have him go over his two statements, the one he sent before and
this one, and make any comment on them and then be examined on
them if you want to and let it go in the record. I think that is the
clearer and more satisfactory wa}'. I do not like to insert his first
statement in the record now with a kind of an offhand saying that he
swears to it.
I think it would be best to have him present and swear to it at the
proper time.
Mr, SouRwiNE. Is that the Chair's ruling also with regard to this
document which has just been handed in?
The Chairman, Yes,
]^r. Morris, Mr, Chairman, may I amend Mr, Sourwine's list of
documents included in the material introduced during Mr, Bogole-
pov's testimony, I have been informed by Mr, Mandel — it is a letter
from Carlisle Humelsine and so described in Mr. Sourwine's testi-
mony— that it should not have been included in that list,
Mr. SouRwiNE. You mean that material submitted by Mr. Humel-
sine is not such that Mr. Carter would be able to shed any light on ?
Mr. Morris. That is correct, and it may be excluded from the doc-
uments.
Mr. Mandel, that got erroneously in this file [indicating] when it
should be in this [indicating] ?
Mr. ]VL\NDEL. That is right.
Mr. Carter. I accept it.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Morris has a few other docu-
ments to be offered for the record,
]\Ir, Morris, Mr, Chairman, we have received an answer from Car-
lisle Humelsine dated April 11, 1952, in reply to your letter of April
2 to the Honorable Dean Acheson of that date. May that go into
the record?
The Chairman, That may go in the record,
(The document referred to was marked ''Exhibit No, 1315-A, B, C,
D, E, F, G, H" and is as follows :)
Exhibit No, 1315-A
Apbil 2, 1952.
Hon. Dean Acheson,
Secretary of State,
Washington, D. C.
My Dear Mr. Secretary : We have examined carefully the letter of March 19,
1952. fi-om Mr. Carlisle Humelsine in reference to a conference which took place
at the State Department October 12, 1942, between Mr. Sumner Welles, Mr. Earl
Browder, Mr. Rol)ert Minor, and Mr. Laughlin Currie. In this connection, we
should like to have the full State Department records on this conference pre-
cisely as they appeared.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4925
We should also like to know the steps by which this conference was arranged,
-who was responsible, and the correspondence that was exchanged in connection
therewith.
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
Exhibit No. 1315-B
Deputy Under Secretary of State,
Washington, April 11, 1952.
The Honorable Pat McCarean,
United States Senate.
My Dear Senator McCarran : I refer to your letter to the Secretary of April
2 in which you reque.st Department of State records on the conference "which
took place at the State Department, October 12, 1942, between Mr. Sumner Welles,
Mr. Earl Browder, Mr. Robert Minor, and Mr. Lauchlin Currie." You also re-
quest information regarding "the steps by which this conference was arranged,
who was responsible, and the correspondence that was exchanged in connection
therewith."
As I stated in my letter to you of March 10, the Department's investigation
into the history of this meeting reveals little more than the fact that Mr. Welles
did meet with Mr. Browder on October 12, 1942, at which time Mr. Welles handed
Mr. Browder a memorandum concerning U. S. policy in the Far East. Although
the Department cannot locate a verified copy of this memorandum, ovir files do
contain several letters in response to request for copies of this memoranduni in
which was stated that "a verbatim text of the memorandum, as given by Mr.
Browder to the press, appeared in the October 18 [16], 1942, issue of The Worker."
I enclose two such replies.
A thorough search of the Department's files does not reveal whether either
Robert Minor or Lauchlin Currie, or both, attended the Welles-Browder confer-
ence on October 12, 1942 ; any invitations to Mr. Browder or to anyone else to
attend this meeting; any correspondence in regard to calling the meeting; any
memorandum of conversation or record of the meeting : or any record of who
drafted the memorandum handed by Mr. Welles to Mr. Browder.
Since these may be of interest to you, I am also enclosing copies of the follow-
ing letters which bear on the Welles-Browder meeting : (1) letter from Assistant
Secretary of State Dean Rusk to Mr. Sumner Welles, dated September 26, 1951 ;
(2) reply from Mr. Welles, dated October 10, 1951; (3) letter from Mr. Rusk to
Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck, dated May 19, 1950; and (4) reply from Dr. Horn-
beck, dated June 7, 1950.
I regret that the Department is unable to provide further information in regard
to the conference to which this letter refers.
Sincerely yours,
Carlisle H. Hxjmelsine,
Exhibit No. 1315-C
Department of State,
Washington, D. C, Novemiber 13, 19/t2.
Mr. Arnold B. Hartley,
Radio Station WGE8, Western at Madison, Chicago, III.
My Dear Mr. Hartley : Mr. Welles has asked me to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter of November 6, 1942, in which you request a copy of the text of
a statement issued by him in regard to the questions of national unity in China
and other United Nations.
It is thought that you may refer to a memorandum which Mr. Welles gave on
October 12 to Mr. Earl Browder in regard to this Government's policy with
respect to China. This memorandum, which was referred to in the press, includ-
ing the New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune of October 16, has
not been puMished by the Department. However, a verbatim text of the memo
randum, as given by'lNIr. Browder to the press, appeared in the October 18, 1942.
issue of The Worker.
Sincerely yours,
George Atcheson, Jr.,
Acting Chief, Division of Far Eastern Affairs.
4926 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 1315-D
Department of State,
Washington, D. C, October 29, 1942.
Mr. Morris U. Schappes,
School for Democracy, 13 Astor Place, New York, N. Y.
My Dear Mr. Schappes : Mr. Welles has asked me to acknowledge the receipt
of your letter of October 26, 1942, in which you request a copy of the text of a
memorandum which he gave on October 12 to Mr. Earl Browder in regard to this
(xovernment's policy with respect to China.
The above-mentioned memorandum has not been published by the Department.
However, a verbatim text of the memorandum, as given by Mr. Browder to the
press, appeared in the October 18, 1942, issue of The Worker.
Sincerely yours,
George Atcheson, Jr.,
Assistant Chief, Division of Far Eastern Affairs.
Exhibit No. 1315-E
Department of State.
Washington, D. C, September 26, 1951.
Hon. Sumnek Welles,
Oxon Hill, Md.
My Dear Mr. Welles : The Department has under consideration a request
from Senator McCarran of Nevada for information concerning a meeting which
purportedly took place between Mr. Earl Browder, Mr. Robert Minor, Mr.
Lauchlin Currie, and you at the State Department, October 12, 1942, to discuss
American policy toward China. Mr. Browder testified before a Senate committee
headed by Senator Tydings in May 1950 that you handed him a written state-
ment of the United States Government's views on the Far East at the conclusion
of this meeting.
Although a very careful search has been made of the Department's files, we
have not been able to locate the statement described by Mr. Browder or any
record of your conversation with him. The files do reveal, however, that Mr.
Browder released to the press and the Daily Worker published October 16, 1942,
the text of a memorandum allegedly handed to him by you.
It is realized that it is difficult to recall details of events which transpired
many years ago, but it would be greatly appreciated if you could furnish the
Department such details concerning this matter as you might have available.
In this connection it might be helpful to you to read the enclosed statements by
Mr. Browder taken from the Daily Worker.
I am most reluctant to bother you with this request, but the absence of sufii-
cient information in the Department's files has led us to seek your assistance.
Sincerely yours.
Dean RuBk,
Assistant Secretary for Far Eastern Affairs.
Enclosures : Daily Worker, October 4, 1942, and October 16. 1942.
Exhibit No. 1315-F
Oxon Hill Manor,
Oxon Hill, Md., October 10, 1951.
Hon. Dean Rusk,
Assistant Secretary of State, Department of State, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Mr. Rusk : I have been away from home for some time and your letter
of September 26, 1951, has consequently only now been brought to my attention,
I regi-et the delay in replying to your inquiry.
In view of the many years that have passed since the interview of which you
refer in your letter, it is unfortunately very diflacult for me to recollect in any
detail what took place during the course of the interview. Of one thing, however,
I am certain, and that is that any memorandum that may have been handed to
Mr. Browder at that time was not prepared by myself, but by the Far Eastern
Division under the supervision of either Dr. Hornbeek or Mr. Max Hamilton.
There is no copy of any such memorandum in my own files.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4927
I also think I am correct in my recollection that some official of the Far Eastern
Division was present at the interview and subsequently prepared at my request
a memorandum of the conversation that took place.
It occurs to me that it might be helpful to you to consult either Dr. Hornbeck
or Mr. Hamilton since their recollection of what took place at the interview
and of any documentation that might have been prepared with regard to the
interview might be more accurate than mine.
I am very sorry not to be able to be more helpful to you, but neither my memory
nor my own files throw much light on the matter.
Believe me,
Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) Sumneb Welles.
Exhibit No. 1315-G
Mat 19, 1950.
The Honorable Stanley K. Hornbeck,
2139 Wyoming Avenue NW., Washington, D. C.
Mt Dear Dr. Hornbeck : During his recent testimony before the Senate For-
eign Relations Subcommittee under the chairmanship of Senator Tydings, "Mr.
Earl Browder stated that in October 1942 he called on Mr. Sumner Welles, then
Under Secretary of State, to discuss American policy toward China and that
Mr. Welles handed to him a written statement of the United States Govern-
ment's views on this subject. He further stated that, while the Department
considered that this statement did not represent any change in United States
policy toward China, he did consider it a change in policy and thus an important
document. In subsequent debate in the Senate, Senator Knowland referred to
this portion of Mr. Browder's testimony and expressed the view that this was
an extremely important document since it apparently marked "the turning point
of American policy in China."' Senator Knowland has not requested the De-
partment to furnish him a copy of the statement, together with any other perti-
nent documents leading up to the issuance of the statement.
Alhough a very careful search has been made of the Department's files, we
have not yet been able to locate the statement described by Mr. Browder or any
record of Mr. Welles's conversation with him. The files do reveal, however, that
Mr. Browder released to the press and The Worker published on October IS,
1942, the text of a memorandmn said to have been handed to him by Mr. Welles.
The files also contain memoranda indicating that the matter of Mr. Browder's
call and the statement given him by Mr. Welles were brought to your attention.
It is realized that it is difiicnlt to recall the details of events which trans-
pired many years ago, but it would be greatly appreciated if you would furnish
the Department such details regarding this matter as you can reconstruct from
memory. In this connection, it might be helpful to you to read the enclosed copy
of a dispatch from the Neiv Yo7k Herald Trihune of October 16, 1942, which gives
Mr. Browder's version of his call on Mr. Welles.
I am reluctant to bother you with this request, but the absence of sufficient
information in the Department's files make it necessary for us to seek your
assistance in this regard. Similar inquiries are being made of other officers of
the Department then in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs who might have
some knowledge of the matter.
Sincerely yours.
Dean Rttsk, Assistant Secretary.
Enclosures :
1. Excerpt from The Worker, October 18, 1942.
2. Excerpt from the .Vew York Herald. Tribune, October 16, 1942.
Exhibit No. 1315-H
2139 Wyoming Avenue,
Washington 8, D. C, June 7, 1950.
The Honorable Dean Rttsk,
Assistant Secretary of State.
Dear Mr. Rttsk. In reply to your letter of May 19 regarding statement re-
cently made by Mr. Earl Browder and a memorandum released to the press
4928 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
by Mr. Rrowder and published by The Worker on October 18, 1942, and with
reference especially to your request that I furnish the Department such details
resanlinj; this matter as I can reconstruct from memory.
You will doubtless have been informed by !\Ir. Sprouse that, after the receipt
of your letter under reference, I some days ago spoke with him on the telephone
and informed him that, although I clearly recall having known at the time
that Mr. Welles talked with Mr. Browder and that Mr. Browder thereafter
issued a statement and released therewith the text of a memorandum which
he said had been handed him by Mr. Welles, there was little that I could add
from memory to what is set forth in your letter and the enclosure thereto. At
the same time I offered to come to the Department at any time for he purpose
of discussing the matter or seeing what the files disclose, or both.
That Mr. Welles gave Mr. lirowder a memorandum there can be no doubt.
The account given in that text of the matters to which it relates is, I believe,
substantially accurate. How or by whom that text was drafted I am not able
to say. There are passages in it which might have been drafted by me or by
any one of several officers on duty and concerned with China and relations
with China as of October 1942, and there are passages which might have been
accepted or approved by me but which would not, I believe, have originated with
m§. I recall that Mr. Welles communicated with nie regarding Mr. Browder's call,
and I do not recall at what stage or stages. I believe that he asked in advance
for a memorandum for his (Mr. Welles') information and guidance, and, al-
thoutrh I do not recall the circumstances of the drafting, I believe such a;
memorandum was prepared with participation on my part and for those pur-
poses. I recall being informed after the call that Mr. Welles had given Mr.
Browder a memorandum : and I recall having felt that the text of the mem-
orandum thus given was not entirely such as I would have drafted or recom-
mended for that purpose.
More important, in my opinion, that the question of the origin of the mem-
orandum under reference is the question whether there took place in 1942 a
"change" in American policy regarding China and whether this memorandum
or the facts of the situation to which it related marked a "turning point."
What Mr. Browder may have had in mind when he expressed himself in 1950
to the effect, as stated in your letter, that "he did consider it a change of policy,"
we need not for present purposes attempt to conjecture.
Looking at the text of the memorandum as copied from The Worker of October
18, 1942, I can say : In that memorandum, dealing with and refuting as.sertions
and charges which had been made by Mr. Browder, there was given an obejctive
account of developments in and regarding China and an honest review of what
had been and was the official position of the United States with regard to the
question of "civil strife" in China. A review of the whole history of American
policy in relations to China will show that although the United States had con-
sistently deprecated not only aggression by other countries against China but
civil strife — with or without foment or support by other countries — within China,
the United States had long been committed to the princijile of ncminterveution
in the internal affairs of other countries. It will show also that for many years
before 1942, and in that year, and for some time thereafter the Government of
the United States, in the formulating of official policy regarding China, both kept
in mind and respected that commitment and that i)rinciple. There was official
noting of civil strife in China ; there was official giving of advice that civil strife
be avoided ; there was official collaboration with the Government of China toward
strengthening China's effort in the war; but there was with regard to the civil
conflict within China no official taking of a position either "against" or for any
party or faction. There were on the part of some American nationals some
manifestations in some contexts of a tendency to ignore or misinterpret or dis-
regard official policy, but the thoughts and the acts of such nationals in tho.se re-
spects were their own, not those of their (Jovernment, and were, incidentally, in
most cases favorable to, certainly not "against," the Communists. On the basis
of what I then knew and of what I have from subsecpient study learned, I find
no warrant for an oi)inion or a conjecture that there took place in 1942 a change
in the official attitude and policy of the United States regarding China.
Both "turning point" and "change of policy" came later.
A case could be made for a contention that the "turning ])oint" came at the
time of the Teheran Conference (November-December, 194.'i) ; a better case,
that it came toward the end of the next year, 1944; but .search for a clearly di.s-
cernable and describably "change of policy" leads into and through the year'l945.
It will be recalled that there took place in 1944 — and not until then— the first
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4929
of a series of reorganizations of the Department of State ; that during that year
there were substantial shiftinss of personnel within and outward from the De-
partment, inehidins:, in December, the retirement of Secretary of State Cordell
Hull ; and that thei-e took place in 1945 the Yalta Conference, the death of Presi-
dent Roosevelt, the San Francisco Conference, the capitulation of Germany, the
capitulation of Japan, the Potsdam Conference, the conclusion (with American
encouragement) of an Agreement between the Soviet Union and China, the first
meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers, and, in December, announcement
by President Truman of a "United States Policy toward China" which was then
and thereafter declared to be a "new" policy.
It was then, in the year 194r» — and nt)t before then — that the Government of the
United States, first having taken action inconsistent with tradition and commit-
ment in regard to China, embarked upon what became a course of intervention in
regard to the civil conflict, the conflict between the National Government and
the Communists, in China. It was then that words and action of the Govern-
ment of the United States began to be expressive of an "against" and a "for"
attitude ; then and thereafter that the Government of the United States brought
to bear pressures, pressures upon the National Government, pressures which were
not "against" the Communists but were on their behalf, pressures not to the
disadvantage of the Communists, but, in effect, to the disadvantage of the Na-
tional Government.
To the circumstances of the "change," to the content and purport of the policy
devised in 1945, proclaimed on December 15 of that year, and given expression in
word and in deed since then, and to the gross and the net consequences thereof,
there is no need for attention in the present context. There is however, in my
opinion, great need that in the context of present American involvement as a
leading participant, in a third global conflict, wherein "Communist" totalitarian-
ism is making war both "cold" and "hot", on all States, Governments, peoples,
institutions, organization and persons disinclined to accept domination by it,
there is urgent need that the Government of the United States give solicitous
attention to the question : Must the United States follow to the bitter, tragic and
discrediting end the downward path, in relations with China, on which its feet
were set in the fateful year of military victories and diplomatic vagaries and
vitiations, 1945?
I should welcome an opportunity to talk with you on the implications of query.
Yours cordially and sincerely,
[s] Stanley K. Hornbeck
Stanley K. Hornbeck.
Mr. Morris. This is a copy of a letter, Mr. Chairman, you sent to
the Secretary of State dated May 1, 1952, wherein you renew your
demand for the handwritten notes of Alger Hiss taken at the Yalta
Conference in 1945. May that go into the record ?
The Chairman. Was there an answer to that ?
Mr. Morris. No.
The Chairman. That may go in the record.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 1316" and is
as follows:)
Exhibit No. 1316
May 1, 1952.
The Secretary of State,
The State Department, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Mr. Secretary : On February 21, 1952, I wrote to you asking that
the handwritten notes of Alger Hiss taken at the Yalta Conference in 1945 be
made available to the Internal Security Subcommittee.
In my letter of February 21st it was pointed out that a witness before the
Subcommittee, Dr. Edna Fluegel, an employee of the State Department from
1&42 to 1948, testified that, in the course of her official duties in the Department,
she dealt with and handled the penciled notes of Mr. Hiss.
This letter is written to determine what action has been taken on my request
of February 21, 1952, to you.
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
4930 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. SoTJRWiNE. The oricrinal request is already in the record.
Mr. Morris. Yes ; and this is the renewal.
These will be made available, Mr. Holland, if you want to see them.
The next will be a copy of a letter by you, Senator McCarran, ad-
dressed to Rear Adm. Robert L. Dennison, dated May 1, 1952, in con-
nection with a request that the Forrestal diaries and papers be made
available to this committee. May that go into the record?
The Chairman. That may go in the record.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 131T" and is
as follows:)
Exhibit No. 1317
May 1, 1952.
Rear Admiral Robert L. Dennison,
The White House,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Admiral Dennison : My attention lias been called to the story appearing
in the New York Times today concerning the intention of the White House not
to make available to the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee the diaries and
papers of the late James Forrestal.
As you know, on Decemlier 3, 1951, a subpena was served on the New York
Herald Tribune directing tliat it make available the papers and diaries of Mr.
Forrestal. It is my understanding these are the property of the New York
Herald Tribune. The Subcommittee has been assured by the New York Herald
Tribune that as far as it is concerned it has done everything possible to comply
with the demands of the subpena. The staff of the Subcommittee contacted
you about this matter because it was understood you were holding these papers
for the owners.
The New York Times story referred to above, which credits a White House
source, treats this matter as though the documents in question were Executive
papers and wholly subject to Presidential control.
If for any reason you have decided to refuse to make these subpenaed papers
and diaries available to the Subcommittee, it is requested you directly inform
me, as Subcommittee Chairman, of the position you choose to take.
Kindest personal regards and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
Mr. Morris. We have a letter from Mr. Edwin O. Reischauer dated
September 26, 1951, which he requested to go into the record. This was
discussed before. We held it up on the grounds that we had hoped
possibly that we might have a sworn statement by Mr. Reischauer, but,
in view of the fact that we are a little pressed, will you accept this
letter?
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, it is the opinion of counsel that this
letter is distinguishable and should be distinguished from an offer of
proof which is not made in affidavit form, since this letter is a recital
which does not appear to be at variance with the facts ; is that correct,
Mr. Morris ?
Mr. Morris. That is right, Mr. Chairman.
The Chairman. All right; it will go in the record.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 1318" and is
as follows) :
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4931
Exhibit No. 1318
Harvard University,
Department of Far Eastern Languages,
Boylston Hall, Cambridge S8, Mass., September 26, 1951.
The Honorable Pat McCarran,
Senate Judiciary Committee, United States Senate,
Washington, D. 0.
Db:ar Senator McCarban : I understand that my name was cited before your
committee yesterday as one of a group who had taken a pro-Chinese Communist
stand at a three-day meeting called by the Department of State in October 1949.
I am certain that any examination of the record of those meetings or of my various
writings before or after that time will reveal nothing which could be called pro-
Chinese Communist or in favor of communism in any form. As I recollect the
meetings, my chief role was to present, at the request of the State Department,
a statement on the situation in Japan. I took this opportunity to urge the con-
clusion of a peace treaty with Japan as soon as feasible, in part on the grounds
that this was an important step in our efforts to halt the spread of Communism
there. This opinion subsequently became a generally accepted view in the U. S.
Government, and the peace treaty which Mr. Dulles and Mr. Acheson so ably
brought to successful completion was in part based on such a point of view.
I am sending you this statement so that the records of your committee will not
contain false testimony uncorrected and so that the committee may be warned
of the unreliability of some of its witnesses, such as Professor Kenneth W.
Colgrove, who is quoted as being responsible for the statement in question.
Yours sincerely,
[s] Edwin O. Reischauer,
[t] Edwin O. Reischauer,
Professor of Far Eastern Languages.
September 28, 1951.
Prof. Edwin O. Reischauer,
Harvard University, Department of Far Eastern Languages,
Boylston Hall, Cambridge, Mass.
Dear Professor Reischauer : I have your letter of September 26, 1951, which
will be inserted in the public record of our proceedings.
Sincerely,
Pat ]\IcCarran, Chairman.
Mr. Morris. This is a reply the staff has received in connection with
a compilation. Perhaps this was done by Mr, Mandel. Will you
identify that?
Mr. Mandel. This is a reply from the Library of Congress.
The Chairman. Wliat is the date?
Mr. Mandel. It is dated March 12, 1952. We had asked for in-
formation regarding the activities and career of Madame Sun Yat-sen.
The letter is signed by Ernest Griffith, director of the Legislative
Reference Service. It is a reply to a request from me.
Mr. Morris. Will that go in the record ?
The Chairman. That will go in the record.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 1319," and
is as follows :)
Exhibit No. 1319
Legislative Reference Service
The Library of Congress,
Washington, D. C, March 12, 1952.
Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
United States Senate, Washington, D. 0.
(Attention: Miss Walker.)
Gentlemen : With respect to your request concerning Madame S«n Tat-sen's
cooperation with the Communists, we submit the following information. It Is
4932 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
based largely on the articles on Madame Sun in Current Biography, 1944; the
Neiv York Times Magazine, August 11, 1946 ; A'ejo York Herald Tribune, March
7, 1950.
Madame Sun was active in the Chinese revolutionary movement during the
period of the "first united front" in China (1924-27) when the Communists
and Nationalists cooperated under the initial leadership of her husband, Dr.
Sun Yat-sen.
Madame Sun left China in 1927 after the split in the revolutionary movement.
Living abroad, first in Moscow and then in Berlin, Madame Sun was critical
of the National Government under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek. She re-
turned to China in May 1929, to attend to the removal and reintei'ment of the
remains of her husband.
After the Japanese invasion of China in 1931, Madame Sun urged a united
effort against the Japanese. In 1938, she accepted a seat on the Central Execu-
tive Committee of the Kuomintaug. She had been elected to the post in absentia
in 1929, but refused until this time to lend her pi-estige to the party. However,
she continued to criticize what slie termed the "reactionary minority within the
leadership" of the Kuomintang "which has forgotten the teachings of Sun
Yat-sen."
When the Chinese Communists took Shanghai in May 1949, Madame Sun re-
mained in the city. In the early fall of 1949 she became a "non-Comnmnist"
member and vice chairman of the "People's Political Consultative Council" in
the newly formed "People's Republic of China."
Since that time Madame Sun's name has appeared as author of several ar-
ticles attacking the motives and policies of the United States. Such attacks
have contained references to the "peaceful" intentions of the "Great Soviet
Union" led by the "mighty Stalin" and similar terminology.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Ernest S. Griffith
[t] Ernest S. Griffith. Director.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Mr. Chairman, if I might revert to the offer of the
letter by yoit to Admiral Dennison, through error for which counsel
is responsible, the document is not here physically at this hearing.
There is in the files of the committee in Washington a letter addressed
to Mr. Morris from Charles Murphy, administrative assistant to the
President, with regard to the Forrestal diaries. I ask the Chair to
order that that letter may be inserted in the record.
The Chairman. Yes; I know of that letter, and it may be inserted
in the record. It has to do with my request for the Forrestal diaries.
(The document referred to was marked "Exhibit No. 1320," and
filed for the record.)
Exhibit No. 1320
The White House,
Washington, April 28, 1952.
Mr. Robert Morris.
Counsel, Subcommittee on Internal Security, Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate. Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Morris: It is understood that you have been in touch with Admiral
Robert L. Dennison, the President's Naval Aide, concerning the possibility of
having made available to the Subcommittee on Internal Security certain papers of
the late James V. Forrestal, which are now in the custody of the White House.
I have been requested by the President to advise you that in his judgment the
disclosure of these papers would not be in the public interest.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Charles S. Murphy
[t] Charles S. Murphy.
Special Counsel to the President.
The Chairman. It is a reply made by Mr. Charles Murphy of the
President's staff.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4933
Mr. SouKwiNE. If the Chairman please, it is in a sense not a reply
because the committee had made no request of Mr. Murphy or of the
President.
The Chairman. I understand, but he is makin<; the reply, is he not ?
Mr. SouRwiNE. It is a letter stating that the President has directed
him to inform the committee the President does not feel the committee
should have the Forrestal diaries.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, I offer you a group of letters and a list.
I ask if you will identify the letters and the list.
The Chairman. Take the list first.
Mr. Mandel. This is a list prepared under my direction of lettei*s,
memoranda, and documents from or to Mr. E. C. Carter as taken from
the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
Mr. Sgfrwine. Is that list an inventory of the documents and
papers whicli have also been handed to you at this time ?
Mr. Mandel. It is in fact an inventory of these documents.
The Chairman. You better tie them into the record a little bit by
some identification. There are so many that we are handling here
rather loosely. I think you better identify them.
Mr. Mandel. This list begins with A. Von Trott and ends with
E. C. Carter.
The Chairman. Are there numbers of serials?
Mr. Mandel. The documents are numbered and dated.
The Chairman. And the list sets forth the numbers and the dates?
Mr. Mandel. Yes, sir.
Ml'. Sourwine. Were the documents themselves taken from the
files of the Institute of Pacific Relations^
Mr. Mandel. They were.
Mr. Sourwine. Have these documents been shown to Mr. Carter?
Mr. Marks. Yes, they have, Mr. Sourwine.
The Chairman. They may be inserted in the record.
(The documents referred to were marked Exhibits Nos. 1123 to
1139, inclusive; 1141 to 1182, inclusive; 1184 to 1223, inclusive; 1125
to 1229, inclusive: 1231 to 1240, inclusive; 1242 to 1254, inclusive;
1256 to 1260, inclusive, and appear on pp. 5198 through 5272.)
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, Mr. Alfred Kohlberg was the object
of certain statements made by a witness before this committee, Mr.
Owen Lattimore, and he has Avritten in demanding the right to be
heard. The committee has rejected a statement that he gave to the
committee on the theory that it was not a sworn statement.
At the suggestion of the committee he has now made this a sworn
statement. May that be received into the record at this time? He
has presented it in the form of an affidavit.
The Chairman. Is it the same in substance that he made before
he took an oath to it?
Mr. Morris. Previously he was introducing certain letters and cer-
tain material which the committee felt were self-serving and they
were rejected. In lieu of that Mr. Kohlberg has submitted this
affidavit.
Mr. Sourwine. Mr. Chairman, I believe it would be clarifying if
the Chair also ordered printed in the record at this point the corres-
pondence in the committee file between Mr. Kohlberg and the com-
mittee on this subject. That would explain it.
4934 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The Chairman. That will be the order, and this will be inserted
in the record together with the correspondence of the past.
(The documents referred to were marked exhibit No. 1321-A, B, C,
and is as follows:)
Exhibit No. 1321-A
March 28, 1952.
Senator Pat McCarran,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
United States Senate, Washington, D. C.
My Dear Senator : As proposed in your letter I enclose affidavit for inclu-
sion in the record of your Hearings.
Briefly it states :
1. References to me by witnesses before you Committee as the China Lobby,
etc.
2. My background and interest in the Far East.
3. Letters from Air Marshal Bishop and Assistant Secretary of Navy Gates
attesting my interest in opposing totalitarianism.
4. Service in Civil Air Patrol.
5. Wartime trip to China and discovery of apparent treasonable activities.
6. Study of IPR and publication of findings November 9, 1944.
7. Answer by four trustees.
8. My answer of December 28, 1944.
9. Special meeting of IPR — my letter to members and defeat of my resolution
for investigation.
10. Formation of American China Policy Association in 1946 and letter of
Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce, October 11. 1945, revealing attitude of
Directors.
11. My appearance before Senate Committees and acquaintance with members
of Foreign Relations Committee of Senate.
12. My connection with Senator McCarthy.
13. Admiral Nimitz, General Marshall, and IPR.
14. Letter to IPR Trustees, March 13, 1952.
15. Letter to Dr. Roscoe Pound.
IG. Closing statement.
Very sincerely yours,
[s] Alfred Kohlberg
[t] AxFREo Kohlberg,
1 West 37th Street, New York, 18, N. Y.
Exhibit No. 1321-B
April 9, 1952.
Mr. Alfred Kohlberg,
1 West 37th Street,
Neiv York 18, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Kohlberg : I have your affidavit of March 28, 1952, which contains
extraneous clippings and supplementary letters.
For inclusion in the record of the Internal Security Subcommittee what you
submit should be all in affidavit form.
Kindest regards,
Sincerely,
Pat McCarran, Chairman.
Exhibit No. 1321-C
(Mr. Alfred Kohlberg's affidavit of April 16, 1952 :)
State of New York,
Count!/ of New York, ss:
Alfred Kohlberg, being duly sworn, deposes and says :
That I reside in New York, my office address being 1 West 37th Street, New
York 18, N. Y.
That Professor Owen Lattimore referred to me three times in his statement
read to the subcommittee of the Judiciary Committee of the United States Senate,
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4935
generally referred to as the McCarran Committee. That in addition Professor
Lattimore referred to me several times in his verbal testimony ; that I vpas like-
wise referred to numerous times by other witnesses before tlie McCarran Com-
mittee ; alos by Professor Lattimore and other witnesses before the Tydings
Committee in March, April, May and June 1950; also by Senators Morse and
McMahon during the Joint Committee hearings on the dismissal of General Mac-
Arthur ; and on the floor of the Senate by Senators Lehman, Connally and others.
That beginning in April and May 1950, after Professor Lattimore's statements
to the Tydings Committee, articles and editorials appeared in the Washington
Post, St. Louiy Dispatch, New York Post, New York Compass, New York Daily
Worker, New York Times, The Nation (a weekly), the New Republic (a weekly).
That I was mentioned 17 times in Owen Lattimore's book '"Ordeal by Slander."
That the testimony and articles stated that I was the "China Lobby," that I
was the "man behind McCarthy ;" that "McCarthy's charges were nothing but a
rehash of the irresponsible charges of Kohlberg;" that I was probably secretly
in the pay of the Nationalist Government of Chiang Kai-shek ; that I had connec-
tions with a so-called Christian-front, with fascists, with anti-semites ; and an
editorial in the Washington Post entitled "Kohlberg's Klan" suggested further
disreputable connections.
That I have written evidence that in April 1950 one, Robert W. Barnett, form-
erly Secretary of the Institute of Pacific Relations, and in 1950 Chief of the
Economic Section of the Far Eastern Division of the State Department, advised
certain reporters of the above alleged facts about me and further advised them
that more details could be obtained from an organization in New York called The
Friends of Democracy, headed by Rev. Leon Birkhead ; and that Friends of
Democracy had prepared a three page statement entitled "The Case Against
Alfred Kohlberg."
That the facts concerning my interest and activities in opposing Communism,
and opposing the Chinese Communists, are as follows:
I have been engaged in the import textile business for more than 35 years,
having offices and agents at various times in China, Japan, Iran, France,
Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. At no time have I ever done any busi-
ness with or had any financial transactions of any character with the Govern-
ment of the United States or any foreign Government, or any subsidiary thereof
(with two exceptions), except for the payment of customs dues and taxes. When
I refer to any business or financial transactions, I include myself personally and
any and all corporations with which I have been actively connected. The ex-
ceptions referred to above were (1) a period of 2 or 3 years during which one
of my corporations acted as agent for the Amtorg Trading Corp. for Russian
linens in the late 20's or early 30's ; and (2) the purchase of some surplus navy
jackets, after V-J Day, from the United States Government.
During these more than 35 years in foreign trade, I came to understand the
wisdom of the now-abandoned Monroe Doctrine and the Open Door Policy. The
Monroe Doctrine was designed to prevent the possibility of the building up
of a European empire on this continent, with its resulting constant threat to
our security. The Open Door Policy was designed to prevent any military
empire from adding to its power the resources and manpower of the Chinese
Empire, with a resulting threat to our security in the Pacific.
Therefore when Japan began her all-out war on China in 1937, I contributed
to relief work and addressed some open letters to Congress on America's inter-
est, as I saw it. At the beginning of that war I learned that the Soviet Union
extended aid in military supplies and a Rus'-ian-manned airforce to the Republic
of China. Being in China in the summer of 1938, I learned that the Soviets had
ceased their aid and that Russia had reached agreement with Germany and
Japan. This agreement, which was finally made public as the Hitler-Stalin
Pact of Aug. 23, 1939, I reported in an interview in the New York Times of
Nov. 25, 1938. During the course of said interview I stated, and the New York
Times reported, that Russia, Germany, and Japan had arrived at an agreement
by which Russia "either joined the German-Japanese alliance, or, if she did not
go so far, made peace with Japan and Germany. The arrangement called for
cooperation with Russia by Japan and Germany rather than antagonism, and
provided for withdrawal of Russian support to Chinese forces."
After the war started in Europe the following year, and after the replace-
ment of Neville Chamberlain by Winston Churchill convinced me that Britain
would really fight the Hitler-Stalin-Japanese alliance, being a licensed airplane
pilot. I w'ent to Canada in May 1940 to volunteer, but was rejected because
of age.
4936 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The following month, after the fall of France, I wrote to Wing Commander
Homer Smith of the Royal Canadian Air Force, offering to volunteer, with my
airplane, to fly a suicide mission into any German objective selected by them.
On July 2, 1940, Air Marshal W. A. Bishop wrote me "Wing Commander Smith
has shown me your letter and I wanted to take this opportunity of telling you
how much we appreciate your offer of service, and the offer of your machine.
At the moment, however, the age limit makes it impossible for us to accept your
services, but should this at a later date change, I will get in touch with you."
Thereafter I volunteered to fly a similar suicide mission for the Australians,
the British, and the Chinese ; but was refused.
Finally, after Pearl Harbor on December 9, 1941, I wrote Artemus Gates,
Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air, stating in part :
"In May 1940 I volunteered for the R.C.A.F. at Ottawa but was turned down
on account of age. In July 1940 I volunteered to fly any old trainer loaded with
explosives into a troop transport, warship or any other objective. This offer was
refused. In April 1941 I repeated this offer. This last offer is still being con-
sidered, but the Air Attache of the British Embassy in Washington still has no
final decision from London, but is not hopeful of a favorable answer, as the regu-
lations provide for no such service."
"I now make this offer to you ♦ * * Can you use me? Rank and pay are
no object, but I would like two weeks to wind up my affairs. This letter, of
course, is strictly confldential."
On Jan. 8, 1942, Mr. Gates wrote :
"I have your offer very much in mind, in fact, I have not been able to forget it
since you wrote me early in December, but to date I just don't know where such
100 percent unselfish services can be used. Perhaps the opportunity will develop
but I think our battle on the Pacific is going to be a long war.
"Incidentally, a number of officers in the Bureau of Aeronautics have been
acquainted with your sacrifice."
P^ailing to obtain such a commission, I finally served with the Civil Air Patrol
in the antisubmarine patrol in the Gulf of Mexico in the latter part of 1942, and
hold Certificate of Honorable Service of the Department of the Air Force.
I refer to this service and attempted service as an answer to charges and im-
plied charges, referred to above, that I was a Fascist or sympathetic to fascist-
minded groups, with none of whom have I ever had any association whatsoever.
Meantime I had become a Director and in 1941 Chairman of the Executive
Committee of the Board of Directors of the American Bureau for Medical
Aid to China. In the Spring of 1943 ABMAC and United China Relief, of
which it had become a part, received unfavorable reports from their staff
men in Chungking about graft and incompetency in the Chinese Army medical
services, which we were aiding. Mr. E. C. Carter, of the IPR, had become head
of the United China Relief Committee that allocated funds to the various
agencies in China, and had recommended for appointment most of the employees
of United China Relief.
I flew to China in June 1943 at my own expense to invetigate. Shortly before
leaving for China, Mr. Lauchlin Currie jjhoned New York and asked me to
see him before going, in his offices in the State Department. He told me at
considerable length of reports being received from China, of incompetence,
corruption and the inability and lack of will on the part of the Chinese to fight.
He told me I could check with Americans in Chungking, and that he would
be pleased to hear my impressions on returning. On arrival in China Dwight
Edwards, head of UCR there. Dr. George Bachman, head of ABMAC, and various
other Americans including some in our Embassy confirmed the reports of cor-
ruption and incompetence.
As none of them had been in the field, I asked their sources, which they
protested were confidential. I therefore felt it necessary to check in the field,
which I did against their advice. After traveling through five provinces by
truck, ambulance, rail, air and horse-back, including 8 days in the 0th War
Area, I found the itemized charges either completely untrue or greatly exag-
gerated.
On returning to America I complained to Dr. Stanley Hornbeck, Polit'cal
Adviser to the Secretary of State on the Far East, and Joseph Ballantine,
Director Far Eastern Division of the State Department, in a lengthy interview.
1 protested that the untruths were making Chinese-American cooperation dif-
ficult, if not impossible, witli resultant benefit to the Japanese enemy and un-
necessary loss of both Chinese and American lives.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4937
They professed to be unable to do anything about it ; Dr. Hornbeck saying :
"When I see the people that this Department is sending to China, I shake in
my shoes."
It was not until early 1944 that I began to realize that the lies about the
Chinese Government and Army were Communist propaganda ; and that the
main source for spreading them in this country was the Institute of Pacific
Relations. Although I had previously been a member of the Finance Committee
of the IPR and helped raise funds for them, and had previously recognized
that some of the employees were pro-Communist, I had not suspected the
scope of the infiltration. As I had foolishly thrown away all back copies of
their publications, unread, I went to their offices to rebuy such back copies.
They told me that they were out of print.
I therefore went to the public library and from about April to October 1944,
read all articles they had published on the Chinese military and/or political
situation from 1937 to that date. I then read the articles in the New Masses,
an official Communist weekly, and The Communist, an official Communist month-
ly, on the same topics, for the same years.
From these I prepared an 88 page study (frequently referred to in the Mc-
Carran hearings) and sent it with a covering letter to Mr. E. C. Carter and to
each of the Trustees of the IPR and such members and other persons interested
in the Far East as were known to, or suggested to me. (Later the IPR in their
so-called analysis which Mr. Dennett testified was prepared by Mrs. Maxwell
S. Stewart, and not by the Trustees, and in other testimony, charged that my
study contained extracts from only 2 percent of their articles published between
1937 and 1944. This may or may not be literally true, but is irrelevant as I
studied and extracted only their articles on the military and/or political situation
in China. To the best of my memory my extracts covered all or practically all of
their articles in those two fields. I did not attempt to analyze their articles on
other countries than China (even including the U. S. and Canada), nor on other
topics such as economics, industry, transportation, finance, agriculture, folklore,
family life, shipping, missionary activities, fisheries, etc., etc.)
In my covering letter to Mr. Carter, dated Nov. 9, 1944, I said in part :
"Last June I received from United China Relief a copy of a booklet issued
by your IPR entitled 'War-Time China' (IPR Pamphet No. 10). In a recent
advertisement, Rosamund Lee, your Publications Secretary, referring to this
pamphlet states. 'What is the true situation between the Chinese Communists
and the Kuomintang as explained by Maxwell S. Stewart in War-Time China.'
"Frankly, I was shocked at this pamphlet. From start to finish, it seemed
to me a deliberate smear of China, the Chinese and the Chinese Government. I
was especially shocked by the following: 'They (the American, British and
Soviet Governments) have, however, limited their economic and military as-
sistance because of fear that any supplies they send might be used in civil strife
rather than against the Japanese.'
"The statement seems completely at variance with the many statements made
by our President to the effect that all possible aid is being given to China and
will continue to be given to China.
"Three or four years ago, you may recall, I resigned after a dozen years mem-
bership in IPR. You asked me the reason for my resignation and I told you
frankly that I thought you had too many Communists on your staff. You asked
me if I thought you were a Communist, to which I, of course, replied 'No.' You
then told me that you did not question your staff as to their political beliefs :
whether they were Democrats, Republicans, Socialists, Communists, or what
not; that you investigated their qualifications and judged them by their work.
This seemed to me at the time a very businesslike attitude and I withdrew my
resignation.
"After reading the above referred-to booklet, I decided to look into the IPR
publications further. As a result of this reading, I now attach hereto a lot of
clippings from your publications, along with clippings from 'The Communist'
(Official organ of the Communist Party in the U. S. A.) and 'New Masses'
(another Communist organ), also a few other clippings that seem to bear on the
same issues. If you will go throiigh these, I think you will find that your
employees have been putting over on you a not-too-well-camouflaged Communist
line. Your staff publications follow the 'New Masses' line exactly but not quite
so frankly and the 'New Masses' articles are much better documented. In
selecting these, I have had to clip and clip to keep to reasonable length, but I
believe that what is left of each article fairly represents the article as a whole,
as far as same touches on the subjects coverprl
88348— 52— pt. 14 3
4938 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
"This study poses the question : What are the Soviet Union's aims in the Far
East? Is there a sinister purpose behind this Communist inspired campaign
to discredit China? Only Marshall Stalin can answer this question.
"But another question has been bothering me as I made this study. This
question is: Is it treason? Does the publication of untruthful statements give
'aid and comfort' to our enemy, Japan, in its attempt to break Chinese unity under
Chiang Kai-shek? This question I propound to your Board of Trustees.
"Look over these clippings and see if you do not think it is time for a house-
cleaning in the IPR. The economic articles (not quoted) sounded to me very
much like undergraduate studies, compiled from studies of Chinese economists
and lacking any practical business background.
"If you agree that a house cleaning in the IPR is long overdue, I will be happy
to help. My suggestions would be :
"1. Fire all the Reds, because the truth is not in them.
"2. Adopt a policy of presenting facts rather than opinions. Identify the
sources of your information.
"3. Name a responsible body to determine policy.
"This last point is suggested to me by what I missed in going through your
last 7 years' publications. I found :
1. No criticism of Japan in those 7 years, except of her rural land system •
2. No single criticism of Communist China ; and '
3. No single criticism of the Soviet Union ; whereas I found :
4. Severe criticism of the Chinese Government, alternating with praise
closely following the alternations of the Soviet Union's foreign policy and of
the Communist press.
"A responsible committee controlling and vouching for your policy would be
very reassuring to the members of, and contributors to your Institute."
This letter was answered, not by Mr. Carter, but by Messrs. Robert G Sproul
Chairman ; Robert D. Calkins, Dean, Columbia Universitv ; G. Ellsworth Huggins'
Treasurer, and Philip C. Jessup. In their answer they said :
"At its December 11 meeting the Executive Committee of the American Council
reviewed Mr. Kohlberg's charges and demands. It desires to report the following :
_ "The Executive Committee and the responsible officers of the American Coun-
cil find no reason to consider seriously the charge of bias. The character of the
personnel associated with the Institute, the long history of its research activities
and the demonstrated value of its research testify to the fact that it has
properly fulfilled its function to conduct impartial research on important issues
even though they are controversial. The Committee believes a full presenta-
tion and discussion of such issues is desirable, even in wartime.
"The Institute of Pacific Relations has, and always has had, a responsible
body to determine policy. The Pacific Council, with which Mr. Carter is
associated, is directed by representatives from the National Councils and that
body, made up of these representatives, determines its policies.
"The general policy of the American Council, which is one of the ten con-
stituent bodies in the Institute, is determined by the Board of Trustees The
Executive Committee acts on behalf of the Board of Trustees, when the Board
is not in session.
"The research conducted by the American Council is under the direction of
Its Research Advisory Committee, to which research planning and policy have
been delegated by the Executive Committee. This Committee formulates and
approves research programs, and it approves the research personnel who are
engaged for their competence to undertake the special assignments required in
the research program. Having hired competent research workers, it is not the
policy of the Committee or of the American Council to censor this findings, but
to publish them as the research results of the authors themselves."
This answer of the 4 trustees, I answered Dec. 28, 1944. My answer follows
(in part) :
''The issue presented to Mr. Carter by my letter of Nov. 9 is :
"Have the publications of the I. P. R. (both American Council and Pacific
Council) closely followed the Communist line in alternate praise and abuse of
the Chinese Government? i. e.
Prior to the Hitler-Stalin past of Aug. 23, 1939 __ Praise
Then until June 22, 1941 (Hitler invasion of Russia) Abuse
Then until Summer of 1943 Praise.
Since Summer of 1943 1 Abuse.
"The issue presented to your Board by my letter of Nov. 9 is : Are these publi-
cations treasonable, inasmuch as they are calculated to give 'aid and comfort' to
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4939
our enemy, Japan, in its attempts by propaganda to break the faith of the
Chinese people in the Government of Chiang Kai-shek?
"Neither of these issues is touched on in your letter of Dec. 19. Wliether they
were discussed at your meeting of Dec. 11 is not stated.
"Your letter states that, having selected competent employees, you let them
publish what they wish, without censorship. Do you consider yourselves re-
sponsible bodies and if so, do you, or do you not, assume responsibility for those
publications by your staff?
"As a member, may I ask your Research Advisory Committee for the quali-
fications as 'experts' of the following staff members who write your articles on
whether, including dates of their visits to China, cities and provinces visited, and
whether you feel their impartiality is attested to, or questioned by, their accept-
ance as authorities by, and contributors to, the American Communist press:
Maxwell S. Stewart
T. A. Bisson
L. K. Rosinger
Y. Y. Hsu
"As a member, I would be interested to know who elected or appointed to
your Board and to your Executive Committee, Mr. Frederick V. Field, Gen-
eralissimo of the White House pickets until their liquidation, Sunday, June 22^
1941, and now featured writer on China for the 'Daily Worker,' 'The Commu-
nist,' and 'New Masses', I would also be interested to know what makes him;
an 'expert' on China.
"In my letter of November 9, I called attention to the fact that in reading^
your publications for the past 7 years, I found no criticism of Japan, Communist
China, or the Soviet Union, but alternating praise and abuse of the Chinese
Government.
"Since that time I have received scores of letters, many from outstanding:
American authorities on the Far East. None was critical, some were non-
committal, the majority were commendatory of my study. A number were from
ex-members of your Institute who resigned because they felt the Institute had
become the not-too-well-camouflaged agent of a foreign power whose way of
life and world-wide tifth column infiltration are antagonistic to the interest of
these United States.
"From that correspondence I attach a letter written to you Oct. 8, 1942, by
Mr. Miller Freeman, Seattle publisher. Mr. Freeman tells me his letter was-
neither answered nor acknowledged. Maybe he, too, should have cleared it
privately with Mr. Carter.
"Before closing, one more quotation — this from signed statement of Upton.
Close :
"'A few days prior to the Pearl Harbor disaster, Mr. Trammell' (head of
NBC) 'himself received a letter from E. C. Carter, head of the Institute of
Pacific Relations, demanding that I be dropped from the air because I was
"anti-Japanese".'
"One of the questions most commonly asked is : "What are IPR's motives
for their current attacks on China.' Possibly your Boards would like to make
a statement on this, explaining why all your articles on the current complicated
situation are written by staff members, none of whom has been in China for
years, while contrary statements by such liberals as Pearl Buck and Lin Yutang
are ignored, and articles from your own Chinese Council are rejected. May I
also ask Mr. Carter whether he personally presented your public criticisms to
Chiang Kai-shek, Ho Ying-chin, Chen Li-fu and Sun-fo in Chungking last year
and what were their answers?"
I then asked for permission to circulate my fellow members. This was
granted by letter from Mr. Raymond Dennett. But when I sent a secretary
by appointment to copy the names, they withdrew permission. I filed suit for
the membership list, which after various court vicissitudes was settled by agree-
ment by the IPR to address on their machine under my inspection any one mail-
ing I might choose to send their members.
In said mailing, dated March 18, 1947, I included a printed resolution appoint-
ing an impartial committee of investigation and a proxy to vote for same. Also
one article from the New Leader and one from Plain Talk, both about the IPR
and wrote my fellow members of the IPR in part as follows :
"By order of the supreme court of the State of New York, this letter is being
mailed to you by the American Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.
"Early in July 1943 I was told by several Americans in Chungking that 'the
Chinese Government was hoarding tanks and guns given them under lend-lease
4940 ESrSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
to use against the Japs.' Late in August, having spent six weeks traveling
through Szechuen, Kweichow, Kwangsi, Hunan and Yunnan, I called on Brig.
Gen. Arms, U. S. Army, Commander of the Infantry Training School in Kun-
ming. Among other items I asked why we permitted such hoarding. He laughed
and said he'd heard some good ones, but this took the cake. He said that
nip to that date all the arms and ammunition that had come in had gone to
liim and to the artillery training school; that they were not fully equipped as
yet and, until they were, nothing would be flown in (the air route over the
iump to Kunming being the only route in) for any other force except the air
force whose minimum requirements were the first priority. He explained that
nothing but air-force supplies had come in since May, due to the monsoons.
After the monsoons ended, he expected the resumption of his equipping; and
after that was completed, he explained, General Stilwell was to get full equip-
ment for two of his divisions, and then, after that, 50% was to go to Stilwell and
50% to the Chinese Army- — sometime in 1944. At that moment, he said, not
one tank or gun or rifle or bazooka or cartridge had been turned over to the Chi-
nese Army under lend-lease — hence none could be hoarded.
"On returning to the United States, I spoke of this and other reports with
;some heat and was told by friends that the IPR was the chief culprit in the
spreading of lies about China, and that the motivation back of it was Commu-
nism. I had been a member of the IPR since 1928, but like most businessmen
and (as I later learned) like most of their Board of Trustees, I seldom read
the literature they sent me, and like most people knew nothing about Com-
munism.
"To check on these charges, I read through the Fae Eastern StmvEY and our
quarterly Faciftc Affairs from 1937 to that date (summer of 1944). In my
reading I read every article on the political and military situation in China
and skipped nearly everything else. Then, to learn the Communist line, I read
all the articles on the political and military situation in China in the Netw
Masses (weekly) and The Communist (monthly), both being Communist Party
ofiicial publications.
"In the course of this reading I learned that the IPR and the Communist
publications had switched their attitude or 'line' on the situation in China
several times between 1937 and 1944; both IPR and Communists making the
same switches at the same time. Further I noticed that to some extent they
interchanged writers and both quoted the same authorities ; that they were both
lyrical in their reviews of the same books ; but that, of the three, the New
Masses (possibly because it was franker and more open in taking sides) had the
best documented articles. In fact, if the IPR had disregarded whatever in-
formation sources it had (if any) and relied only on the New Masses, it would
have omitted little that it published on the Chinese military and political
scene.
"After completing my study, I published extracts from the IPR and the Com-
munist press in an 88-page booklet and sent it with a letter to Mr. E. C. Carter
and each of our Trustees and to personal acquaintances interested in China.
(You may have a copy of this and later correspondence for the asking.)
"At that time I thought that Mr. Carter, who was then President of Russian
War Relief, was so busy that he had let some Reds on the staff run off with the
Institute. I called on him and the Trustees to fire these Reds and exercise a real
control over their publications. (That was November 1944.) The answer of the
Executive Committee was to issue a letter stating that they did not think my
charges 'merited serious consideration.' (Two of them told me later that they
had not read the study.) They then turned the charges and study over to the
staff (against whom the charges were filed) to be studied and answered. By
April 1945 the stafC had prepared a 52-page answer of which I only learned in
1946 and of which even the Chairman of the Trustees couldn't get a copy to give
me. I finally obtained a copy by court order in October 1946.
"Since 1944 I have learned much more about the IPR ; its apparently completely
Communist or pro-Communist staff ; that all articles on Far Eastern politics are
written by Communists or pro-Communists (some articles on economic, scientific,
geographic questions are not) ; and that it has ties through interlocking direc-
torates or staff with various Communist or pro-Communist organizations.
"Through its influence in the stafiing of the State Department, Army and Navy
Intelligence, and Far Eastern Divisions ; of UNRRA. of OWI, and even General
MacArthur's staff, our Institute has put considerable niimbers of Communists
and pro-Communists where they could and have done the most possible harm
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4941
and spread the most confusion. How far they have succeeded is strikingly illus-
trated by comparing the present confusion in our attitude to China with the
statement handed to Ambassador Nomura on November 26, 1941, which laid down
the terms on which we would restore peaceful relations with Japan (ruptured
by the blockade declared July 25, 1941). Hull's essential demand was :
" '4. The Government of the United States and the Government of Japan will
not support — militarily, politically, economically — any Government or regime in
China other than the National Government of the Republic of China with capital
temporarily at Chungking.'
"To attempt to prove my statements is impossible in this letter. They are
proven in part by the study and correspondence referred to above, which will
be sent you on request.
"My attempts to arouse Mr. Carter and our Trustees to investigation and
action have failed. Several Trustees, including several of the Executive Com-
mittee have resigned, claiming that they were worried by the charges of com-
munism, but had no time to look into them so thought they'd better get out. Our
Board of Trustees (47) scattered all over the country never meets. The Execu-
tive Committee (10) is chairmanned by a Calif ornian who never attends. The
connections of the others are as per attached sheet. Most of our Trustees are,
of course, not Communists and furthermore don't take Communists very seri-
ously. Their attitude is very similar to that of a witness before the Senate
Atomic Committee, as reported in the New York Sun February 22, 1947, as
follows :
" 'Cameron said that he roomed with Hart and knew that his roommate held
Marxist views, was sympathetic to Russia, and read the Daily Worker, Communist
paper, but did not know that he was a Communist.'
"If our Institute is to be saved for the useful work it can and should do in
soundly and objectively posting American scholars, teachers, and writers on
the Far East, we, the members, will have to do the job. The first step is to appoint
a Board of Investigators to listen to my charges and dig out the facts. Some of
the gentlemen named in the enclosed proxy are known to me, some are not, but
all bear reputations as good Americans informed on the Far East. I have not
asked them if they will serve and cannot do so until I hold sufficient proxies. I
have no doubt that enough will accept to make up a satisfactory board.
"In order to keep this letter within reasonable length, I have omitted going
into the following :
"1. Many of the staff and writers have no real claim to scholarship in
the fields they cover.
"2. Much of the material published is plagiarized for the above reasons.
"3. Our staff and officers were instrumental in forming the violently pro-
Communist 'Committee for a Far Eastern Democratic Policy.'
"4. Our staff and officers were instrumental in maintaining the pro-Com-
munist 'Japanese American Committee for Democracy.'
"5. Our staff and officers conducted a pressure mail campaign to force
NBC to continue the wartime 'Pacific Story'— a Communist-angled dramatic
half hour.
"6. Our staff and officers have sponsored and published books and articles
by such known Communists as Abraham Chapman, Jos. S. Allen, Harriet L.
Moore, Philip Jaffe, Anna Louise Strong, Frederick V. Field.
"7. Members of our Board of Trustees and our staff managed to get
control of the Far Eastern Division of the State Department, UNRRA
and OWI, where they loaded all three with pro-Communists. Two of them,
Owen Lattimore and John Carter Vincent, accompanied Henry Wallace to
China in 1944 and talked that adolescent into reporting to Roosevelt that
•we were backing the wrong horse in China' and that 'Chiang Kai-shek's
government would collapse within 90 days.' Just prior to that much heralded
trip of that great friend of the common man, IPR published a booklet
by Henry Wallace, Our Job in the Pacific, which they knew he had not
written.
"8. Four of the six persons arrested in the Amerasia case were connected
with the IPR.
"I no longer believe the officers and Executive Committee can clean up the
Institute.
"After such an Investigating Committee has completed its investigation and
reported, action will then be up to us. Our Trustees will not act and if we
wait until Congressional investigation reaches us, it may be too late to save
our institution and even our good reputation."
4942 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
At the meeting, April 22, 1947, the tellers advised me that they had over 1,100
proxies against the resolution for an investigating committee. I presented 86
but they disqualified about 20, though they refused to show me their proxies.
In the meeting I read my proposed resolution and then stated :
"It would be my intention to present first to this Investigating Committee
witnesses, and by witnesses I mean more than one, who would testify that the
Institute of Pacific Relations is considered by the National Committee of the
Communist Party to be one of its organizations and that certain of the Execu-
tive Committee of the American Institute are members of the Communist Party.
"In addition to these witnesses who would testify to that effect, I would
expect to show that committee that there have been certain misstatements of
fact in the publications of the Institute, that these misstatements of fact follow
a pattern, that the publications of the Institute have been free of criticism of
Japan up to Pearl Harbor except for criticisms of the Japanese rural land
system, and that they have been free of criticisms of Russia up to date, both
Japan and Russia — that is, Siberia — falling within the area covered by the Pacific
Institute.
"I would call attention to the fact that although the Institute has referred
to many documents and in books and pamphlets issued by it has published many
pertinent documents, four of the most pertinent documents referring to the Far
East have always been omitted, and as far as I have been able to find by an
examination of the publications, have never been either printed in full or referred
to by the Institute.
"Those four documents are the Tanaka Memorial, the Resolutions of the
Colonies and Semi-Colonies adopted by the Sixth World Congress of the
Comintern, the program of the Comintern adopted by the same Sixth Congress,
and the note of Secretary Hull to Ambassador Nomura of November 21, 1941.
"I would also expect to show to that same committee that many of the writers
are not qualified and that there are much better qualified people in certain of
the fields on, for example, the Philippines, Hawaii, than the writers in the
publications of the Institute. They are not qualified, and qualified writers are
available, and, in fact, members of the Institute.
"I would also call to the attention of that committee that American policy
for the Pacific has been a consistent policy and in a traditional policy. That
policy is the policy of the Open Door, proclaimed in 1899 and further confirmed
in the Nine-Power Treaty of 1922, and that policy calls for the Open Door, for the
Independence and the territorial integrity of China, and that the publications
of the Institute, although they have published vast amounts of material on China,
seldom, if ever, have referred to this policy and its implications.
"I believe that if the opportunity is presented, I can prove each of those state-
ments and also the charges with which you are familiar from the letter sent you
March 20."
Mr. Arthur H. Dean, Vice Chairman of the IPR, presided in the absence of
the Chairman, Robert G. Sproul. He answered my statement, saying that the
IPR was lily-white (not red) and he could vouch for it. The vote cast by the
nearly 100 present, was unanimous against the resolution. A few days later, by
letter, I resigned from the IPR, since which time I have devoted little
attention to it.
Just about a year previous to the above meeting, Mr. J. B. Powell, dean of
the American correspondents in China, and Miss Helen Loomis, a former mis-
sionary teacher in China, had called a small meeting at Miss Loomis' apartment
to form a committee to warn the country of the dangerous policy we were follow-
ing in China. From this meeting came the American China Policy Association,
Inc., of which Mr. Powell was President until his death in 1947, when he was
succeeded for one year by former Congresswoman Clare Boothe Luce, and Miss
Loomis was Secretary-Treasurer. I was elected Vice President and later Chair-
man of the Board. By resolution the American China Policy Association, Inc.,
limited its members to persons of American citizenship and provided that only
Americans could be brought as guests to its Board meetings, so that America's
interest, only, should be presented for consideration.
Meantime also, I had become publisher and sole financial backer of the magazine
Plain Talk, published from October 1946 to May 1950, as a monthly, and now
merged with The Freeman, a fortnightly.
During these years, and continuing to the present, I have written numerous
open letters to various persons, including Government officials, numerous arti-
cles for magazines, and letters to newspapers, on the general topic of our strug-
gle with World Communism. I have also made speeches on numerous occa-
sions. In all cases I have refused to accept monies, from any source, either for
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4943
articles, speeches or traveling expenses, or as contributions. All expenses have
been paid by me personally or by one of the corporations controlled by me and
interested in these matters.
I have five times appeared at public hearings before Committees of the
Congress — twice on behalf of the American China Policy Association, Inc., and
three times as an individual. Three of the hearings were before the Foreign
Relations Committee of the Senate and two before the Appropriations Committee
of the Senate.
Other than these appearances my visits to Washington have been mostly
seeking information as to what was going on in the labyrinth of apparent ab-
sence of over-all policy which has led to such disastrous results for America
and the Free World. The only members of the Senate Foreign Relations Com-
mittee whom I have ever met are Senators Brien McMahon, H. Alexander
Smith, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Owen Brewster. These were chance meetings.
The only members of that Committee on whom I have ever called are Senators
H. Alexander Smith and Owen Brewster. When Senator Smith returned from
the Far East in 1949, I sent my card in to the Floor and he came to the Senate
Lobby and told me of his impressions. I called on Senator Brewster in New
York once when he was en route to Europe and presented him with copies of
three important Comintern documents.
Sometime in March 1950 one of Senator McCarthy's assistants got in touch
with me and I supplied published material on the Far East and on persons con-
nected with American policy in the Far East. Subsequently, I met the Senator
for the first time. Thereafter Drew Pearson broadcast the statement that I
was backing Senator McCarthy financially. Up to that moment it had not
occurred to me that Senator McCarthy had to pay his staff, as I presumed they
were supplied by the Senate. So I wrote Drew Pearson as follows :
"Your broadcast suggested that Senator McCarthy has been put to heavy
expense in his patriotic work of exposing the traitors who have controlled our
policy in Asia. I think Americans should join in helping pay some of Senator
McCarthy's expenses, so I am going to send him a small check today and hope
others do likewise."
Some days, or a week later, I sent a check for $500 to Senator McCarthy. He
returned it with a polite letter saying that charges that I was the China Lobby
made it inadvisable for him to accept the contribution. Since then. Senator
McCarthy has not suggested, nor have I offered or made a further contribution ;
nor had I ever previously offered or made any contribution to Senator McCarthy.
In the course of my studies (which were those of a businessman with some
background, but not those of a trained student of international affairs), I
learned from persons in a position to know, that at all times for more than
10 years the Communists have maintained control of the Executive Committee
of the IPR and of the staff; and that the few changes made, under pressure of
public exposure, have not altered this control. About .5 years ago an investi-
gator for the State Department spent two days in my files, and after investiga-
tion elsewhere filed a report on the IFR which must have revealed to the State
Department the true facts. In spite of which our Far Eastern destiny still lies
in the hands of IPR-connected officials.
At about the same time an investigator for ONI called on me, said Admiral
Nimitz had been invited to become Chairman of IPR ; that he had asked ONI
to report, and they were making a routine check. Admiral Nimitz did not
become Chairman or a Trustee, but thereafter General Marshall became a
Trustee, in spite of the previously filed report of the State Department investi-
gator.
In a speech to the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco, February 29, 1952,
I called on those Trustees of the IPR (of whom some were present) who were
neither Communist nor pro-Communist to rehabilitate themselves with their
fellow Americans by coming forward and publicly revealing who pulled the
strings and who had induced them to lend their protection to the Communists.
On March 1.S, 1952, I wrote to the Trustees in part as follows :
"To Messrs. .Jos. P. Chamberlain, Arthur H. Dean, W. F. Dillingham, Brooks
Emeny, Huntington Gilchrist, W. R. Herod, and Philip C. Jessup:
"In March 1947 I proposed a Resolution for investigation of the Institute of
Pacific Relations, to be voted at a special meeting on April 22, 1947.
"In seeking proxies to oppose my Resolution, a public letter (March 17, 1947)
issued by all of you, denied that there was any need for investigation of the
Institute. Among various inaccurate statements, you said :
" 'The Executive Committee of the Board of Trustees has investigated Mr.
Kohlberg's charges and found them inaccurate and irresponsible.'
4944 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
"Raymond Denuett, your then secretary, has now sworn before the McCarran
Committee that the above statement was untruthful, and known to you to be so.
"To Messrs. Eugene Staley, Herbert Eloesser, Galen M. Fisher, Mrs. Frank A.
Gerbode, O. C. Hansen, Mrs. E. H. Heller, Eene A. May, Mrs. Alfred McLaughlin,
Mrs. Harold L. Paige, Robert Gordon Sproul, Lynn White, Jr., and Ray Lyman
Wilbur (all of California) :
"On March 31, 1947, you issued a public letter of the same general tenor as
the above, seeking proxies to oppose my Resolution for investigation.
"To Knight Biggerstaff of Cornell; John K. Fairbank, of Harvard; Harold
H. Fisher of the Hoover Library ; Kenneth Scott Latourette, of Yale ; Raymond
Kennedy, of Yale ; Wm. W. Lockwood, of Princeton ; Donald G. Tweksbury of
Columbia :
"You signed statements in the same proxy fight, exonerating the I. P. R. of
the slightest Communist bias.
"To Messrs. Edward W. Allen, Raymond B. Allen, Christian O. Arndt, J. Bal-
lard Atherton, E. C. Auchter, George T. Cameron, Edward C. Carter, D. C.
Clarke, Arthur G. Coons, George B. Cressey, Lauchlin Currie, John L. Curtis,
Len de Caux, K. R. Duke, Clarence A. Dykstra, Rupert Emerson, Frederick V.
Field, Charles K. Gamble, Carrington Goodrich, Henry F. Grady, Mortimer
Graves, R. P. Heppner, John R. Hersey, Paul G. Hoffman, Benjamin H. Kizer,
Daniel E. Koshland, Lewis L. Lapham, Owen Lattimore, Herbert S. Little, Boyd
A. Martin, Charles E. Martin, Abbot Low Moffat, Donald M. Nelson, David N.
Rowe, Gregg M. Sinclair, D. B. Straus, Donald B. Tresidder, Juan Trippe, Sum-
ner Wells, Brayton Wilbur, Heaton L. Wrenn, Louise L. Wright and J. D. Zeller-
bach:
"You were the remaining members of the Board of Trustees of the IPR at the
time my Resolution for investigation was voted on April 22, 1947. Not one of
you voted for my Resolution to investigate.
"Since that time numerous qualified witnesses have testified under oath be-
fore the McCarran Committee that :
"1. Your organization constantly and deliberately followed the Commu-
nist line in its publications.
"2. Some espionage activities were carried on.
"3. More than forty of your staff, Trustees and writers were actual Com-
munists, or espionage agents, or both, and others leaned that way.
"4. That activities in infiltrating our government by such people were car-
ried on both oflicially and unofficially in your name.
"The balance of this letter is addressed only to those of you who are not Com-
munists, or pro-Communist in your sympathies. I suggest that you explain to
the McCarran Committee your defense of the conspiracy in your midst ; stating
names of persons who induced you to protect the guilty, and reasons given ; and
reasons for neglecting the duty incumbent on you as Trustees. For example,
which of you inveigled General Marshall into joining your Board?
"Such confession is the atonement for past injury to our country made by
Louis Budenz and the other ex-Communists who testified. I hesitate to think
you have less regard for our country's welfare than they."
Thereafter I received a letter from Dr. Roscoe Pound, dean emeritus of the
Harvard Law School, and at present, visiting professor at the School of Law,
University of California at Los Angeles, dated March 18, 19.52, in which he said:
"Many thanks for your statement of date March 14 which I am rejoiced to have.
One of the worst offenders in my experience is Professor J. K. Fairbank of
Harvard. He is beyond redemption, but I take pleasure in showing him up on
every occasion. I ran into him first in Nanking where the State Department
information office was a fountain of misinformation."
I further state that the testimony on page 1085 of the MacArthur hearings of
last May by Senator Knowland and General Bradley to the effect that we have
no objectives in Korea ; and the statement near the bottom of page 1556 of
Part 5 of the McCarran hearings by Ambassador George Kennan to the effect
that we have no over-all foreign policy, not even the Open-Door Policy and the
Monroe Doctrine any longer, is conclusive proof either of incompetence on the
part of the State Department, or neglect of America's interests by that Depart-
ment.
Alfred Kohlbebg.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this IGth day of April 1952.
[seal] Pasquale J. Fenico.
Notary Public, State of New York.
Commission Expires March 30, 1954.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4945
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, will you identify those documents, please?
Mr. Mandel. I have here nine groups of photostats that are stapled
together, and they come from the files of the Institute of Pacific Ke-
lations.
The Chairman. Are they photostats of instruments found in the
files of the Institute of Pacific Relations ?
Mr. Mandel. These actual photostats as they are now were found
in the files of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
Mr. Morris. They were found in photostatic form ?
Mr. Mandel. In photostatic form and stapled as they are now. For
purposes of identification I will read one cover sheet. It reads : "De-
part of State, Office of Research and Intelligence," marked "Re-
stricted," No. 3024.3, Economy of Communist North China, 1937-45;
Land Policy, Description, Analysis of the Chinese Communist Agrar-
ian Policies and of the Results Obtained From These Policies in Com-
munist-Controlled Areas, Washington, D. C, March 8, 1946," and
then there is a rubber stamp in the photostat, "Department of State,
Reference Division, Received January 14, 1947," and another rubber
stamp, "Division of Geography and Cartography, May 13, 1946,
Department of State."
Mr. SouRw^iNE. Don't you think that identifies it adequately?
Mr. Mandel. All right.
Mr. Morris. Have you made up copies of the first sheets of every
one of those documents ?
Mr. Mandel. I have made up copies of nine cover sheets.
Mr. Morris. May we offer for the record Mr. Mandel's copies of
the cover sheets of these documents rather than the documents them-
selves? In other words, the significance of this offering is the na-
ture of the documents found rather than the contents of the docu-
ments. Because of their great bulk I do not recommend that they
be put into the record, but that Mr, Mandel's copies of the cover sheet
in each case be introduced into the record after Mr. Marks, Mr. Hol-
land, and Mr. Carter have had an opportunity to make comment on
them.
Will you accept that?
Mr. Marks. We have not checked those cover sheets.
Mr. Morris. We will get a ruling first.
The Chairman. As I understand it now, the cover sheets were
copied by Mr. Mandel ; is that right ?
Mr. Mandel. That is right.
The Chairman. And you want to offer the cover sheets ?
Mr. Morris. We are going to offer the cover sheets, thereby de-
scribing the nature of the documents found.
The Chairman. Does the cover sheet reflect the nature of the docu-
ment ?
Mr. Mandel. It does.
Mr. SouRWiNE. What you are offering is the cover sheet of the
document; you are not offering Mr. Mandel's copy. The docu-
ments are here, and you are offering the cover sheet of the document
of the record in each case ; is that right?
Mr. Morris. That is right.
Mr. Marks. Mr. Mandel has his own copy.
The Chairman. He has a copy of the photostats.
4946 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. SouRwiNE. The photostats themselves are physically in '
Mandel's hands, and I am simply suggesting that we disregard
Mr.
the
question of any copies that he may have made and that the Chair's
instruction be that the cover sheets of each of these groups of photo-
static documents be put into the record.
Mr. Marks. Fine.
Mr. SouRwiNE. What is ordered into the record is the cover sheet
itself if the Chair so rules.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandel, could you tell us precisely in what files
they were found ? Is that information possible ?
Mr. Mandel. I could not tell you what cabinet or class of cabinet
it was found in.
Mr. Marks. Do you think they came from Lee, Mass., or do you
think they came from the files you examined here in New York?
Mr. Mandel. I am positive they came from the files of Lee, Mass.
Mr. Marks. I am just trying to locate these things. Did you notice
these things before ? I know you have had a lot of papers. Are these
recent discoveries?
I am going to say frankly right now that Mr. Holland and Mr.
Carter will state that they do not recall having seen those, and I am
just trying to figure out just what did happen.
Mr. Mandel. As I recall, they were in a drawer loosely, not in any
particular folder, and due to the bulk they were withheld pending
further examination and questions to the State Department. It is
correspondence with the State Department regarding these, and
that is why they have not come up until now.
Mr. Marks. Do you recall any correspondence in those boxes about
these boxes or any kind of covering letter ?
Mr. Mandel. No, I do not.
Mr. Marks. And there is no stafi^ memorandum or anything, just
saying that we received these?
Mr. Mandel. That is correct.
Mr. Marks. Perhaps Mr. Morris would like to ask you whether you
or Mr. Carter can identify these,
Mr. Morris. Mr. Holland, do these documents suggest anything at
all to you ?
Mr. Holland. No.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Have you had an opportunity to examine them?
Mr. Holland. Yes ; not every page, but I have examined the covers
of each one, and I have a general idea of the nature of the documents.
I have no knowledge of ever having seen this document before, and
no knowledge of its being in the Institute of Pacific Relations' files.
I wish, Mr. Chairman, to note that in the inventory listing of this
document, it is given a committee serial number 500.28, and I won-
dered whether from that Mr. Mandel might be able to locate a little
more precisely where in the files he found it.
Mr. Mandel. The designation was made in the last few days and
covers only the documents that we did not have in our ordinary file
and had to classify roughly for purposes of this hearing.
Mr. SouRwiNE. 1 might say to Mr. Holland if it is important for
him to know how the committee operates in its classification numbers
that that is more in the nature of a library classification. It does not
have a reference back to the source of the document in the IPR files,
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4947
but refers only to the evaluation or the tentative evaluation by the
committee staff.
Mr. Holland. Mr. Chairman, my purpose in asking for informa-
tion about the location in the files is because the dates on these docu-
ments I think all relate to late 1945 up to I think either January or
May 1947. To the best of our knowledge the files in Lee did not
include material after 1945.
Mr. SouEWiNE. On that point, the files would of course speak for
themselves.
Mr. Holland. Sure. lexplainthisis the only reason for my asking
for some clarification if it can be provided.
Mr. SotJRWiNE. Mr. Mandel, can you recall whether there have been
other documents in the IPR files of a date as late as 1947 'i
Mr. Mandel. That point has not come up.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Sourwine, would it be proper for me to testify on
this of my own recollection?
Mr. SouKwiNE. Do you want to make a statement or sworn testi-
mony ?
The Chairman. Yes. Do you solemnly swear the testimony you
are about to give before the subcommittee of the Committee on the
Judiciary of the United States Senate will be the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God ?
Mr. Morris. I do.
TESTIMONY OF ROBERT MORRIS, SUBCOMMITTEE COUNSEL
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, this question has come up, and I have
a vivid and unmistakable recollection of this very question because it
was my understanding when I first began to examine the files last
February and March that the documents contained only letters up to
and including 1945. The first or the second day that I began to exam-
ine the files I found letters in there subsequent to that date.
Mr. Sourwine. As a matter of fact, you called that to my attention
at that time, did you not ?
Mr. Morris. I did, Mr. Sourwine. They number, I would say, at
least in the hundreds in that description. Some of them have been
put in the record. I was pointing that out to Mr. Holland yesterday,
and one I could think of offhand was a letter describing a conference
between Mr. Carter and Mr. Robert T. Miller, which was introduced
in the record the first or second day of our open hearings. There have
been others, and my recollection is that it is at least in the hundreds.
It came as a surprise to me, and I have an unmistakable recollection
on that score.
Mr. Mandel. I might add, Mr. Chairman, that there were two
classes of documents, those taken from the files at Lee, Mass., and those
taken from the New York office. If these had come from the New
York office you would have had photostats of all of them because that
was the arrangement.
Mr. Holland. Yes.
Mr. SouRA^rENE. As far as that goes, the committee staff in its han-
dling of these documents has kept the items which came from the
New York office and those which came from the Lee bam in such a
way that there has been no possibility to be confused.
4948 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. JVIandel. That is correct. They are designated as coming from
the New York office.
Mr. MoKRis. Mr. Holland, do these appear to you to be based on
reports made by the Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Holland. No ; I have no indication of that. Yesterday when
I was speaking to you informally I said it might, but on subsequent
looking at them I don't find any sign that they are based except in-
sofar as they contain footnote references to published materials by
the institute. The other comment I wish to make is that in our New
York office here and subsequent to 1945 after the end of the war, the
institute like a number of other research organizations has received
from the State Department a nuinber of declassified documents,
some of which resemble this, but so far as I am aware none of them
have been in this photostat form. They have all been mimeographed
or done on one of these ditto form things, and that is why I am ex-
tremely surprised to have this brought to my attention, because it
is the kind of thing which I myself would be expected to know because
of its subject matter, but, as I say, I have no knowledge or recollection
of having seen it before or knowledge of its being in the institute's
files.
Mr. Marks. Do the declassification documents received always show
on the document that they have been declassified?
Mr. SouRwiNE. I cannot answer it. It should be obvious that it is
possible to have in one's possession a document which does not show
any declassification stamp and which has in fact been declassified,
because if you had a document in your possession at a time when it was
classified and retained it in your possession until after it was declas-
sified, it would be a declassified document.
Mr. Marks. I understand that, but I think the practice is sometimes
to declassify by a covering letter.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Perhaps you are sufficiently familiar to testify on
that point.
Mr. Marks. From Mr. Holland's experience, and I would like him
to testify on that.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Do you consider Mr. Holland is able to testify with
regard to Government practices ?
Mr. Marks. Just his own experience in regard to the Institute of
Pacific Relations.
Mr. Holland. From our own experience, Mr. Chairman, in one or
two cases we have received documents subsequent to 1945 from the
State Department in sending along with a group of documents, most
of which had the usual stamp "declassified by order of," and then the
signature of the person — one or two documents did not have this
stamp, but the document was identified in a covering letter transmit-
ting it to us, saying, "We are herewith sending you the following
document."
Nevertheless, this does not
Mr. Marks. You have not completed that sentence, I don't think.
Is that all the letter said ? '
Mr. Holland. Of course, I cannot remember the exact title, but
indicating the title on the document, which on subsequent examina-
tion we have found did not include the usual stamp.
Mr. Marks. But the letter talks about classification. What is it?
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4949
Mr. Holland. I can't speak from direct recollection, but I do know
we have one or more letters in our files with inventory documents being
transmitted to us, and in that inventory are items which on subsequent
examination we found referred to documents which did not include
on the cover the usual declassification stamp.
Mr. Marks. Did the letter refer to those documents as declassified,
or was it completely silent ?
Mr. Holland, That I can't say.
The Chairman. Well, we have the testimony here of Mr. Mandel
that these photostats were actually found in the files of the Institute
of Pacific Relations in photostatic form as they are presented to the
committee now ; is that correct ?
Mr. Mandel. That is correct.
The Chairman. Wliat is your offer?
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, I offer the cover sheets of each one of
these documents and ask that they be admitted into the record.
The Chairslan. All right.
Mr. SouRWiNE. After the Chair rules on that point and if Mr.
Marks has finished his cross-examination of Mr. Holland, I have a
question I want to ask.
The Chairman. Do you want to cross-examine now ?
Mr. SouRWiNE. I would simply like to ask Mr. Holland this : Since
you did remember such a letter, do you remember who wrote it ?
Mr. Holland. No, because it was not addressed to me. I ascertained
this information by, speaking to our publications secretary yesterday.
Mr. SoURWiNE. Was it an official State Department letter, or merely
from someone in the State Department ?
Mr. Holland. No, it was an official State Department letter which
I can produce. It does not refer to this document because when I
asked for this information, I said, "Have we any record in our file
of a document with this title and serial number?" And it is not there.
Mr. SouRWiNE. I would like to ask that Mr. Holland be directed
to furnish to the committee the letter he speaks of and any other letter
he speaks of, to wit, letters which contain in terms transmittals of
documents which at the time were on their classified list and also that
he indicate which of the documents on that letter so transmitted were
in fact on their classified list.
The Chairman. All right. Your request is that these cover sheets
be inserted ?
Mr. Morris. That is right.
The Chairman. It is so ordered.
(Mr. Mandel, after a subsequent examination of his files, testified
at a hearing held on May 13, 1952, that he had been in error in testi-
fying that the photostats were found in the files of the Institute of
Pacific Relations. See pp. 4616 and 4617, pt. 13.)
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibit Nos. 1322 to-
1330, inclusive," and are as foljows:)
4950 LNSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
181101 3
Exhibit No. 1322
(Handwritten:) 097.3
44 Z1092R
no. 3024.1
BESTRICTED
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Interim Research and Intelligence Service
research and analysis branch
R & A No. 3024.1
EcoNOMT OF Communist North China, 1937-1945 : Areas of Economic Control
DESCRIPTION
This Study, the first of a series, outlines the territorial basis of the economy
of Communist North China.
Date : 23 November 1945.
This document contains information affecting the national defense of the
United States within the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 USC 31 and 32, as
amended. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Copy No.
Restricted.
Exhibit No. 1323
Department of State, Intelligence Reference Division. Received, Aug. 12, 1946.
(Handwritten:) R
097.3
Z1092
no. 3024.5
RESTRICTED
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of Research and Intelligence
No. 3024.5
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-1945: Standards of Living
description
Analysis of wages, food, clothing, shelter, health care, and other aspects of
standards of living in Communist North China.
Washington, D. C, June 15, 19^6.
Restricted.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4951
Exhibit No. 1324
(Handwritten) R
29 097.3
Z1092
no. 3024.6
KESTEICTED
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of Research and Intelligence
No. 3024.6
Economy of Coaimunist Nobth China, 1937-1945 : Labor
description
A study of labor policies, labor force, wages and hours, and labor unions in
Communist North China.
Washington, D. C, April 25, 19.^6.
Restricted.
Exhibit No. 1325
Handwritten: 097.3
22 Z1092
#3024.8
1946
eestricted
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-1945: Cooperatives
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Intelligence Research Report
OCL-3024.8
June 30, 1946.
A study of the historical background, types, organization, and development of
cooperatives in Communist areas of North China.
Distributed by Office of Intelligence Coordination aiJd Liaison (OCL),
Restricted.
Exhibit 1326
(Handwritten) 097.3
38 Z1092
#3024.2/45
restricted
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Interim Research and Intelligence Service : Research and Analysis Branch
R. & A. 3024.2
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-45 : Summary of Economic Policies
description
A summary of the economic policies of the Chinese Communists as analyzed
in further detail in the forthcoming parts of the Economy of Communist North
China, 1937-45.
11 December 1945.
Restricted.
(80380)
4952
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 1327
(Handwritten:) 097,3
47 Z1092
No. 30243
KESTEICTED
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of Research and Intelligence
No. 3024.3
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-1945: Land Policy
description
Analysis of the Chinese Communist agrarian policies and of the results obtained
from these policies in Communist-controlled areas.
Washington, D. C, 8 March 1946.
Restricted.
Handwritten: 446
gs
ExHiBrr No. 1328
Handwritten : 57
Illegible initials
097.3
Z1092
#3024.4/47
restricted
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of Research and Intelligence
No. 3024.4
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-1945 : Land and Food
description
Analysis of the topographic and agricultural regions, land utilization, and crop
production of Communist North China.
Washington, D. C, April 12, 19.'f6.
Restricted.
Exhibit No. 1329
restricted
Handwritten: 097.3
27 Z1092
#3024.7/46
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Office of Research and Intelligence
No. 3024.7
Economy of Communist North China, 1937-1945 : Industries and Mining
description
A study of the nature and extent of industrial development, types of indus-
trial activity, and geographic distribution of industries in Communist areas.
Washington, D. C, August 20, 1946.
Restricted.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4953
Exhibit No. 1330
Handwritten : #3024.9/46. Other handwritten fijiures crossed out.
24
kestkicted
Economy of Commukist Nokth China, 1937-1945: Finance
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Intelligence Reseaech Repobt
OCL-3024.9
August 26, 1946.
A study of money and banking and the operation of taxation systems in Com-
munist Areas.
Distributed by Office of Intelligence Coordination and Liaison (OCL).
Restricted.
Mr. Carter. Mr. Mandel recently referred apropros of letters al-
legedly in the Lee files after 1945. There were two sources of the
Senate subcommittee's IPR documents, one at Lee and one in the
New York office. I think I might have pointed out before, Mr. Chair-
man, that in the barn at Lee was a three-drawer wooden cabinet of
my personal papers. Those were taken to Washington at the same
time, and it is conceivable that some of these 1945 and subsequent let-
ters were in my personal file, not in the IPR files.
I do not thiiik that is particularly material, but there is that pos-
sibility.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Could you say whether these photostats were in your
personal files ?
Mr. Carter. My testimony on them is identical with that of Mr.
Holland, that until I saw them in Davis Polk's office yesterday I didn't
remember ever having seen them before.
]Mr. SouRWiNE. Then, you cannot testify whether they were or were
not in your personal files ?
Mr. Carter. No. It was not apropos of that, but to establishing the
date of what the Lee files covered. I thought that in my personal
files there might have been some IPR letters. The thing that recalled
it to me was Mr. Mandel and Mr. Morris's comment with reference
to the Miller letter which was of a date later than 1945.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Was that Miller letter in your personal files, or
do you know ?
Mr. Carter. I don't know.
Mr. SoLTRWiNE. Mr. Mandel, can you say whether the so-called per-
sonal files of Mr. Carter were separately identified ?
Mr. jVLyndel. They were not.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, there has come up for attention part
of the witness, Mr. Owen Lattimore's, testimony that he did not clearly
understand the testimony of Mr. Barmine with respect to a certain con-
versation :Mr. Barmine "had with General Berzin. Mr. Chairman, I
feel our public record is clear and unmistakable on this point, particu-
larly if you read two or three pages, and it comes to the very point.
In reading through the executive session testimony of Mr. Barniine
taken on May 5, 1951, several months prior, the thing is even more
clear and more precise. For the sake of clarity I ask that pages 21
8834S — 52 — pt. 14 4
4954 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
and 22 of Mr. Barmine's executive session testimony be introduced
into our public record.
Mr. SouRWiNE. Mr. Chairman, since that obviously requires a rul-
ing by the committee to release executive session testimony, I would
ask Mr. Morris if he would amend his request to be that the chair
at an appropriate time lay before the full committee the question of
inserting in the record such portions of the executive session testimony.
The Chairman. I think that is the correct attitude to take. I think
it should be presented to the subcommittee. At that time let the sub-
committee release it from its executive position.
Mr. SoURWiNE. The chair could order included at this point in the
record such portions of the executive testimony of Mr. Barmine as the
subcommittee rules may be released from the executive session.
The Chairman. That will be the order.
(The document referred to was marked Exhibit No. 1331 and is as
follows :)
Exhibit No. 1331
Mr. Bakmine. * * *
In this connection with General Berzin and one of his assistants, we were
discussing possible personnel.
Mr. Morris. Who was his assistant?
Mr. Barmine. He was chief of the second section, Firin.
So there was discussion about the personnel at least and Firin was called to
the discussion and there were exchanges about the possible people among the
Military Intelligence personnel who were at that time in China or had knowledge
of Chinese affairs, and would it be possible to use them.
Several names of Russians, Chinese, Americans, Czechoslovakians, French,
were mentioned.
Now, I want to make the statement that that conversation was in 1935, sixteen
years ago, and I only can tell these conversation were carried by hours and for
weeks. There were so many other problems in our work in the export of arms,
things that you are interested in, it was a very casual and incidental part of it.
I had my hands full of other things, so probably only I can tell to the best
of my recollection whatever remains in my memory.
Mr. Morris. What did he say about the Institute of Pacific Relations?
Mr. Barmine. Several names were named of men working for the apparatus
of Military Intelligence there, and suggested, not even suggested, but discussed
the posibility. Two of them were Americans, Lattimore and Joseph Barnes.
*******
Executive Session, Volume 21, May 5, 1951.
Testimony of Alexander Gregory Barmine, pages 21-22 of transcript.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Mandell, will you identify these two letters, please ?
Mr. Mandell. I have here three photostats which I personally ob-
tained from the files of Ray Lyman Wilbur at the Stanford University.
The Chairman. Did you have those photostats made ?
Mr. Mandel. Yes.
Mr. SouRWiNE. You mean from the files of Ray Lyman Wilbur, or
from the files of the Ray Lyman Wilbur Library or some other
library ?
Mr. Mandel. They were files of Ray Lyman Wilbur.
Mr. SouRwiNE, Personal files?
Mr. Mandel. Yes. They were obtained from the Hoover Libr^^ry
at Stanford Univei-sity.
Mr. Morris. Mr. Chairman, the first of these purports to be a letter
signed by Mr. Edward C. Carter, dated December 30, 1933, to the
members of the American council :
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4955
It gives me great pleasure to announce that at the board of trustees meeting
on December 20 Mr. Joseph Barnes was unanimously selected my successor as
secretary to the American council.
I offer this to Mr. Carter and ask him if he can recall having written
that letter. Does that look like a photostatic copy of a document sent
by you, Mr. Carter?
Air. Carter. Yes.
The Chairman. The question is, Does he recall having sent the
original of that ?
Mr. Carter. I do.
Mr. SouRwiNE. That is a photostatic copy of your signature?
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. Morris. I have here photostatic copies of correspondence be-
tween Mr. Eliot Wadsworth and Mr. Edward C. Carter dated No-
vember 25, 1941, and November 26, 1941. I offer you that, Mr. Carter,
and ask you if those documents recall such an exchange of corre-
spondence that you had ?
Mr. Carter. They appear to be one sent by me and the other re-
ceived by me.
Mr. SouRwiNE. Is one of those in fact a letter which you sent and
signed ?
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. SouRWiNE, Is it a photostatic copy ?
Mr. Carter. Yes. The signature is not there on either letter.
Mr. Sourwine. This is a photostatic copy of a letter dated Novem-
ber 26, 1941, typed and addressed "Dear Eliot" and is a letter which
in fact you dictated and sent ?
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. Sourwine. The next document is headed "American Red Cross"
and is dated November 25, 1941, to Mr. Edward C. Carter and signed
"Eliot Wadsworth." Is that a copy of a letter you received?
Mr. Carter. Yes.
Mr. Morris. Ma^ they be received in the record ?
The Chairman. They will be received in the record.
(The documents referred to were marked "Exhibits Nos. 1332, 1333,
1333-A, and are as follows :)
Exhibit No. 1332
Amekican Council, Institute of Pacific Rbxations
129 East 52nd St., New York City (top floor)
Telephone PLaza 3-4700. Cable, INPAREL, New York
December 30, 1933.
To the Members of the American Council :
It gives me great pleasure to announce that at the Board of Trustees meeting
on December 20th Mr. Joseph Barnes was unanimously elected my successor as
Secretary of the American Council. He will take office on January 1st, 1934.
For the past two years Mr. Barnes has been a member of the Research staff
of the American Council. He was the editor of the series of studies in Conflict
and Control which were presented as the American Council data papers at the
Banff Conference. He wrote Government Promotion of Foreign Trade in the
United States in that series. In 1932, in collaboration with Mr. Frederick V.
Field, Mr. Barnes wrote two of the American Council's most widely circulated
pamphlets, Conflict in the Far East, 1931-1932, and Behind the Far Eastern Con-
flict. He is the author of several of the American Council's Fortnightly Memo-
randa.
4956 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
At the 1933 annual meeting of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, Mr. Barnes read a paper on The Tactics of the Third International,,
and at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association he presented
a paper on Military Communism. In March 1934, Doubleday, Doran are publish-
ing a symposium which has been planned by Mr. Barnes and written by ten
members of the American Council. The title of the forthcoming book is "Empire
in the East."
After being graduated from Harvard and completing a period of study at the
London School of Economics and in the Soviet Union, Mr. Barnes joined the
staff of the Chase National Bank. From the Chase Bank he returned to Russia
for a further period of study, at the end of which he went to the Far East as a
member of the American Group at the Shanghai Conference in 1931. He joined
the staff of the American Council at the end of that year. In addition to the
higliest research qualifications, Mr. Barnes has shown pronounced executive
ability. He assumes office with the unqualified support of the officers of the
Council.
In connection with my new work as Secretary General of the Institute of
Pacific Relations, Mrs. Carter and I leave San Francisco for Honolulu and the
Far East on January 26th.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Edward C. Carter,
[t] Edwaed C. Caetek.
Exhibit No. 1333
American Red Cross,
Washington, D. C, November 25, 1941.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
129 East 52d Street, New York, N. T.
Deas Ned : Thanks for your letter of the 21st with a most interesting report
as to the varied activities of the staff of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
You certainly have been playing checkers and almost rival Felix Frankfurter
in his reputing activities in recommending young men for positions.
I am certainly glad that you put aside the crown and stuck to your old job
which must be more important all the time.
Enclosed is check for $50, which I am glad to send.
Sincerely,
(Signed) Eliot Wadswoeth.
Exhibit No. 1333-A
November 26, 1941.
Eliot Wadsworth, Esq.,
American Red Cross, Washington, D. G.
Dear Eliot : It was great to get your prompt and generous response to our
appeal. Enclosed is the Assistant Treasurer's receipt.
As you can well imagine, it is satisfying to find that we have been lucky in
developing both a system and an appeal which draws exceedingly able young
people to our staff, whose services subsequently appear invaluable to various
governments.
Allen Wardwell has just spoken very appreciately of Andrew Grajdanzev's
article on Russia's War Potential in the Far Eastern Survey of November 17,
and four departments of the Government have indicated that his article on
the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Problem of Soviet Supply in December
Pacific Affairs is the most authoritative and useful treatment of this all-import-
ant railway which has been prepared in this country.
Again many, many thanks.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Mr. Morris. With respect to these others, they do not require the
presence of these gentlemen here, but they are perfectly willing to
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4957
rstay on. I suggest that they do stay on because they may be of inter-
est to them. The only thing is your time.
The Chairman. My time is coming up right now. I have an ap-
pointment. When would we go on again?
Mr. Morris. We can do it in Washington.
The Chairman. That would be better.
Mr, SouRwiNE. Before we conclude this hearing, I would like to
ask one question of Mr. Carter and Mr. Holland. Do each of you
adopt as your testimony the statements here made in your behalf by
Mr. Marks ?
Mr. Holland. I do.
• Mr. Carter. I do.
Mr. Morris. We have two statements from Mr. Carter which have
been submitted to the committee today, I have not seen either one
of those, but the question comes up. Suppose those statements are
based on letters that are not now in our records; will they be able to
be received in the record ?
The Chairman. They are not admitted in the record of this com-
mittee yet. If you need those letters, you can call on Mr. Carter to
produce them.
Mr. Morris. On several occasions I have invited Mr, Marks and
Mr. Holland and Mr. Carter and others in the Institute to put into
our record, if they feel it is necessary in the sake of justice and fair-
ness, if we have, for instance, introduced a letter of a certain nature,
the reply to that letter. I was hoping that today they might have
some of those things that might go into our record at this time.
Mr. Holland. The selection of those letters is one of the things
why Mr. Carter is working in New York. We do have a few and, as
I recall, Mr. Carter has one section, the appendix to one of his state-
ments, and we will have others that we wish to submit fairly soon.
Mr, SouRwiNE. With the knowledge of the shortage of time that
the chairman has, it seems perfectly clear there is going to have to
be one more session. Could we recess subject to the call of the
chairman ?
The Chairman. All right.
(Whereupon, at 12:15 p, m., the hearing was adjourned, subject
to the call of the Chair,)
4958
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 765
To-
From—
Date
Type of
Document
File
Number
Exhibit
Num-
ber
ECC and CP
WWL
1/ 5/37
1/ 5/37
11/15/37
12/ 1/37
1/ 4/38
9/19/38
. 10/10/38
1/ 5/40
7/12/40
3/21/41
4/15/43
12/10/41
12/19/41
12/23/41
1/16/42
2/12/42
3/ 3/42
3/27/42
3/17/42
4/21/42
6/15/42
10/21/42
10/21/42
11/16/42
11/ 6/42
11/19/42
it conf.)
11/19/42
11/27/42
12/ 3/42
12/28/42
4/17/43
9/16/42
10/12/42
10/ 1/42
10/ 9/42
12/29/47
12/26/42
J dated 12/
12/ 2/42
Carbon
4(
tt
It
Photostat.
tt
Carbon
Original.-.
Photostat.
tt
tt
Carbon...
Original...
tt
Copy
Carbon
Photostat.
Carbon. . .
Original.-.
It
Photostat.
tt
It
Original...
Carbon
tt
It
It
Photostat.
tt
tt
Carbon...
Original...
tt
Carbon.-.
21/42)
Original...
191.9
131B.113
119.40
191. 100
119. 146
105. 244
100. 26
191.98
191.2
100.385
131B.42
131B.61
119. 120
105. 202
119.75
191. 197
131B.110
tt
131B.77
105. 322
131B. 117
500.1
191.45
191.45
105. 27
131B.63
131B.13
131B.44
500. 2
131B. 149
131B.57
tt
tt
tt
500. 18
13IB.68
131B. 2
765A
FVF
WWL
766
Fred V. Field
W. W. Lockwood, Jr
Wm. W. Lockwood, Jr
WWL
767
Maxwell M. Hamilton
768
BL
769
WLH
WWL
770
Owen Lattimore .-.
Wm. W. Lockwood, Jr
George V. Blue
771
W. W. Locliwood
773
E C Carter
Wm. W. Lockwood..
774
W W Lockwood
Bob Lynd -
775
ECC MSF WIW HM CP
WWL
775A
Prof O Nve Steieer
Wm. W. Lockwood
776
Wm. W. Lockwood
Lt. Col. B. B. McMahon...
WWL
777
ECC - -
778
Wm W. Lockwood
Roger S. Greene
779
Arthur H. Dean
Wm. W. Lockwood
Joe (8-page memo attached).
WWL
780
Wm. W. Lockwood
781
KB GET WLH et al
782
W. L. Holland
C. F. Remer (COI)...
783
Ma . Hardy C. Dillard
WWL...
784
ECC
785
Wm. W. Lockwood - .
Jesse I. Miller (War Dept.)..
W. W. Lockwood .--
786
Robert W. Bamett
787
ECC - ..
WWL
788
Dr. S. K. Horn beck
W. W. Lockwood
W. W. Lockwood..
789
790
(Attached: Partial" list of U. S.
W. A. M. Burden
Lt Col John W Coulter
Delegation to Mont Trembla:
Wm. W. Lockwood
Wm W. Lockwood
791
792
Wm. Lockwood
Robert N. Magill.-.
Wm. W. Lockwood
793
Laughlin Currie
Anthonv Jenkinson
ECC WLH, RWB
794
Wm. W. Lockwood..
WWL
795
796
Wm. W. Lockwood
tt
Lt. Col. Wm. S. Culbertson
Maxwell S Stewart
Wm. S. Culbertson, Lt. Col.
It
Wm. W. Lockwood
Wm. W. Lockwood .
797
798
799
799-A
W. W. Lockwood
(Enc. letter to Col. W. W. Pett
Philo W Parker and others
Wm. Mayer, Col
igrew from Wm. W. Lockwoo
Wm. W. Lockwood
799-B
799-C
Exhibit No. 7G5-A
WWL to ECO and CP;
Miss Grace Simons, 4122 42nd Street, Long Island City, Apt. 3K, came in
to inquire about a job. She would like to do some kind of writing and research,
but is equipped and willing to do secretarial work.
Miss Simons returned from the Far East a year ago. During her five years
residence in China her experience was as follows :
One year as secretary to Leighton Stuart at Yen-ching; Two years as secre-
tary to Messr. Hogg and MacKay at the National City Bank in Shanghai ; and
a year and a half with Havas in Shanghai doing rewrites and translations from
French. During the past few months, she has been doing secretarial and library
work in the New York office of Havas but is now without employment. I should
judge that she is about 35 years old.
The most intriguing thing about Miss Simons is the fact that she is the
sister of Rahna-Trone of Vincent Sheehan fame.
(Hand written)
REFERENCES
Grace Simons, 4122 42nd St., Long Is. City, Apt. 3-K.
American — Chi — sister of Rahna-Trone, Yenching, sec. to Stuart, Shanghai^
1932-37.
Sec'y — Hogg & MacKay, Nat. City Bank. v
Havas 1^2-
Rewrite & translation French.
NYC — Havas — Editorial & Library wofk.
Secretarial work equipped writing & research.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4959
Exhibit No. 766
Janxjaby 5, 1937.
WWL to FVF:
Re: Study of the U. S. Navy.
While in Chicago I talked with several people, especially with Quincy Wright,
concerning- a research project on the Navy. Wright expressed himself as very
much in favor of the proposal, and was unable to recall very much that has been
done in this field. He thought that the subject would require some prolonged
digging in Congressional hearings, navy reports, etc.
As to persons who know something about the subject, I learned of two.
Wright mentioned Mr. Robert P. Lane, now director of the New York Welfare
Council, 122 East 22d Street. He once did a good deal of work (at Chicago, I
think) on the navy during the first phase of the modern era — 1884-1898. This
work might be made available to us. The second person is John Ross, of the
Institute of International Studies at Yale. He is said to be working on various
aspects of the navy in connection with the Yale studies in American foreign
policy. Another person with an academic interest in the Navy is Joseph P.
Baxter, of Harvard. Doubtless these people, and perhaps others, should be
consulted.
At the present stage, my suggestion would be to proceed as follows :
(1) Secure for Pacific Affairs from some competent person an analysis of the
naval building program since 1933, and especially of the construction and en-
largement of naval and air bases in the Pacific. This could be primarily an
analytical study of the economic and strategic factors. It might be confined to
Pacific bases, which the navy people reckon as second only to ships as an ele-
ment of sea power. (Some experts claim, I believe, that the building of bases
in the Western Pacific would make the fleet something like 50% more effective,
and that the money spent on one battleship might better go into the building
of bases). This article we might secure from some young naval officer who
knows what he is talking about. The editor of the Proceedings of the Naval In-
stitute might be approached for suggestions. Incidentally, we should subscribe
to this publication.
(2) Have Hall continue his present bibliographical work with a view to pre-
paring for Pacific Affairs a bibliography on the U. S. Navy (appropriations,
building programs, operations, strategy, etc.) and a more extensive bibliography
for ofiice reference.
(3) With the knowledge gained from this bibliographical work, we can dis-
cuss with Walter Millis, and also perhaps with Stone of the F. P. A. and the
above-mentioned Ross, Lane and Baxter the possibility of an extended study of
the Navy. If we could arouse the interest of Millis in doing the job, it would
be relatively easy, would it not, to secure funds to finance the project.
Copy to WLH.
Exhibit No. 767
November 1.5, 1937.
Mr. Frederick V. Field,
San Francisco.
Dear Fred : Probably by this time you have given up the American policy pam-
phlet in despair. Here is another draft. Will you please read it at once and
return your comments by air mail? I am unwilling to have it go to press without
your criticisms.
As a matter of fact as things have turned out it is unfortunate that we did
not publish your original draft of this pamphlet weeks ago. I am afraid that
the best opportunity has already passed, although it is still worth while to get
out something. If we have missed the boat I am afraid that it is my responsibil-
ity. When I consented to undertake the job I had no idea of the number of things
which would delay and interrupt its completion or of the diflBculties I would
encounter in this rather unfamiliar field. However, I have learned a good deal
about the subject even though it has been a little expensive for the American
Council and a little trying for Jinny, whose apartment has been littered up with
mountains of clippings for weeks.
I hope that you are finding material to do a first-class job for the Sitrvey on
shipments of war supplies to China and Japan. We should have had a thorough
discussion of this topic before this. So far as the China trade is concerned
I have made a few casual inquiries around here but have been unable to learn
4960 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
anything definite. San Francisco should be a good place to find out about what-
ever stuff is going from Pacific Coast ports. Some stuff, however, may be going
via Europe. I notice that the nineteen planes were loaded on a train headed east
several weeks ago. Another story told of DuPont shipments of TNT by way of
Germany.
Eliot Janeway, with whom Chen and I have had several long talks recently,
is convinced that an embargo on American shipments to Japan, even if under-
taken without the cooperation of other powers, would be a very serious blow
to the Japanese. He says, for example, that this high-test aviation fuel which
the Japanese have recently bought in large quantities is a special kind of gas
which cannot be procured elsewhere. Without it Japanese planes would be
crippled both in respect to speed and efiiciency. Janeway says, furthermore, that
American machinery and machine tools now going to Japan cannot be easily re-
placed. In the case of industries equipped with American machinery constant
replacements are required in the form of parts which are manufactured best
in this country. Japanese steel production, he says, is deficient particularly in
various kinds of alloy steels (manganese, nickel, etc.) and they rely heavily on
American supplies. How much weight should be attached to this point I don't
know. It is difficult to believe that the Japanese are as dependent as Janeway
believes and that they could not carry on readily even though with some diflB-
culties if they can no longer secure American stuff. This is a technical question
on which we are not very well qualified to pass judgment. It would be inter-
esting to get the opinion of businessmen who know the oil and machinery trades
thoroughly.
I have agreed tentatively to tackle the subject of Japan's economic problem
in North China for the Stxr^'ey. Whether there is enough reliable information
to make possible and satisfactory a job remains to be seen. Have you any
suggestions as to how the thing should be tackled and where the best informa-
tion is to be found? Peflfer says that he went to great efforts to collect infor-
mation on this subject and made little headway. Even the best informed people
in North China did not know what was going on.
In response to a letter of mine, Joe Jones, who is now an economic specialist
in the Far Eastern Division, writes that he is now contemplating a study of a
similar nature. He thinks that the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau
of Mines can be enlisted to help. He is willing to supply us with information for
this study but is not yet sure how quickly it can be carried through. He offers
to let me see the basic diplomatic and consular reports on the economic resources
of North China. I shall go down to Washington one of these days and go over
the matter with him.
That reminds me that I am sending a copy of this American policy manuscript
to Maxwell Hamilton with the request that he or someone else in the Division
go over it for us.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Jr.
Exhibit No. 768
December 1, 1937.
Mr. Maxwell M. Hamilton,
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Hamilton : I am most grateful to you for the suggestions concern-
ing the manuscript America and the Far Eastern War conveyed with your letter
of November .30th. Some of the suggested corrections I am now unfortunately
unable to make because the printing of the pamphlet is already far advanced,
but I appreciate very much this help which you have very kindly given us.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Jr.
. INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4961
Exhibit No. 769
January 4, 1938.
BL from WWL :
IPR Representative in Washington
If, as your letter indicates, the proposal for an IPR Washington representative
has come up for discussion, there are a few suggestions I might offer as to the
functions which such a person might perform. Obviously it is important to have
rather definitely in mind what our representative could most usefully do before
laying any plans, even though it is true that a resourceful and energetic person
would naturally create his own job to a large extent.
As for Washington "society," I never made much use of the black or white tie
in Washington and I don't know what the possibilities really are. Doubtless
there are potential contributors there, but I see little reason to suppose that we
should set out to cultivate directly the elderly dowagers of Washington any more
than the social set of any other city.
Nor is it likely that Washington is a particularly opportune place for a local
educational program. Outside of the comparatively small circle of government
people, Washington is a rather provincial town with a good deal of the lethargy
of a huge bureaucracy hanging over it, and with so much "'public affairs" as its
daily business that it is bored with the whole thing and is rather unreceptive
to lectures, dinners, discussion groups, etc.
The really important contacts in Washington are as follows :
(1) administrative officials and legislators
(2) news men
(3) private educational agencies (League of Women voters. National Council;
FPA, AVIL, etc.)
(4) Embassies, especially Chinese and Japanese, and Filipino delegation
(5) universities
It would be the job of our representative there to work with these groups,
first, to extract from them the information, aid, and support which they can give
to Quv national program, and, second, demonstrate the value of the IPR and of
himself to them in a variety of ways.
Given our present program and set-up it should be recognized, I think, that
the value of a Washington office would be somewhat limited. It would become
invaluable, however, as our program develops along new lines, as it is likely
to do. The present limitations in this regard are threefold. First, as long as
our chief and almost sole current publication is the Survey, we have little prac-
tical use for the political information for which Washington is the pi'eeminent
source, both its officials and its newsmen. If we did get the hot dope from the
State Department, what would we do with it?
Second, as long as our publications deal mainly with the general course of
events in China and Japan rather than with the specific American angle of such
events or with American affairs which have some relation to the Far East,
Washington contacts are also of limited aid. Excepting for the Embassies —
and this is a doubtful exception — I doubt if one can get in Washington a great
deal of news froin the Far East which is not available here. Its preeminence
is as a source of information on what is going on in the United States, and the
value of an IPR agency there would depend in part on how much we propose to
concern ourselves with American shipping, investments, education, public
opinion, etc.
Third, our value to the people in Washington and the welcome we would re-
ceive depend on what we can give them in the way of information as to events,
publications, and what not in the Far East. It would hinge on whether our
contacts through our international set-up enable us to offer anything of distinc-
tive value. At present the IPR is so loosely knit and our contacts in the Far
East so haphazard that we have little to offer in Washington through the con-
tinuous personal relationship which an IPR man might have there. The people
there already have access to most of our sources of information and more besides.
We can offer them a limited educational outlet and the support of our research
program such as it is, it is true, and in this way we can enlist the interest and
support of persons anxious to enlighten public opinion. On the whole, however,
an IPR man starting out in Washington today would find himself in the position
of going hat in hand for information and assistance rather than bringing some-
thing the people there are eager to get.
4962 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
There are a good many things an IPR agency in Washington could do and it
might be a swell job for someone to tackle. If there are limitations such as I
have described and if they should be overcome, one way of contributing to this
end would be for someone to start in down there. Some of the possibilities are
as follows :
(1) The Washington bureaus— agriculture, commerce, tarifC, maritime, etc.,
are stuffed full of information on all aspects of American economic life and of
economic developments abroad. Moreover, for most subjects of this sort with
which we deal there are men who have spent their lives cramming up on the data
and they are usually quite willing to cooperate with outsiders. I should say that
roughly a third of the Survey should be devoted to American-Far Eastern topics
and that such studies can be done in Washington better than anywhere else. One
obvious function of an IPR agency, then — although not the most important one —
would be to serve as a branch of the New York research staff for the execution of
certain projects. Moreover, the ideas and information picked up in Washington
through" this broadened contact might help to shape our whole program more
realistically.
(2) Our Washington man would doubtless have to spend a great deal of time
drifting around among officials, Congressmen and newsmen developing personal
contacts and making himself a person to whom individuals might turn when an
issue of Pacific relations and policy arose. (Bill Stone has done this rather
successfully, especially as regards armaments and naval policy.) The import-
ance of the Washington newspaper corps ought to be emphasized in this connec-
tion. The Washington correspondents are the most influential group of reporters
in the country. Moreover, they have a wide editorial leeway in their despatches.
Also, they are fairly close knit and accessible as a group since tlieir offices are
practically all in one building, and since Washington is a comparatively small
place. An able IPR man could make himself useful feeding them stuff, prompting
various stories, securing Washington releases on IPR studies, etc.
As regards Congressmen, we should have to be quite wary. Under no cir-
cumstances do we want to engage in lobbying. By slow personal contact, how-
ever, a relationship with the IPR which is now totally lacking might be built up
informally. It is not difficult to imagine that under the circumstances of the
last six month this contact might be valuable. The same, I think, can be said of
relationships with administrative officials, and especially with the junior group
who do most of the real brain work in Washington. This part of the job ought to
be thoroughly enjoyable providing it was not aimless, and in the end it would be
helpful all around.
The value of such contacts with Congress, the State Department, and the
correspondents would depend in part, I should think, on whether we plan
to go into the field of political journalism. If we do, an agency in Washington
would be just as indispensalDle for us as for the FPA. I doubt that we want
to go very far in this direction, but as matters now stand we lack channels
for effectively using the political information to be had in Washington. If
we should eventually take over Amerasia or if we should start a mimeographed
news sheet for American Council members, or something like that, it would
be different. In any case if we expand along the lines of regional educational
activities, a Washington bureau might be helpful in a variety of ways.
(3) The universities in Washington are rather poor on the whole, and
there is no use looking to them for a lot of good research in our field (Brook-
ings stands in a somewhat different category). Nevertheless, there is a good
deal of educational effort in the field of public affairs and a growth of special-
ized training for government work. Our man might be able to associate him-
self with these activities through doing some teaching, taking part in dis-
cussion groups, etc., but this sort of thing would not add up to a great deal
in its value to the IPR.
(4) Another minor phase of the opportunity in Washington is a closer
relationship with a handful of private agencies, including the ones named
above, with the Embassies, and with such offices as the ILO, etc. This need
not be rated very high in the scale, for such contacts can be maintained from
New York, but it would be all to the good if we had a man on the spot.
(5) One more function of the IPR representative, and doubtless a fairly
troublesome one, would be to trundle foreign visitors around.
Tlius the job suggests a combination of research and of contact work, both
to secui'e and supply current information and to pick up leads for our general
national program. I dare say it would be something of a gamble at the start,
but it seems to be a logical step in expansion. This step is especially impor-
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4963
tant — in fact, it is essential — if we are to move further and further away
from a strict research program appealing only to the academic world. It
goes without saying that the individual chosen for the job would have to
know his onions and be able to make his way as a person ; otherwise he can
do us a lot of damage.
Incidentally, as a measure of economy it might be possible for the IPR
representative to share the office and secretarial services of the FPA in
Washington.
Exhibit No. 770
Septembeb 19, 1938.
WLH f ram WWL :
Several of us had lunch today with Mr. R. Kano, who is a friend of Tsuru of
Harvard and who came in to inquire about the possibility of work in connection
with the Secretariat Inquiry. I referred him to you, of course, and suggested
that he telephone tomorrow or Wednesday to make an appointment. Kano left
Japan three years ago, having involved himself in sufficient difficulty with the
authorities to make it difficult or impossible for him to continue his university
work at Shizuoka. He spent two years at Chicago, receiving his A. B. degree.
Last year he studied economic history at the Sorbonne, and he has just come
over from Paris, hoping to find some opportunity which wiU enable him to sup-
poi't himself in academic work. Tsuru had written him, he says, that he (Tsuru)
might be doing some work on the Secretariat Inquiry, and suggesting that Kano
might assist him. Meanwhile, Tsuru returned to .T.ipan for a brief visit this
summer, and Kano, hearing nothing further from him, has come over anyway.
Kano makes a good impression in terms of personality and intelligence. He
is somewhat leftist — how far I don't know — and his particular interest is in the
economic history of Japan in modern times. He and Tsuru are translating a
Marxist interpretation of the rise of Japanese capitalism, and hoping to publish
it, possibly under assumed names (this is confidential). He says that he can
still go back to Japan, but that he might be denied any university connection,
and for for this reason he prefers, if possible, to remain here for the time being.
He is now awaiting the return of Tsuru, on September 26th, and can be reached
at 73 Martin Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Exhibit No. 771
New Yokk, N. Y., October 10, 1938.
Mr. Owen Lattimore,
6 Middleton Court, 'Paddington Road,
Hoinelmid, Baltimore, Maryland.
Dear Owen : This wiU introduce to you Arthur L. Pollard, of Knoxville, Ten-
nessee. Mr. Pollard, a successful engineer and businessman who has had a lot to
do with the fertilizer program in the Tennessee Valley, is arranging for a trip
to the Soviet Union next May. He is anxious to talk with you about certain
phases of his plans, and I am sure that you will be glad to make his acquaintance.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Jr.
Exhibit No. 773
Department of State,
Washington, January 5, 1940.
In reply refer to RP.
Mr. William W. Lockwood,
Research Secretary, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East Fifty-second iStreet, Neiv York, New York.
My Dear Mr. Lockwood: The receipt is acknowledged of your letter of De-
cember 21, 1939, in which you request copies of certain documents.
There are enclosed copies of publications containing the texts of the docu-
ments to which you refer, with the exception of the document described as
"Letter from Department of State to registered manufacturers and exporters
4964 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
of aircraft, July 1, 1938." A summary and partial quotation of the letter of
July 1, 1938, will be found in the enclosed copy of The Department of State
Bulletin, August 12, 1939, page 121.
Sincerely yours,
George V. Blue,
George V. Blue,
Acting Assistant Chief,
Division of Research and Publication.
Enclosures :
1. Senate Document No. 55, 72d Congress, 1st Session.
8. Publication No. 296.
3. Conference Series, No. 37.
4. Press release no. 706 of December 20, 1939.
5. The Department of State Bulletin (Publications Nos. 1359, 1363, and
1404).
Exhibit No. 774
American Committee for International Studies,
Princeton, Netv Jersey, July 12 1940.
Mr. E. C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations, 129 East 52 Street, New York, New York.
Dear Mr. Carter: In talking yesterday (Thursday) with Joe Jones in Wash-
ington, I found that he is very much interested in the whole conception of a
Pacific bloc as we discussed the subject recently at Lee. If you are getting out
a report on those discussions, he would like to see a copy and would also appreci-
ate the chance to talk to Fred Alexander the next time the latter is in Washing-
ton. It's Joseph M. Jones, Division of Far Eastern Affairs, State Department.
Jones, by the way, gives an optimistic impression as regards the possibilities
of future American aid to China. He is very guarded in what he says, but I
rather inferred that he was thinking of monetary cooperation through the Trea-
sury and perhaps also a tightening embargo against Japan. Alger Hiss, on the
other hand, fears that the appeasement move is gaining a good deal of ground
south of Forty-second Street. Hiss, by the way, is probably one of the few gen-
uinely liberal men in the State Department — that is to say, he sees the direct
connection between effective national defense and a strong New Deal policy at
home. A Republican victory in the Fall, he believes, will be the prelude to an
appeasement program, a "back-to-normalcy" movement, and the danger of in-
ternal disintegration.
As you have learned from other sources, the State Department was anything
but pleased with the O'Ryan mission and with the President's interview with
the General. I gather that the official introductions giv^n by the mission are not
going to be very helpful to them, and that Mr. Grew will not be very cooperative.
I spent most of yesterday scouting around in the Latin-American field, trying
to find out what the government proposes to do. When the President issued his
public statement about a hemisphere cartel some weeks ago, they really had no
plan, as a matter of fact, and a good deal of discussion since then has thus far
failed to produce one. There is wide disagreement, with the Department of
Agriculture taking the lead in favoring drastic efforts to reorient and control
trade and currency relations, with the Treasury lukewarm, and with the State
Department divided but inclined on the whole to be cautious and skeptical. If
you would like to see an enthusiastic set of proposals along this line, write to the
American Council on Public Affairs, 1721 Eye Street, for a pamphlet entitled,
"Total Defense." This is the work on a committee headed by Clark Foreman.
It has had such a response in Washington that Foreman and Joan Raushenbush
are now producing a book on the subject. There is the same kind of feverish
activity around Washington now that used to chai'acterize it during the early
days of the New Deal. By comparison, I must confess that the universities I
have been visiting seem like medieval monasteries.
Although innocuous enough, this isn't quite the kind of letter I like to leave
lying around, so will you kindly toss it in the waste basket?
Sincerely yours, ^
Bill, William W. Lockwood, Secretary.
WWL/mn.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4965
Exhibit No. 775
Columbia University in the City of New York
faculty of political science
March 21, 1941.
Dear Bill : I guess it's too late, but why the devil don't you have Joe Barnes
do a book on the Soviet Union rather than Germany? I'd rather read him on the
S. U. than any man I know of. Or he could compare certain aspects of both
Germany and Russia, e. g. :
Relation of economic to political power in each country.
The social structuring of life of the common people at grass roots in each
country.
The freedom allowed the individual in each.
Tolerance of diversity.
Citizenship literacy and devices (press, etc.) serving effective participation as
citizen.
Etc.
Joe is unique in that he knows both Russia and Germany well. Other men
can write on the economic structure of Germany (an important job) but Joe, bet-
ter than anyone else, could bring us Americans a comparative sense of the social
strengths and weaknesses of the two systems.
What we need on both countries is not books pro and con, but candid appraisals
of strengths and weaknesses.
I don't know Hartshorne — only that he has been working on case studies of
Nazis.
Tours,
Bob (Lynd).
(Handwritten) To W. W. Lockwood.
Exhibit No. 775-A
April 15, 1943.
To: ECC
MSF
WLH
MM
CF
From: WWL
Max Stewart called me on Tuesday to say that Peggy Snow had been in to
express to him her concern over the prevailing and increasing lack of knowledge
among even informed people concerning current developments in China. She
felt this very strongly in Washington, and felt that something ought to be done
about it. She wondered whether some new organization and/or journal should
be started to circulate at least within a limited group the information brought
back by people coming from Chungking.
Max doesn't like the idea either of a new organization or of a new journal,
but agrees with her diagnosis of the situation and wonders whether the IPR
can do something about it. He suggested to Peggy Snow, I believe, that she
come in and see Harriet Moore and Mr. Carter.
Two possibilities suggest themselves :
(1) That we make an effort to include more current material on China in the
Survey and in our pamphlets, and
(2) That we redouble our program of meetings in Washington and New York,
taking steps to bring in more non-members from organizations, the press, etc.
Exhibit No. 776
December 10, 1941.
Professor G. Nye Steiger,
Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts.
Dear Steiger: I am wondering whether I may call on you for assistance in
meeting an emergency demand from the Public Relations Bureau of the War
Department.
4966 INSTITUTE or pacific relations
That Bureau, under Colonel Beukema, whom you probably know, is arranging:
for an educational program on the international position of the United States,
to be carried forward in the army camps this winter. Colonel Beukema has
asked the American Council to cooperate in the supply of materials, including
one item which we would like very much to get you to do.
This is a series of three lectures which are to be prepared within the next
month, printed or mimeographed, and distributed to a large number of officers
in charge of camp programs. These officers in turn will themselves deliver the
lectures in series, and use them as a basis for questions and discussion. It is
proposed that the three lectures be divided chronologically as follows: (1) The
period 1931 to 1934, with some preparatory background; (2) the internal situa-
tion in China and Japan during the period 1934 to 1937, the international setting
of the two countries at this time and events leading up to the outbreak of hos-
tilities in the latter year; and (3) the last four years culminating in the
present war.
Each of the lectures is to be about seventeen pages, double spaced. They
should be simple, factual, as graphic as possible, and directed at an audience of
a high-school level.
The War Department is in a position to pay the author an honorarium of
$10 per day for time expended in their preparation.
There is no one I can think of who could do this job more admirably than you.
You have a thorough command of the facts and a wide experience in writing^
for high-school and college readers. You could also give the papers the char-
acter which would be necessary for effective oral delivery.
Within a day or two I can give you further particulars. I have only just
learned of this over the telephone, but a member of our staff is talking with
Beukema this afternoon and will be back tomorrow with the details.
I hope very much that you will be able to join us in this cooperation with the
government in an exceedingly important enterprise.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
(Handwritten:) WLH.
Exhibit No. 777
War Department,
War Department General Staff,
Military Intelligence Division, G-2,
Washington, D. C, December 19, 19^1.
Mr. William W. Lockwood,
Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc., 129 East 52nd Street, New York City^
New York.
Dear Bill : Colonel Bratton's office appreciated most highly the receipt of the
three publications sent me by you.
Question : May we keep them, or are they to be returned to your office?
In addition, Bratton would especially like to have "British Rule in Eastern.
Asia" and "Malaya in War Time." And, to finish this skimpy letter. Colonel
Bratton wishes that you would look in on him the next time you come to Wash-
ington. Come to my office, 3502 Munitions Building, and I will take you
around to meet him.
Thanks again. Bill. Arrange to have at least a meal at the house when you:
hit Washington.
Sincerely,
B. B. McMahon,
Lieut. Col., General Staff Corps, Coordinating Section.
(Handwritten :) ED War Dept.
(Handwritten : ) ED — Would you write Bratton. I think Bill saw him Friday^
He intended to.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4967
Exhibit No. 778
12/23/41.
To: ECC.
From: WWL.
In response to your inquiry, here is a little more dope on the organization of the
Economic Defense Board (now the Board of Economic Warfare).
Charles Rayner, Assistant Executive Director, is heading the Far Eastern Di-
vision, at least for the time being. All I know of him is that he was once with
the Standard Oil at Singapore, but left in 1917. Apparently he has had no more
recent Far Eastern experience.
Ralph Turner, formerly of the University of Pittsburgh, is Assistant Chief
of the Far Eastern Division. He was taken over from the old Office of Export
Control research unit, where I worked with him last summer. Turner is also
no Far Eastern specialist. However, he is a fellow of some ability, particularly
in seeing the larger outlines of a problem. He also knows that he doesn't
know much about the Far East and is eager for assistance.
Jim Shoemaker, the third person with Far Eastern responsibility, came to the
Office of Export Control last summer from Brown University. He spent some
years teaching in Japan, and has returned there in recent years for occasional
visits.
Slioemaker told me two things in confidence last week :
1.' There are a half dozen rather highly paid jobs still open in the Far Eastern
Division. Shoemal^er himself, however, and perhaps the others, too, are re-
luctant to raid the IPR. (It is interesting that several agencies seemingly take
this view at present.) He raised tlie question of part-time or short-term con-
sultative appointments for IPR staff members, and I assured him that of course
we would do every thing we could to cooperate.
2. Rupert Emerson may undertake, on behalf of the Board, a sizeable study of
America's economic stake in the Far East as affected by the war, and post-war
prospects. Apparently Emerson is restless over the fact that he has been
given little to do thus far in his present job as expert in the Office of Inter-
American Affairs. This office — that is its economic section — is closely linked
with the Board of Economic Warfare. It is possible that Emerson may now be
shifted to the Far Eastern Division for this special job. If it is undertaken, our
staff may be asked to make certain contributions.
Co: WLH
RWB
KB, CP, MSP, MG
Exhibit No. 779
Roger S. Greene,
348 Lincoln Street,
Worcester, Massachusetts, January 16, 1942.
Mr. William W. Lockwood.
American Council,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street. 'New York. N. T.
Dear Mr. Lockwood : Before the next annual meeting, that is the 1943 meet-
ing, will you not consider changing the method of submitting nominations to
the Board of Trustees of the IPR by presenting a larger number of names than
the number of vacancies to be filled? The present system gives the members no
chance to express their preference except by a highly organized electioneering
process which few if any members would care to undertake.
For example, while I have had a high opinion of Fred Field's personal char-
acter, his judgment during the past two years has been so strange that it seemed
to me that he must be almost in a psychopathic state. If a man like that is to
be nominated surely one ought to have a chance to pick an alternate instead of
him. When Chinese of a not particularly conservative type think that too
many of the IPR staff are too much under Russian Soviet influence, as I know
that they do, it would appear to be time to be more cautious. I am not objecting
so much to radical views on political, economic and social subjects, on which
radical views may be called for, but to the tendency to follow a party line, and
to flop suddenly from one side to the other in accordance with a party directive.
The latter habit is the reverse of encouraging to intellectual freedom.
Yours sincerely,
(Signed) Roger S. Greene.
4968 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No, 780
February 12, 1942.
Mr. Arthur H. Dean,
4S Wall Street, Netc York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Dean : In February 1941, when you last contributed to the American
Council, the United States was technically at peace with the world. Today we're
fighting a world war, and initially suffering grave reverses on the vast and little-
understood Pacific front.
I think you will agree that the war strikingly confirms a basic thesis of the
Institute of Pacific Relations — that the Pacific is vital to America. As a member,
you will be interested in a brief report on the services of the I. P. R. in the war
crisis.
Since December 7 the I. P. R. has handled a growing stream of inquiries from
business houses, publishers, newspai)ers, radio commentators and teachers. There
have been urgent requests from the Army, Navy, and other government depart-
ments for special reports and for the loan of I. P. R. studies still in manuscript or
proof. I. P. R. books will be found in constant use on scores of Washington desks
today. Large special editions of our pamphlets are being provided at cost to
meet the Army's urgent need for reliable educational materials in its camps. We
are also supplying the War Department with basic lectures on the Far East for
its educational program.
The importance of the Institute as a training center for Far Eastern experts in
recent years is also shown by the number of former I. P. R. statf members
promptly called into important government work. Owen Lattimore, as you know,
is serving, on the nomination of President Roosevelt, as personal advisor to
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek ; Ch'ao-ting Chi is Secretary-General of the
A. B. C. Currency Stabilization Board ; others are in a dozen key agencies in
Washington.
Government agencies have turned to our staff experts for special studies of the
Japanese economy and of the carrying capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
United China Relief has drawn extensively on I. P. R. personnel for planning its
China relief program. The American Council on Eudcation has asked our help
in extending and improving teaching on the Far East in the schools of America.
Few persons realize that it would have been impossible for the I. P. R. to
respond to these national needs so quickly had the Institute not long been
planning for such an emergency. In our research program, for example, that
meant launching some years ago a wide-ranging set of long-term inquiries into
the basic problems and conditions of the Far Eastern countries. Many of these
studies (see our recent catalog) are just coming off the press as they are vitally
needed for the war effort of the United Nations.
Recognizing the importance of Southeast Asia in world politics, the I. P. R.
five years ago initiated a series of studies on the governments, resources and
development of those areas. As a result we are now issuing the only up-to-date,
authoritative books on Thailand, Malaya, Formosa, Burma, as well as new
studies of Indo-China and the Netherlands Indies. Every one of these urgently
needed studies would not have to be made under immense difficulties by defense
agencies if the I. P. R. by its foresight had not done the job.
Other volumes, too, take on a new war significance. What is the industrial
staying power of the Japanese Empire and the Japanese-controlled areas of
China and Indo-China? This question, now so vital to the war effort, has been
the subject of continuous I. P. R. study. The latest results are now being pub-
lished in The Industrialization of the Western Pacific, in Japan's Industrial
Strength, and in Industry in Southeast Asia, not to mention earlier studies of
the Far Eastern economies.
What is the strategic and economic importance of the Soviet Far East for
the war plans of the United States today? The best available information
on this subject is contained in a forthcoming I. P. R. report on Soviet Policy in
the Far East, begun in 1939.
What Russian, Japanese, Chinese, and Dutch maps of the Far East are easily
available In American libraries? Pacific Area Maps gives the answer.
What about aviation in the Pacific area after the war with its vast expansion
of aircraft production capacity? An indispensable preliminary for any such
inquiry is the I. P. R. monograph just published as Air Transport in the Pacifi,c
Area, begun eighteen months ago.
Since Pearl Harbor the demands upon the I. P. R. have doubled and trebled.
We see an even bigger opportunity ahead. Both nationally and in cooperation
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4969
with its sister Councils in the ABCDR war partnership, the American Council
ought now to throw all its accumulated resources into the war and postwar
effort of the United Nations in the Pacific.
To help meet this opportunity we are asking you to make your 1942 member-
ship contribution at the present time. If possible, we would greatly appreciate
your increasing it over the sum of $100 which you gave last February.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood.
WWL : JL.
Exhibit No. 781
(Handwritten:) Joe Jones. M. S. F. What would you think of a "Werner
pamphlet right away? Return to W W L file. Sent to Carnegie Endownment
& returned.
Department of State,
Washington, March 3, 19Jf2.
Mr. WiLUAM W. Lockwood,
American Cotmcil, Institute of Pacfic Relations,
129 East Fifty-second Street, New York, New York.
Dear Bill : There is enclosed a copy of a memorandum which I have prepared
setting forth the most significant conclusions which I drew from the discus-
sions at Princeton last week end.
I am not sure how many agree with me, but I was especially impressed with
Mr. Werner and his contribution. I fear that many who have not read his
books and who were not, therefore, predisposed in his favor may not have been
able properly to understand and appreciate him. In my memorandum I have
tried to place him in his proper setting and to give the essence of his views. So
many people here have been instantaneously impressed by his views that I
venture to send you a copy of my memorandum for whatever use you may wish
to make of it.
Alger Hiss has suggested that it would be exceedingly useful if you could put
out a pamphlet on the conference within the next few days or weeks, stressing
Mr. Werner's contribution, as well as his background and writings. I think
that might be a very good idea. Meanwhile, I am doing all that I can to popu-
larize Mr. Werner's views in the Department, elsewhere in the Government, and
with appropriate Chinese, including T. V. Soong. It doesn't seem to be a very
diflBcult job either because they have seemed to appeal to everyone as extremely
sensible. The surprising thing to me is that they are new. Werner is coming
down to Washington this week and I hope to be able to take him around.
I want to say again that I found the conference not only enjoyable but exceed-
ingly useful, and I think that additional conferences of that nature would be of
considerable usefulness in the near future. All of our ideas are in a state of
flux as they have never been before and for that reason now as never before a
group discussion should help clarify our views. I would appreciate it if you
would convey these views to Mr. Carter. Incidentally I think he did a mag-
nificent job of running the conference.
I have used and am using Mr. Werner's name freely in connection with his
views, while maintaining the rule of secrecy with respect to the views of other
people at the conference. Mr. Werner being a publicist, and his private views
being no different from bis public views, I have not thought it necessary to
follow the conference rule. If you do not agree with me please let me know.
Sincerely,
Joe.
Enclosure.
March 2, 1942.
The week-end conference at Princeton on February 28 and March 1, held under
the auspices of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations, was
well attended (a list of those participating is attached) and in my opinion the
discussions were well conducted and arrived at significant conclusions. Without
reference to the printed agenda I set forth below the most significant conclusions
which I drew from the discussions.
88348— 52— pt. 14- 5
4970 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
I. STRATEGY
The principal contribution to the discussions of strategy was made by Mr. Max
Werner, author of Military Strength of the Powers and Battle for the World.
Mr. Werner was born in Russia and has lived a considerable part of his life in
Germany and France and elsewhere on the European Continent. He Is thor-
oughly familiar with the military literature of the world and writes with great
logic and brilliance. His most recent book, Battle for the World — The Strategy
and Diplomacy of the Second Worid War, was published in April 1941 prior to
the German attack on Russia and. of course, to our entry into the war. This
book is nevertheless exceedingly fresh when read now, even after the events of
1941. His judgments and evaluations both in regard to diplomacy and strategy
have been proved in the year subsequent to the publication of his book nearly
one hundred percent accurate. He has an understanding of strategy, facts, the
mentalities of the general staffs and political leaders in the various countries
in Europe and Asia which is most impressive. His knowledge and interpreta-
tion of Russian military strength, strategy, and diplomacy is particularly impres-
sive, and his correctness has been demonstrated by events. His opinions, there-
fore, in my opinion, merit closest attention.
I summarize briefly below Mr. Werner's analysis of the current situation and
his sugtrestions as to policy, with the addition of a few supplementary factors
brought out by other persons at the Conference which fit into Mr. Werner's
general plan :
War between the United States and Japan has traditionally been conceived as
a naval war where;is in fact the Japanese have employed, in blitzkrieg tempo,
land armies, using mechanical equipment as far as possible, and supported by
airplanes. Japan's successes in Southeastern Asia have made it exceedingly
difficult fdi- us to deal with the situation without confronting the Japanese with
equivalent or superior land forces using the proper equipment and supported by
superior air power. The concentration of American industry for the most part
in tlie eastern regions of the T'nited States, the vast distances between our west
coast and Southeast Asia, and the shortage of shipping space makes it an
extremely difficult matter to accomplish tliat end. Japan must be defeated by a
superior land army using modin-n equipment and air power. Who has in the
Far East an army equipped with modern weapons and supported by air power?
The Soviet Union. The Russian Army is strategically situated near vulnerable
Japanese home bases, is large, well-equipped, and capable of the job of handling
the Japanese. M^n-eover, war between Japan and the Soviet Union is inevitable
within the next few weeks, months, or years and both the Japanese Government
and the Soviet Government realize it. The conflict of interests between Japan
and the Soviet Union is fundamental and the situation is explosive.
We must conceive of the present war as a global war and plan our strategy
along global lines. The Soviet Union is fighting desperately in Europe and it
must at an indefinite time in the future fight in the Far East. We are at war
both with Germany and Japan. It would be an economical division of labor,
which would have great potentialities of reducing the length and cost of the
war, and if we could induce the Russians to employ their Far Eastern army
against Japan while we aid Russia in Europe where transportation and supply
problems are easier for us to solve. Indeed, this may be the only way in which
we can win the war.
How can we induce Russia to employ its Far Eastern army in the common
interest?
(1) By opening up a new front in the West (Mr. Werner did not elaborate
on this point but indicated the front might be in Africa, Italy, or elsewhere, the
main idea being to engage German troops and equipment. He suggested that
thirty British Divisions and thirty American Divisions properly equipped could
handle this matter, with another sixty Divisions in reserve) ;
(2) By furnishing Soviet armies on the European and Asiatic fronts with
from two to three thousand planes monthly and from two to three thousand
tanks monthly (this contribution would be a joint British and American con-
tribution) ;
(3) By concentrating air and submarine power in Alaska and the Aleutian
Islands and coordinating an attack with the Russian attack ;
(4) By equipping Chinese armies in North China as fully as possible for a
coordinated attack in North China and Manchuria.
The foregoing program of course, implies cooperation between the Soviet
Union and the British and American Governments on a full and frank basis.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4971
The ConfeTence generally stressed the necessity of such cooperation. It is
possible to achieve such cooperation. The Russians tried desperately to achieve
a system of collective security in Europe. After Munich they tried sincerely
to obtain some binding alliance with France and Great Britain. The British
and Franch would neither arm themselves adequately against the German
danger (the strength of the Germans and the pitiful weakness of the British
and Franch were well-known to the experts) nor would they ally themselves with
the Soviet Union. Accurately judging German strength, and despairing of
the British and French, the Russians decided to rely upon themselves alone,
signed an agreement with the Germans in August 1939 and proceeded to increase
their armaments as fast as possible and to improve their strategic situation
by absorbing the small Baltic States and by attacking Finland. The Russians
will now be impressed and moved not by words but by the strength which we
are prepared to exert in the common cause.
n. EMPLOYMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WAR POTENTLiLS OF COLONIAL PEOPLES
It is frequently said that this war is a war of four-fifths of the people of the
world against one-fifth, that it is a peoples' war, a war for freedom. It is more
accurate to say, however, that it is a war of one-fifth against one-fifth of the
world with the remaining three-fifths of the world indifferent. This remaining
three-fifths of the world consists of Colonial peoples who are insufliciently^
interested and prepared to defend their own territories against attack. We have
seen that the people of Malaya aided the Japanese rather more than they aided
Britain ; that the Burmese are aiding the attacking enemy ; that the peoples
of the Netherlands Indies (the action of the people of Java remains to be seen).
are insufliciently developed, both spiritually and materially, to defend their lands.
Will the peoples of India aid the British in the defense of India, or will they be
indifferent, will they aid the attackers?
How can tlie morale of China be improved further that resistance might be
continued at the highest possible level? (It was recognized that China was
not a colonial country and that China has, of course, been defending herself
with great tenacity ; nevertheless, it was recognized by the Conference that
there are many things which the United States and Great Britain can do
in order to strengthen the morale of the Chinese peoples and increase their
fervor for a continuation of the peoples' war. )
With respect to India it was agreed that in the interest of common defense
and of winning this desperate war the Indians must be given a considerable
measure of independence, that their nationalism must be aroused and inspired
to self-defense, and that India's economic war potentialities be fully developed
with outside aid.
With respect to China it was suggested that steps be taken to accept China
fully and frankly as a full-scale partner in this war and accord her a full
voice in the conduct of the war. She is still being treated as somewhat of an
outsider. It was suggested that steps should be taken at once, as a part
of the war effort, to abolish extraterritoriality in China, to return Hong
Kong to China legally, and to abolish the discrimination against China in our
immigration law. The cause of the "peoples' war" might be greatly en-
hanced by taking these steps.
Australia and New Zealand should be admitted into a fuller participation
in the conduct of the war. They are at present represented in the Pacific
War Council in London but they feel that in some way they should be rep-
resented in the councils at Washington.
(It was commented upon widely how much greater had been the participation
of the Philippine people in the war than in other areas where a less liberal colo-
nial policy had been followed.)
It was the general feeling in the Conference that the old order in Asia was com-
pletely gone and would never be restored ; that the peoples of Asia must be per-
mitted and assisted to become masters in their own houses ; that British and
American superiority must give way to cooperation on a level ; and that both
in the conduct of the war and the organization of peace it is imperative that the
peoples of Asia be given a greater voice.
III. ORGANIZATION FOR THE CONDUCT OF WAR (AND FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEACE)
This subject was only partially discussed, and no conclusions were reached. It
was, however, generally recognized as an important problem which merits care-
ful consideration in tlie future. Considerable dissatisfaction was expressed with
4972 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
the existing set-up with a British-American Chiefs of Staff Group functioning in
Washington and a largely British, largely advisory Pacific War Council oper-
ating in London. It was felt that the smaller nations were too far removed from
decisions taken in Washington, although it was recognized that a diversity of
voices in the Central War Council may lead to confusion.
SR : Jones : MJK/HNS.
Exhibit No. 782
Makch 27, 1942.
To: KB
KRCG
MSF
CP
From : WWL.
The newest government project calling for study of the Far East is a School
of Military Government being organized under auspices of the War Department.
This is to be located at the University of "Virginia under the direction of Major H.
C. Dillard and J. I. Miller. These two gentlemen called on me Tuesday to ask
the cooperation of the I. P. R. in advice on materials, personnel and curriculum.
The purpose of this school is to train oflScers in the techniques and problems of
military government in areas taken over from the enemy.
As the war progresses, and as the military forces are successful large areas
will be freed from Axis domination and will require provisional military adminis-
trations. In many respects the policies followed in this interim period may set
the mold for long-term postwar economic and political readjustment.
It is proposed to provide a selected group of officers with general background and
training for this job. The first course will begin in June and run for approxi-
mately three months. The curriculum will include elementary training in the
organization of the Army and the War Department and legal procedural prob-
lems, and historical experience where it seems applicable. As men are ticketed
for various areas they will be given intensive background courses in the history,
geography, resources, economic and political organization of the area in question.
Dillard and Miller would like our assistance at several points. Immediately
they would like suggestions on Far Eastern personnel available and competent
to give instruction, at least for this first summer period. I would be glad to
have suggestions as to historians, political scientists, geographers, etc. who might
be considered in this connection.
In the second place they want help in building up a library of teaching ma-
terials. On looking over my shelf of recent I. P. R. books, they decided that they
should have virtually all of our books, periodicals and reports. I am sending
them a complete list, eliminating only those things that clearly are not useful,
and in addition including suggestions regarding non-I. P. R. materials.
The headquarters of the School of Military Government at present are in the
new Armory Building, 10th and B Streets, SE., Washington, D. O. (War De-
partment Extension 71951).
(Handwritten:) ECC.
(Handwritten:) ECC: MG— return to ECC.
Exhibit No. 784
War Department,
The School of Military Government,
Washington, April 21, 19^2.
Mr. William W. Lookwood,
Secretary, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relatione,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City.
Dear Mr. Lockwood : Many thanks for your letter of April 17, which reached
us prior to the interview with Mr. Holland.
Mr. Holland made a very favorable impression all around. We are, however,
definitely troubled by the citizenship business. Indeed it is our understanding
that present regulations forbid us to employ on our regular stafif a noncitizen.
The matter is one we are now investigating.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4973
Even if our tie-up with the I. P. R. does not mature this time, there is of
course the possibility that it will in the future. Hence I feel that Mr. Hol-
land's trip was not by any means a fruitless one.
We deeply appreciate the interest you have shown.
Yours very sincerely,
[8] Hardy C. Dillard
Hardy C. Dillakd,
Major, AUS, Director of Instruction.
Exhibit No. 785
June 15, 1942.
Copy
ECC from WWL :
In response to your request I have hastily jotted down a number of sugges-
tions for the American group at the conference. It's a long list, of course, but I
believe we should add to it considerably, and then get competent advice — say
that of Currie, Barnes, and Jessup — on elimination. This list runs too much in
the regular groove as regards non-government people. So far as Washington is
concerned, we need more intimate knowledge as to who really are in the key
positions.
Government :
Gruening, Ernest H., Governor, Alaska.
Bean, Louis, Board of Economic Warfare.
Perkins, Milo, Board of Economic Warfare.
Rietler, Winfield, Board of Economic Warfare,
Shoemaker, James, H., Board of Economic Warfare.
Stone, W. T., Board of Economic Warfare.
Wallace, H. A., Vice President, BEW.
Staley, Eugene, Bureau of the Budget.
Barnes, Joseph, Coordinator of Information.
Bunche, Ralph, Coordinator of Information.
Fahs, C. B., Coordinator of Information.
Hayden, J. R., Coordinator of Information.
Wheeler, Leslie, Department of Agriculture.
Ropes, E. C, Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Trade.
Berle, A. A., State Department.
Davies, Joseph, State Department.
Grady, Henry, State Department.
Hiss, Alger, State Department.
Hornbeck, S. K., State Department.
Sayre, Francis B., State Department.
Stinebower, L. D., State Department.
Vince, Jacob, Treasury Department.
White, H. D., Treasury Department.
Gulick, Luther H., National Resources Planning Board.
Emerson, Rupert, Office of Price Administration.
Nathan, Robert, War Production Board.
Currie, Lauchlin, White House.
Lubin, I., White House.
Others :
Bassett, Arthur, American Red Cross.
Bates, Searle, International Missionary Council.
Beukema, Col. Herman, West Point.
Binder, Carroll, Chicago Daily News.
Clapper, Raymond, Washington Columnist.
Cowles, Gardner, Des Moines Register & Tribune.
Dennett, Tyler, Historian.
Dollard, Charles, Carnegie Corporation.
Emeny, Brooks, Foreign Affairs Council, Cleveland.
Field, Frederick V., New York.
Herod, W. R., International General Electric.
Jessup, Prof. Philip C, Columbia University.
Kizer, Benjamin H., Pacific Northwest Regional Planning Commission.
Lochhead, Archie, Universal Trading Corporation.
4974 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Xiuce, Henry, Time, Inc.
Jklolyneaux, Peter, Texas Weekly.
Moore, Harriet L., American Russian Institute.
Schwellenbacli, Judge Lewis B., U. S. District Court, Spokane, Wash. (ex-
Senator).
Sproul, Allan, Federal Reserve Bank, New York.
Sweetland, Monroe, National CIO Committee for American and Allied War
Relief.
Voorhis, Jerry, House of Representatives.
Wilkie, Wendell, Attorney.
Willits, Joseph H., Rockefeller Foundation.
Wilson, C. E., General Electric.
Yarnell, Admiral H. E., U. 'S. N., retired.
(Handwritten:) conference.
Exhibit No. 786
War Department,
Services of Supply,
Office of the Provost Marshal General,
Washinffton, October 21, 1942.
Mr. William W. Lockwood,
Secretary, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City, New York.
Dear Mr. Lockwood : I appreciate very much your visit yesterday and the
willingness to cooperate in the War Department's Program for Military Govern-
ment to which it bore evidence.
Pursuant to our agreement that I would supplement the statement contained
in the "Synopsis of War Department Program for Military Government",
copies of which were furnished you yesterday, the following supplemental state-
ment is made.
The reservoir of technical and advisory personnel referred to in the "Synop-
sis" is the group toward the recruitment of which you have volunteered the serv-
ices of your organization. There is, of course, no immediate need for this per-
sonnel ; on the other hand, it will not do to await the need before attempting to
recurit them. Consequently, it is the intention of the War Department to select
this group at once and commission them in the Army Specialist Corps in a status
of leave roithout pay. This will permit these persons to coyitinue in their pres-
ent useful civilian employment until such time as a need arises for thorn, when
they tmll not only have been selected, but will be immediately available for
service.
It is planned, however, after some substantial numbers have been enrolled in
this reserve to ear-mark them for specific areas and then to send them, in
groups, to certain colleges and universities for a brief training period, not to ex-
ceed four weeks, in which they will be given some insight into the principles of
military government, and some background instructions in the areas for which
they have been ear-marked. No effort will, of course, be made during this
training period to instruct anyone in the functional activities for which he has
been selected since the selection of each will have been premised upon the fact
that he is already specially qualified in his own profession. Inasmuch as the
recruitment of this personnel must be accomplished with an eye to the Selective
Service regulations, no person can be emolled in the Army Specialist Corps un-
less he is either over forty-five years of age, or if under forty-five, has been classi-
fied in Class 3 A or in more deferred classifications under the Selective Service
administration.
Your efforts in assisting the War Department in compiling lists of available
personnel for the foregoing purposes will be greatly appreciated, and some early
activity in this direction on your part will be most helpful.
With bi'st wishes, I am,
Sincerely yours,
Jesse I. Miller,
Acting Chief, Military Government Division.
INFTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4975
Exhibit No. 787
October 21, 1942,
Robert W. Baknett,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
100 Jackson Place NW., Washington, D. G.
Dear Bob : The interviews with conference invitees yesterday were quite
successful on the whole. Remer and Bunch definitely will come unless O. S. S.
policy prevents. Despres makes the same reservations ; also he is not yet sure
of being able to get away for that time. Coe and Stone accept tentatively, al-
though uncertain about whether they can get away for the full period. Emerson
doubts very much that he can free himself to attend. Coe and Stone have agreed
to take up the question with Perkins, and have hopes that he will attend for two
or three days, though no longer than that. Other possibilities developed in dis-
cussion, and these I'll take up with you later.
Meanwhile there are one or two specific things I'd like you to do.
Harry White is in London, I am told, though I didn't call his office. I am
mailing a formal invitation to him, and suggest that you call his secretary to say
that this is something about which we should like to talk with White on his
return.
I also invited Lon De Caux, C. I. O. publicity director and editor of the C. /. O.
News. He immediately gave his tentative acceptance. I got a vei^y favorable
impression from conversation with him, and Michael knows him.
De Caux suggested Bo?'is ^^huski?}, of the A. F. of L., as another good labor
person for the conference. He is the research director, I believe. If the Nomi-
nating Committee approves, I'd like you and Michael to see him at the Washing-
ton headquarters and extend an invitation. Before doing this, however, you had
better wait lor further word from me.
In the opinion of Hiss, Coe, and Despres, we ought to try to get Berle or Dean
Acheson, or both. More about this later, too.
(Handwritten :)
One important gap in the present line-up is India. The Washington possibili-
ties are Paul Ailing, now political adviser and formerly chief of the State De-
partment's Near Eastern Division; Wallace Murray, present chief; Eric Bee-
croft, and Norman Brown. From what I learned of the two State Department
men, neither would be very useful to us. As between Beecroft and Brown, I'd
like your opinion and Michael's. Despres says that the written work of Brown's
section is first rate — imaginative and pointed. He doesn't know Brown's quali-
fications as a conference iiarticipaut. Bremer thinks well of Brown as more
than the conventional academician. In his favor are not only his position, but
also his academic standing. Although we are paying little attention to this
consideration in making up the American group, it would be desirable, other
things being equal, to include at least one person with senior rank, among schol-
ars in the Asiatic field. But this shouldn't decide the matter unless on other
grounds as well Brown is the best nominee.
Another possibility we might consider is someone from Knox's office or Stlm-
son's. Coe and Hiss mentioned Adlai Stevens{sic) , one of Knox's special assist-
ants. Hiss also suggested with some approval Harvey Bundy, former As-
sistant Secretary of State and now special assistant to Stimson. Then there
is General Little, a Marine general formerly in China, now retired (?). Also
General Magruder, whereabouts unknown. Despres suggested Admiral Hart,
saying that it wouldn't be a bad idea to have someone who would give a pretty
forthright and orthodox Navy view, as this view will greatly influence the post-
war settlement.
Still other suggestions include Robert Sherwood, head of the O. W. I.'s Over-
seas Section, and Gardner Cowles.
Ben Kiser probably will write Congressman Coffee a personal letter, and leave
it to us to follow up with an interview.
In a day or so I'll send a revised list indicating where we now stand on invi-
tations and acceptances.
Reed Hager, by the way, would like very much to see you, and took down your
telephone number. He has been with Rupert Emerson in the office of the O. P. A.
Regional Administrator handling Territories and Possessions. Next week he
probably will shift to the civilian stafT of the Munitions Assignments Board.
This will put him in a key position, as a member of the group working for Hopkins
in this field. His home address is 2031 Huidekoper Place.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
4976 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 788
November 16, 1942.
WWL to ECG
• Barnett writes, apparently quoting Hiss, that Hornbeck warmly supports the
invitation to Yarnell, but feels that it would be improper for him to take any
initiative in approaching Secretary Knox, as I suggested he do. Hornbeck's
opinion apparently is that the best procedure would be for you to write directly
to Welles. Attached is a carbon of my letter to Hornbeck, in case you Wish
to use the same form with Welles.
You may want to tell Welles that the American Council has issued conference
invitations to Hornbeck, Hamilton, and Pasvolsky.
Hiss added that Hornbeck and Hamilton would be very glad to have their
expenses paid. I see no reason for us to do this, and I imagine you will agree.
Exhibit No. 789
November 6, 1942.
Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck,
State Department, Washington, D. C.
Dear Hornbeck : The American Council is eager to include Admiral Yarnell
as a member of the American group at the Mont Tremblant Conference in De-
cember.
Admiral Yarnell has expressed a keen interest in attending, and suggested
that we write the Secretary of the Navy requesting official approval.
If you think it advisable, we would very much appreciate your taking up
the question with Secretary Knox, supporting our request and indicating the
importance of the Conference.
Sincerely yours,
W. W. LOCKWOOD,
Executive Secretary.
Exhibit No. 790
November 19, 1942.
Mr. Benjamin H. Kizer,
Old National Bank Building,
Spokane, Washington
Dear Ben : Things have moved so fast that I haven't been able to keep you
posted on every development in the assembling of the conference group. In any
case, I know that you wanted us to go ahead on our own intiative.
Enclosed is the list as it stands. Everyone on it has given his final O. K. for
at least part-time attendance. The exception is General Strong, who hopes and
expects to be present, however.
We now run the risk of finding ourselves with a larger group than we wanted.
There are still several people to be heard from — for example, Gideon Seymour,
a Minneapolis journalist, John B. Cook, a Chicago businessman, John Coffee,
and Max Hamilton of the State Department. This results from the fact that
two weeks ago we became alarmed Ijy the lack of response and stepped up the
number of invitations. In the past few days a number of people have came
through.
Considering the circumstances, I believe that we have a good group — good in
the sense that it is diversified and includes a number of able people. The
problem now will be to produce some degree of unity and coherence in the
American presentation at Mont Tremblant. Don't you agree that the American
group as such ought to have a number of meetings of its own ?
Hastily yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood,
Secretarj/.
Copies to : Harriet L. Moore
Philip C. Jessup
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4977
November 19, 1942.
Confidential
Partial List of United States Delegation
Mont Tremblant Conference, December 4-14, 1942
Institute of Pacific Relations
Brown, W. Norman, British Empire Section, OflSce of Strategic Services.
Bunche, Ralph J., British Empire Section, Office of Strategic Services.
CoE, Frank, Assistant to the Director, Board of Economic Warfare.
CuRRiE, Lauchlin, Admiinstrative Assistant to he President.
De Caitx, Len, Publicity Director, Congress of Industrial Organizations.
Dennett, Tyler, former President, Williams College.
Desprees, Emile, Chief, Economic Section, Office of Strategic Services.
Earle, Edward M., Institute for Advanced Study.
Embree, Edwin R., President, Julius Rosenwald Fund, Chicago.
Emeny, Brooks, Director, Foreign Affairs Council, Cleveland.
Field, Frederick V., Chairman, Editorial Board, Amerasia.
HoRNBECK, Stanley K., Political Adviser, Department of State.
Johnson, Luther A., Congressman, Sixth District, Texas.
KizER, Benjamin H., Chairman, Northwest Regional Planning Commission.
McCoy, General Frank R., President, Foreign Policy Association.
Moore, Harriet L., Secretary, American Russian Institute.
Pasvolsky, Leo, Chief, Division of Special Research, Department of State.
Remer, C. T., Chief, Far Eastern Section, Office of Strategic Services.
Sohwellenbach, Lewis B., Judge, U. S. District Court of Appeals, Spokane.
Shiskin, Boris, Research Director, American Federation of Labor.
Stone, William T., Assistant Director, Board of Economic Warfare.
Straight. Michael, Editor, The New Republic.
Strong, Major General George V., Assistant Chief of StafC (G-2), Department
of War.
Thomas, Elbert H., Senator from Utah.
Viner, Jacob, University of Chicago.
Wilbur, Brayton, President, Wilbur-Ellis Company, importers, San Francisco.
Yarnell, Admiral Harry E., U. S. N., retired.
Exhibit No. 791
(Handwritten:) W. L. H.
November 19, 1942.
Mr. W. A. M. Burden,
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mn. Burden : I note with interest the press report of your speech the
other day on air transport in the Arctic. This prompts me to ask your advice
and assistance on one or two aspects of our present I. P. R. program.
Early next month the Eighth International Conference of the Institute will
convene at Mont Tremblant, Quebec. Delegates from Britain, the Dominions,
India, China, the Netherlands, and other I. P. R. countries are coming together
for a ten-day round-table session on Wartime and Postivar Cooperation Among
the United Nations in the Paciflc. A number of studies are being prepared for
this conference, which in turn will set the stage for a large-scale I. P. R. inquiry
during the next two or three years into the terms and conditions of postwar
reconstruction in this vast area.
One of the key questions, of course, is the potential role of air transport,
in relation both to military security and to economic development. Although
this is bound to figure in the Mont Tremblant discussions, we have not yet
documented the subject in any special I. P. R. paper.
I wonder whether by any chance you would be willing to prepare a brief
article on the svibject, with special refei-ence to the North Pacific, for publication
in the Far Eastern Sm-vei/. In order to make it available for the conference, we
should have to have the manuscript not later than December 1. Even if this
were out of the question, we should like very much to publish such an article
in the f^urrey.
In the second place, I wonder whether, in your opinion, we ought to endeavor
to arrange for a more extensive study in this field for later publication — say, in
pamphlet form. One difficulty, of course, is that much of the new technical
4978 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
information necessarily is secret for the time being. If this would not preclude
our arranging for an interesting and useful report on the future of air transport
in the Pacific, do you have anyone in mind who might be competent and available
for the job?
As you may recall, last year the I. P. R. published a monograph by Sydney B.
Smith, formerly of the State Department, on At?- Transport in the Pacific Area.
If you haven't a copy, I'd be glad to send you one. It was a pre-Pearl Harbor
study, and therefore is now only of historical interest in its account of the prewar
development of air lines. It might, however, be the basis of a further report
which would take up the question as of the present date, and would deal some-
what more speculatively with the future. You may be interested in a conference
paper on The North Pacific International Planning Project, just issued by the
American Council. It is a memorandum on the future development of Alaska,
the Yukon and the Pacific Northwest, by the chairman and staff of Region Nine,
National Resources Planning Board.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. F. Lockwood,
Secretary.
WWL: wm
Exhibit No. 792
November 27, 1942.
Lieutenant Colonel John W. Coui-ter.
Room 2C766, Pentagon Building, Washington, D. C.
Dear Colonel Coxtlteb: In response to your letter of November 24 inquiring
regarding the Eighth International Conference of the Institute of Pacific Re-
lations, December 4-14, 1942, at Mont Tremblant, Quebec, may I suggest that
you consult my letter to Major General George V. Strong, dated Nocember 11?
This letter with its enclosures gave full particulars.
Mr. Robert W. Barnett, the Institute's Washington representatives, can give
you further information if you wish it. His office is at 700 Jackson Place (tele-
phone National 3428).
Sincerely yours,
WWIiCMS.
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
Exhibit No. 793
Office of Strategic Services,
Washington, D. C, December 3, 1942.
Mr. William Lockwood,
American Council Institute of Pacifie Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City
Dear Bill: Mr. Remer thanks you for the copy of Mr. Barnett's interviews
with Chinese leaders which you sent him on October 22nd. We have much of this
material on file in the office, so I am returning this copy to you.
I trust that the Mont Tremblant Conference was highly successful.
Best regards,
Bob
Robert N. Maghx.
Exhibit No. 794
Copies to ECC and WHL.
December 28, 1942.
Mr. Lauchlin Cttrrie,
Room 228, State Department Building, Washington, D. C.
Dear Laugh: Enclosed herewith is a staff memorandum on the high points
of the Mont Tremblant Conference. You may feel free to use the memorandum
confidentially in any way you wish.
Brief summaries of this sort never succeed in conveying the color and vi-
tality of the round table process, but I hope you may nevertheless find this of
some value.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4979
The IPR now has the job of building on the foundation of this post war dis-
cussion. In this connection we ought presumably to establish contracts with
Governor Lehman's office — both to insure that full use is made of whatever value
there may be in the Conference documentation and discussion, and also to see
what further IPR work would be most useful for the purpose of Governor Leh-
man's program. After the first of the year we would like to discuss this with
you.
In a few days I will send you under separate cover a new set of IPR school
books on the countries of Asia. They are just out and are already getting an
enthusiastic reception. One wishes that the State Department's Cultural Re-
lations Division and the Office of Education could see their way to assisting sub-
stantially in developing work of this tyi)e. The Rockefeller Foundation has now
decided not to go extensively into this field, thus leaving pretty flat for the
moment the ambitious plans of the IPR and American Council on Education
for capitalizing on the new interest in the Far East among school authorities.
One other matter — Wilma Fairbank has just written to say that she does not
feel that she can accept our offer to her of the Washington IPR secretaryship.
If you happen to think of anyone who might be a candidate, we would welcome
nominations.
Sincerely yours,
"Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
Exhibit No. 795
April 17, 1943.
Mr. Anthony .Tenkinson,
16 West 12th Street,
New York, N. Y.
Deak Tony : Fred told me the other day that you saw the notice in the paper
about the film, KNOW TOUR ENEMY. This announcement startled us, too, for
we are still in the preliminary stages of negotiation.
We are probably going to cooperate with the Princeton Film Center, how-
ever, in producing this documentary film on Japan. The producer seized on
this title as a good one though the film narrative itself Avill be somewhat more
general in character than the contents of the pamphlet. The Navy has been
sending us endless forms to sign in connection with the pamphlet order. Once
the payment comes through we will immediately forward a check to you on
the arrangement proposed some weeks ago.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood,
Secretary.
cc: TGS
ECD & MPF
Exhibit No. 796
September 16, 1942.
WWL to : ECC WLH RWB
I understand that W. S. Culbertson, formerly a draft commissioner, is now
creating an office and program in G-2 with the aim of developing certain general
studies of a geopolitical character. He is particularly interested in making use
of the scholarly resources of private research institutes and universities.
4980 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
(Handwritten:) Please return to WWL.
(Handwritten:) WLH ECC RWB 10/19/42.
Exhibit No. 797
War Department,
War Department Generax Staff,
Military Intelligence Division, G-2,
Washington, 2431 Munitions Building, October 12, 1942.
Mr. William W. Lockwood,
American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.,
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.
Dbvvr Mr. Lockwood : Thank you very much for your letter of the 9th instant.
It will be entirely satisfactory to me to have the proposed Round Table Confer-
ence on India postponed until after the tirst of the year. I hardly think we could
do an adequate job before that time anyway. In the meantime I hope to have
an opportunity to talk the whole matter over with you and to explain the pro-
cedure and technique of Round Tables which I have in mind.
With i)ersonal regards, I am,
"Very sincerely yours,
William S. Culbertson,
Lt. Colonel, OSC, Chief, Geopolitical Section, MIS,
Exhibit No, 798
War Department,
War Department General Staff,
Military Intelligence Division, G-2,
Washington, 2431 Munitions Building, October 1, 1942.
Mr. W. W. Lockwood,
Secretary, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 E. 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Lockwood : In part as a result of our conversation a short time ago
and in part as a result of a conversation which I had with Dr. Earle of Prince-
ton, I desire to raise the question whether a Round Table group, in line with the
procedure which I am developing under this Section, might be sponsored by
the Institute of Pacillc Relations. The suggestion which I have in mind is India.
If you should think well of this idea, I shall be glad to confer with you or with
Mr. P>arnett.
I shall be in New York next Tuesday and continue on to Boston where I
will be for two or three days. I will be back in Wasliington October 12.
With personal regards, I am,
Very sincerely yours,
William S. Culbertson,
Lt. Colonel, GSC, Chief, Geopolitical Section, MIS.
Exhibit No. 799
c. c. : WLH-ECC, RWB, with copy Culbertson to WWL 10-1^2.
(Handwritten:) War Dept.
October 9, 1942.
Lt. Col. William S. Culbertson,
Chief, Geopolitical Section, Military Intelligence Division, 0-2,
General Staff, War Department, Washington, D. C.
2431 Munitions Building.
Dear Colonel Culbertson : In reply to your letter of October 1, I wonder if
you would explain in a little more detail what you have in mind in regard to
the proposed conference on India.
Would you like to have the Institute take charge of arrangements for t^e
meeting, selection of personnel, preparation of the agenda, etc.? Do you have in
mind a week-end discussion in which both government officials and private indi-
viduals would take part?
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4981
If it ijiT«1ved a good deal of organizing work for us here, I doubt that we could
take it on before tlie end of the year. Until that time, we happen to be pretty
well occupied witla plans and «.rrangements for a big IPR conference to be held
In Canada in December.
It wouM be possible now, I fcelieve, to assemble a group of experts, chiefly from
Washington and the New York area, who together might be able to clarify the
Imdian picture in a very useful way. At the moment, however, our staff is so
overloaded with work that we hardly see how we can take on the organizing re-
sponsibility at present.
Simcerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
Exhibit No. 799-A
(HaEid'writtffli:) File Lockwood.
[Copy]
Princeton University,
Princeton, New Jersey,
School of Public and International Affairs,
December 29, 1947.
Mr. MiJxwELL S. Stewart,
American Omincil, InstUnte of Pacific Relations, Inc.,
1 East SJfth St., Netv York 22, N. Y.
Dear Max: My reactions to Arthur Bisson's pamphlet manuscript on Japan
are as follows :
It is a well-written and clear exposition of the outcome of the postwar elections,
in terms of the success of the parties and some of the factors influencing their
soaecess. I learned a lot from it.
Nevertheless, I feel that its political assumptions and value judgments raise
the whole issue of IPR pamphlet policy. A pamphlet carries institutional spon-
sorship of its point of view unless it is one of a number of divergent views pre-
sented— ^which would not be the case here. The question, therefore, is whether
the American Council should sponsor strong political judgments on current
controversial issues. In my own view it should avoid doing so unless in a non-
partisan round-table fashion. This limitation is implicit in its whole set-up, and
failure to recognize this clearly is responsible for many present IPR diflSculties.
It is a real limitation, of course, but it still leaves room for a useful and important
program.
Accordingly, I would question publication of the manuscript as it stands. Now
I'll try to be a little more explicit.
The manuscript defines political progress strictly in terms of the triumph of the
Communists and left-wing Socialists. The "new democratic forces" are equated
with the Communist and Socialist parties on p. 26, but earlier the right-wing
Socialists are excluded from the "true progressives" (p. 24) and are lumped
with the old guard (p. 13). The latter are blamed for the lack of a united Com-
munist-Socialist front (p. 12), and to this is ascribed the deplored Liberal-Pro-
gressive victory in 1946 (p. 14) .
It happens that I also believe that democracy in Japan is linked with the for-
tunes of the Social Democrats (though I'm more skeptical about the united front
with the Communists). But I'm in doubt whether the IPR should argue this
doctrine on either point, especially when the pamphlet presents no factual evi-
dence for this definition of democracy or for labelling the Liberals and Democrats
as the useless and objectionable old guard. A reader is certainly entitled to
ask what about totalitarianism on the left, what are these Japanese parties
really after, what kind of political system can Japan with her traditions be ex-
pected to adopt, etc. Instead, he gets here a very specific standard of judgment,
assumed ex hypothesi.
As for SCAP policy, MacArthur is sharply criticized for failure to conduct
sweeping purges and to do a good many other things, especially in the first six
months. With some of the criticisms I would certainly agree. But I would make
more allowances for lack of preparation, shortage of staff, the inevitable confu-
sion of the earlier period, failure to estimate the depth of the problem, etc. And,
aside from that, it would seem to me that we have faced a basic dilemma in over-
all policy which is not recognized here. We were committed to indirect govern-
4982 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
ment, probably for good reasons. We were also committed to encouraging self-
government by democratic procedures, iu a situation wiiere defeat did not itself
bring revolution. Arthur argues for a policy of sweeping intervention which would
have run the danger (1) of our having to administer Japan from top to bottom
and (2) of our installing a set of left-wing puppets lacking real strength in the
Japan of 1945-47. He has much more confldence than I in the possibilities and
the desirability of totalitarian (i. e. military) force operating from the outside
and at the top to democratize Japan. He is therefore more disappointed in the
outcome to date.
But again I don't object to the pamphlet because I disagree ; Arthur has a much
closer knowledge of the facts than I (though I question a few statements like the
one on p. 17 ascribing Japanese support of the Emperor's retention to SCAP).
Rather, I question whether the IPR should sponsor what is in a rather summary,
ex parte judgment on an operation which has been exceedingly delicate in char-
acter and one where good democrats can honestly differ in evaluating the goals
and the progress toward them. Most Americans will reject the tests of success
which he applies and will feel correspondingly less dissatisfied with the Mac-
Arthur record.
Perhaps these objections could be overcome by some alterations in balance, em-
phasis, and phraseology. For example, the conclusions on democratization pre-
sented by Maki and Steele in recent IPR publications are not open to objection on
the issue I have raised. For examples of other articles on Japan which are
valuable and also entirely appropriate for IPR publication, see those by Sansom
and Ladejinsky in Foreign Affairs for January 1948.
Sincerely yours,
(Signed) Bill,
Wm. W. Lockwood,
Assistant Director.
Exhibit No. 799-B
(Handwritten:) Note made HRH.
"War DEPARTilENT,
MiLiTAKY Intelligence Service,
Washington, Dccemher 26, 194^.
Mr. William W. Lockwood, „ t ^•
Secretary, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East Fifty-second Street,
New York, New York.
My Dear Mr. Lockwood: Your letter to Colonel Pettigrew, dated December
21, has been referred to me during Pettigrew's absence on a rather prolonged
"our office is very much interested in the proceedings of the IPR conference
and would like to get at least two and preferably five complete sets. Our Far
Eastern Group is divided into five branches, and I believe it would be advan-
tageous for us to have one copy on file with each branch.
I expect to •'et in touch with Mr. Barnett today and ask him if he could spare
us some time, with the object of giving us a first-hand picture of the proceed-
ings. Your kind cooperation is greatly appreciated.
Sincerly yours, .^ „ _^
William Mayeb,
Colonel, G8C, Acting Chief, Far Eastern Oroup.
(Handwritten:) original sent to ED.
December 21, 1942.
Colonel M. W. Pettigrew, G. S. C,
Chief, Far Eastern Oroup,
Military Intelligence Service,
War Department, Washington, D. C. *•
Dear Colonel Pettigrew : In answer to the request stated in your letter of
the third, I believe we can arrange to provide your office with a full set of re-
ports from the Mont Tremblant IPR Conference. , ^ ^. ^
We were sorry that the pressure of affairs in Washington prevented the attend-
ance of someone in Military Intelligence Service. The Conference proved to
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4983
be a remarkably interesting discussion of almost every phase of the War effort
and postwar possibilities in the Far East. The British, Chinese, Australians,
New Zealanders, Indians, Canadians and others were ably represented, and the
discussion was quite frank and illuminating. If you would like a i)ersonal re-
port on what went on, may I suggest that you get in touch with Robert W. Bar-
nett, our Washington representative, who can be reached at 700 Jackson Place
(National 3428). I believe he could give you a very interesting and informative
account of the whole proceedings.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
Exhibit No. 799-C
Decembeb 2, 1942.
Mr. Philo W. Pabkeb,
Standard-Vacuum Oil Company,
26 Broadway, Netv York City.
Deab Me. Parkee: The War Department has asked the American Council to
assist in compiling a list of technical and advisory personnel who might be
enlisted to take part in its program of military government in occupied areas.
This is to ask whether you could help us in meeting this important request
by forwarding to me nominations of persons qualified in your opinion for the
type of work specified.
The War Department's specifications and general plans in this field are out-
lined in the attached letter and memorandum. To facilitate you in scanning
the material, I have underlined certain passages.
As you will see, the Department is looking for men experienced in such fields
as industry, raw materials, banking and fiscal operations, public health and
sanitation, public utilities and relief administration.
Candidates must be over 45 years of age or, if under 45, must be in one of the
deferred classifications of the Selective Service.
According to the original plan, these men were to be commissioned in the Army
Specialist Corps. With the abolition of that Corps, recently announced,- they will
probably be given commissions in the U. S. Army. They will be allowed to con-
tinue their present civilian employment until called up for service. A brief
training period, not to exceed four weeks, is envisaged.
The Council is particularly interested in submitting nominations of persons
of Far Eastern experience but would be glad to forward suggestions regarding
other specially qualified personnel.
Any help you can give us will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely yours,
Wm. W. Lockwood, Secretary.
Letters of identical text, as the one sent to Mr. Philo W. Parker, Standard-
Vacuum Oil Company, 26 Broadway, New York City, were sent to the following:
Mr. Boies C. Hart. National City Bank, .55 Wall Street, New York City
Mr. Randall Gould, Starr, Park and Freeman, Inc., 101 Fifth Avenue, New York
City
Dr. Henry Heleney, 60 Gramercy Park North, New York City
Ml'. Joe Mickle, International Missionary Council, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York
City
Mr. W. S. Roberson, American and Foreign Power Company, Two Rector Street,
New York City
Mr. Julian Arnold, 262 Arlington Avenue, Berkeley, California
Mr. William P. Hunt, Hunt Engineering Company, 150 Broadway, New York City
Dean Robert Calkins, "School of Business, Columbia University, New York City
President Everett N. Case, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
Mr. Lennig Sweet, United China Relief, 1790 Broadway, New York City
Dr. Eugene L. Opie, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, York Avenue
and 66th Street, New York City
Dr. Reginald Atwater, American Public Health Association, 1790 Broadway,
New York City
Mr. G. Ellsworth Juggins, 79 Worth Street, New York City
Mr. George R. Coleman, 50 Church Street. New York City
Mr. E. E. Barnett, Y. M. C. A., 347 Madison Avenue, New York City
4984
ENSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 800
To—
Programs for Mr. W.
Holland's stay
(office memo)
IPR Staff Members
E. C. Carter
Harondar
E. C. Carter
W. W. Lock wood
ECC
WLH
Phil
Carl F. Remer
W. L. Holland
Maj. G. A. Lincoln
Qeo.H. Kerr
Wm. Holland
Wm. Holland -.
Wm. Holland
W. L. Holland
Wm. T. Stone
W. L. Holland
WLH KM.. -.
(Attached : Back-
ground Information —
The Strength of the
Muslim League in In-
dia, Mr. Jinnah's posi-
tion—164/No. 4/2/1/1.3.
Hugh Borton
Mr. Holland
W. L. Holland
Free distribution list for
"Korean industry and
transport by A.TG:
Preface, Grajdanzev
Hilda Austern
Owen Lattimore
Wilma Fairbank
W. T. Holland
Dr. Wm. T. Holland....
Wm. T. Holland
Wm. Holland
Lauchlin Currie
Wm. Holland
T. A. Bisson
Wilma Fairbank .
Prof. Schuyler Wallace.
Wm. L. Holland
Wm. Holland
Schuyler C. Wallace
Wm. Holland
W. L. Holland
W. L. Holland (note
attach).
Irving Friedman
Wm. L. Holland
Alice B. Foy .. .
W. L. Holland
Eleanor Lattimore
W. L. Holland
W. L.Holland
Douglas MacLennan
W. L.Holland
Edvv. C. Carter
E. Herbert Norman
W.L.Holland
W. L.Holland
Charles Loomis
Sir George Sansom
Holland-
Dean Rusk
II it
Pacific Council Officers (at-
tachment) .
Justice Wm. O. Douglas
S. B. Thomas
V. G.Tseng
Geo. J. Beal (2 attach.)..
W. L. Holland
Edw. C. Carter
From—
1936-1943
1937-1943..
1944-1951.
1944-1951
All years... _..
Research Secretary.
W. L. Holland
WLH
Research Secretary.
WLH
ECC
W. L. Holland
W. L. Holland
James P. Baxter
W. L.Holland
W. L. Holland
Geo. H. Kerr
Chester R. Vail
Philip C. Jessnp
Wm. T. Stone
W. L. Holland
Wm. T. Johnstone..
ECC
Date
Oct.
Nov.
W. L. Holland.
A. Grajdanzev.
W. L.Holland
W. L. Holland
W. L. Holland
W. L. Holland
Edward L. Barlow.
W. L. Holland
Mrs. Wilma Fairbank.
W. L. Holland.
Schulyer _ .
Schuyler C. Wallace..
W. L. Holland
Schuyler C. Wallace..
Philip C. Jesup
Irving S. Friedman
W. L. Holland.
Alice B. Foy
W. L.Holland
Lt. L. H. Chamberlain
W. L.Holland
Louis Dolivet
Douglas A. MacLennan.
Wm. L. Holland.
PhiHp J. Jaffe
Wm. L. Holland
Wm. L. Holland
Herbert
E. H. Norman. _
W. L. Holland
Wm. L. Holland
Harondar
Wm. L. Holland
Wm. L. Holland.
V. G. Tseng.
Wm. L. Holland.
Wm. L. Holland.
Geo. J. Beal
Wm. L. Holland
9/26/34.
10/1/35.
10/4/35.
3/28/39.
5/10/40-
7/.5/40...
7/5/40...
12/1/41.
3/18/42.,
4/2/42...
4/3/42...
4/2/42...
7/25/42..
7/31/42.,
9/2/42...
7/6/42...
7/11/42..
3/1/43...
4/21/43-
1/17/43.
7/22/42.
4/19/43.
5/19/43.
7/20/43-
2/21/44.
12/7/43.
12/6/43.
12/1/43.
12/.3/43-
3/2/44.-,
3/11/44-
2/18/44.
3/20/44-
3/22/44.
3/23/44-
4/14/44.
4/12/44.
4/8/44...
3/27/44-
4/10/44-
5/1/44-..
4/12/44..
4/17/44..
4/25/44..
5/17/44..
6/19/44.-
3/23/46-.
3/25/46-.
4/29/48-.
4/30/48 -.
1/25/50- -
1/ 5/50.-
2/13/50- -
4/26/50..
5/17/50- .
7/ 6/35 .
9/12/.50--
9/16/50.-
12/12/50-
2/ 1/50....
3/22/51
4/ 5/51..--
4/12/51
4/10/51... .
8/14/51...
Type of Doc-
ument
Original.
Original-
Carbon
Carbon
Copy
Carbon
Photostat.
Carbon
Original. .-
Carbon
Photostat.
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Original. .-
Original...
Photostat.
Original. .-
Carbon
Original...
Photostat.
Carbon..
Original.
Carbon
Carbon...
Photostat.
Photostat.
Carbon
Original. --
Original---
Carbon..
Original-
Carbon..
Carbon..
Original.
Carbon..
Original-
Original.
Original-
Photostat.
Original...
Carbon
Original...
Carbon...
Original-..
Photostat.
Cable
Photostat-
Carbon...
Original...
Carbon...
Photostat.
File
Number
131B. 11
500.3
105. 95
100. 48
100. 157
191. 258
191. 89
104. 52
100. 384
119. 123
131B.41
131B.40
i31B.40
119. 24
131B. 165
119. 29
131B. 160
119. 15
Exhibit
Number
500.4
500.5
191.59
131B.3
131B.5
191. 57
131B. 10
131B.9
191. 13
131B.23
131B. 23
131B.22
131B.21
107.3
109.2
112.57
112.51
109.9
109. 10
500.6
500.8
101.55
112. 50
100. 46
500. 10
500.11
100. 354
500. 12
500. 14
500.15
500. 16
800A
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
842A
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
859
858
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4985
Exhibit No. SOO-A
8S34S— uli — pt. 14 — —6
4986
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 800-A — Continued
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4987
Exhibit No. 801
Pacific Council, Institute of Pacific Relations — Staff members, 19S6-1943
Note. — This list includes paid personnel only. No regular record is available as to volunteer assistance.
Personnel serving in clerical capacity for a few months only are not all listed. Years listed do not neces-
sarily indicate that individual was a member of the staff during the entire year.
Began
Name
Years
Position
1933—
1933—
1933—
1935—
1929—
1934—
)> Hi-.;
1933—
1934—
1934—
Edward C. Carter
Hilda Austern
Joseph Barber, Jr..
Annette Blumenthal
Chen Han-seng
Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley
William L. Holland
Owen Lattimore
Liu Yu-wan
Kate L. Mitchell
Harriet L. Moore
Catherine Porter
Richard L. Pyke
Charlotte Tyler
Elizabeth Downing
Eleanor Fabyan
F. Max
Nagaharu Yasuo
Hugh Borton
Rilma Buckman
Ruth D. Carter
Ch'ao-ting Chi
Irv ng S. Friedman
Helen Kellogg
Philip E. LiUenthal
Elodie Moerman
Ehzabeth Raymond. .-
Jack Shepherd
Katrine Parsons --.
M. Young
F. Mangahas
Barbara Messer
Patricia Glover...
Mar jorie Austern
John Leaning...
Percy E. Corbett
Vera Dodds
M. Matsuo
Michael Minarovich
Lillian Pefler
Russell G. Shiman
Ellen van Zyll de Jong.
Kurt Bloch
John De Francis
Andrew J. Grajdanzev.
Michael Qreenberg
C. Y. Hsiaug...
Y.Y.Hsu
Isabel Ward
Robert W. Barnett
Winnifred Clark
Mary F. Healy
Bruno Lasker
Renee Stern
T. A. Bisson
Edith Bykofsky
Grace Caravello
Frances Friedman ...
Augusta Jay
Harriet Levin thai
Laura Mayer
Ehzabeth Neal
Betty Skrefstad
R. Winslow
Clara Spidell
1936, 1937, 193S, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943_.
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943..
1936
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941
1936
1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940
1936, 1937
1936, 1937, 1938.
1936, 1937, 1938
19.36, 1937
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942.
1937
1937
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940
1938, 1939
1938
1937, 1938 1938, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1938, 1939, 1940
1938, 1939
1938
1938, 1939, 1940, 1942
1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942
1938,1939
1938, 1939, 1940, 1941
1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943-.-
1939, 1940, 1941
19.39
1939, 1940, 1941
1939, 1940
1939
1939, 1940, 1941..
1940
1940, 1941, 1942
1940, 1941
1940, 1941, 1942 ,
1940, 1941
1940, 1941
1940, 1941
1941
1941
1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943
1941, 1942
1941
1941, 1942, 1943.
1941, 1942
1942
1942, 1943
1942, 1943
1942,1943
1942, 1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
1943
Secretary-General.
Assistant Treasurer.
Publications.
Distribution Manager.
Research Associate.
Assistant to Secretary-
General.
Research Secretary.
Editor, Pacific ASairs.
.\ssistant to Secretary-
General.
Research Associate.
Managing Editor, Pa
cific ASairs.
Publications Secy.
Research Associate.
Secretary and Publi-
cations.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Research .Associate.
Research Associate.
Secretary
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Editorialand Research.
Clerical.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Clerical.
Research.
Clerical.
Editorial.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Shipping clerk.
Research -Associate.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Managing Editor, Pa
cific Affairs.
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Research .\.ssociate.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Clerical.
Research Associate.
Clerical.
Clerical.
Secretary.
Receptionist.
Switchboard.
Secretary.
Stenographer.
Clerical.
(?)
Secretary.
4988
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
American Council, Institute of PacifiG Relations — Staif members, 1937-19^3
[See note at end of table]
Began
1929
1929
19.30
1934
1933
1926
1929 on
and
off.
1927
1933
1935?... .
1934
Name
Frederick V. Field.. .
Helen Wiss
HikH Austern
Katlileen Barnes
Annette Blumenthal.
Elodie Shinkle
Mary E. Harrell
Catherine Porter
Ernest Hauser
Anita Archer
Ruth Earnshaw
Bruno Lasker
Jeanette Randolph...
Joseph Barber, Jr
Inez Campbell
Josephine Metcalf
J. Murphv
B. P. Schoyer
Mrr^aret Taylor
Isibel Ward
Russell Q. Shiman
William W. Lock-
wood.
Miriam S. Farley
Michael Minarovich..
John Stewart. __ ,
Emily Twaddell
Katrine R. C. Greene
Elizabeth Raymond..
Kurt Bloch-.-
E. Todd
Frances Rifchin
Aim Warson
M. Taussig
Robert W. Barnett...
Rose Landres
TillieG. Shahn
Janet Leifert
Elizabeth Downing..
Nancy Wilder
A. Holtman
Mary Rolfe
Dorothy Borg
Vera Dodds
Rose Yardumian
Wilson Morris
Rita Zagon
Harriet Holmes
Judith Daniel.
Theresa Oerathy
Mildred Gilliam
Harold J. Greenberg...
Josephine Owen
Roberta Powell _.
J. O. M. Briek..
Homer H. Dubs
AVilya Gdlus
D'irothy Israel
Alice Jayson
Willi im C. Johnstone
Mildred Klein
Rosamund Lee
Harriet Levinthal
Dorcithy Miyo
Frances Moldauer
(until 1946, Sharpe).
Harriet L. Moore
Years
1937, 1938, 19.39, 1940
1937, 193S, 1939
19.37, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941..
19.37, 1938, 1939, 1940
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942.
19.37, 1938
19.37
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1937, 1938
1937
1937
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1943.
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1937
19.37
19.37
1938
19.38, 1941. 1942
1938, 1939, 1940
1938 1939
1937^ 1938, 'm9,'im^ 'mi.
1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943.
1938,
1938,
1938,
1939,
19.39.
1939,
19.39.
1939,
1940,
1940,
1941,
1941,
1941,
1941,
1941,
1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943
1939, 1940
1939,1940.-
1940, 1941, 1942, 1943
1940, 1941, 1942.
1940
1941
1941
1942.
1942
1942, 1943.
1942
1942, 1943.
1941, 1942, 1943..
1941, 1942
1941, 1942, 1943..
1941, 1942
1942, 1943
1942, 1943
1942
1942, 1943
1942, 1943
1943
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943-
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
1943.
Position
1943.
Executive.
Secretary.
Assistant Treasurer.
Rese-rch associate.
Subscription manager, Far
Eastern Survey.
Clerk-typist.
Secreti.ry.
Secretary, research associ-
ate editor. Far Eastern
Survey.
Research associate.
?
Librarian.
Research associate.
Librarian.
Promotion.
Secretary.
Membership and radio.
Membership and finance.
Secretary.
Editor, Far Eastern Sur-
vey.
Research secretary and
Executive.
Research associate and
pamphlet Editor.
Shipping clerk.
Research associate.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Research associate.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Research associate.
Assistant treasurer.
Assistant treasurer.
Secretary.
Membership and Publica-
tions.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Education secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary, library.
Secretary.
Clerk-typist.
Secretary.
Secretary, Washington of-
fice.
Secretary, Special Project.
Secretary.
Special project.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Public relations.
Director, Washington
ofllce.
Promotion secretary.
Switchboard operator.
Superintendent public dis-
tribution (1 week Decem-
ber 1948 as typist).
Acting Executive Secre-
tary.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4989
American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations — Staff members, 1937-19Jf3 — Con.
[Se€ note at end of table]
Began
Name
Years
Position
1934
Frieda Neugebauer
S-llieOrnitz
Maggie Smith
Marguerite Stewart..
Elnora Walker
1943 - - .
Stenographer.
1943
1943
Secretary.
Acting hbrarian.
1943
1943 . .
School secretary; adminis-
trative secretary.
Note.— The above list includes paid personnel only, and a few clerical workers who served for 1 or 2
months only may not be listed. A list of volunteers is not available. Years do not necessarily mean that
individual worked for the Institute for the entire year. If 1 month only, year is enclosed in parentheses
( ). Personnel employed locally by regional offices are not listed.
American Institute of Pacific Relations
[Staff members, 1944-1951]
Note. — This list includes paid personnel only, and a few clerical workers who served for one or two months
•only may not be listed. A list of volunteers is not available. Years do not necessarily mean that individual
worked for the Institute for the entire year. If one month only, year is enclosed in parentheses ( ) .
Name
Position
Nina Balfour
Edythe M. Banks
Beatrice Benjuya
Mary .Tane Bowen
J. O. M. Broek
Esther Brown
Jewerl Carroll
Mi-iam Chesman
Lillian Cunningham
Raymond Dennett
Homer H. Dubs
Miriam S. Farley
Margaret Fischl
Wilya Gallus
Marie Godby
Josephine Golembosti
Rose Oreenberg
Dorothy Ts'ael
Alice Jayson
Louise Jenkins
Shirley Jenkins
William C. Johnstone
Caroljni A. Kizer
Mildred Klein
Beatrice Krasnow
Bruno Lasker
Eleanor Lattimore
Ruth Lazarus Turbin
Use Lederer
RosatTiund Lee
Harriet Levinthal
Rhoda Lewis
Dorothy S. Ludwig
Adrienne Maurer
Jean May
Dorothy Mayo
Harriet Mills
Frances Sharpe Moldauer
Harriet L. Moore.
Betty Morita
Marion Morris
HUton Morselcy
Frieda Neugebauer
Harry A. Nelson
David Soyer
Clara Nerenberg
Helen E. Nitka
Zelda Ormont
Sallie Omitz
Harriet H. Parker
Catherine Porter
Ruth Resnick..-
Rhoda Rothrran..
Laurence E. Salisbury
Sophie Schneer
TillieO. Shahn
Rita Shavelson
Maggie Smith
1944
1944, 1945, 1946..
1944
1944, 1945
1944
(1944)
(1944, 1945)
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946
1944...
1944, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947
1944
(1944)
(1944)
(1944)
1944
1944
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948
1944, 1945
1944,1945
1944 :
1944
1944, 1945, 1946
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
1944, 1945
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948
(1944)
1944
1944
1944,1945
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947
1944
1944
(1944)
(1944)
1944, 1949
(1944) -
1944, 1945
1944, 1945
(1944, 1945)
(1944)
1944
1944, 1945
1944 -. -.
1944
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947..
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1948...
1 944
1 944,' V945', 1946," 1947^ 1948", 1949,' 1950, 195l'
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946
(?) Clerical.
Stenographer.
(?) Clerical.
Library consultant (pttime).
Research project.
(?) Cleri. al.
(?) Clerical.
Subscription clerk.
(?) Clerical.
Executive Secretary.
Research (?).
Research Assoc; Pamphlet
Editor; Ed., F. E. Survey.
Secretary.
Secretarv.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Secretary.
Public Relations.
(?) Clerical.
Research Assoc; Assoc. Ed-
itor, F. E. Survey.
Director, Wash, office.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Research Associate.
Research Associate,
Secretary.
(?) Clerical.
Promotion Secretary.
Switchboard operator.
(?) Clerical.
Asst. Bookkeeper.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Administrative Asst.
Publications Distribution.
Acting Exec. Secretary.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Stenoerapher.
(?) Clerical.
Clerical Asst.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Editor, F. E. Survey.
(?) Clerical.
Billing clerk.
Editor, F. E. Survey,
(?) Clerical.
Assistant Treasurer.
(?) Clerical.
Acting Librarian.
4990
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
American Institute of Pacific Relations — Continued
[Staff members, 1944-1951]
Name
Maxim Snyder
Marguerite Stewart..
Masha Switzer Wise-
Marie Talkington
Frances Tendetnick..
Janet Taylor _.
Elnora Walker
Henrietta Wentholt..
Nancy Wilder
Caroline Woods
Rose Yardumian
Marguerite E. Bear..
Robert S. Bialos--
Jeanne Chalfin
Mike Coffey
Elizabeth A. Converse
Salvatore De Leonardis
Jean Elson
Ethel E. Ewlng
Rita Frucht
Lillie Gerber
Rita Kahane - -
Dorothea Keil
Hiroyo Kiyaba
Bernice Kennedy
Ellen B. Levy
Miyaho Matsuo
Michael E. Minarovitch__.
Wilson Morris
Eugene Newman
Sylvia Rosenfeld
Rima S. Rocers_
Jerome Shishko
Elizabeth Ussachevsky
Lola Brice
Ruth D. Carter
Melvin A. Conant, Jr
Lillian Covelle
Elizabeth Crawford
Sonja Dahl
Lionel C. Delgado
Helen Dimitry -
Elba Aileen Dodson
Florence Englander
Dorothy M. Freist
Bernice Fischman
Gloria Gordon
Renee J. Quthman
Sally R. Hawkins
Callie M. Hickey
Sonia Kramer
Betty Lee
Sony Lipton
Regina Marks
Abe J. Millman
Benjamin Millman
Angelina Morrison
Frank Pelan
John A. Pollard
Jane Radom
Gwendolyn Robertson.
Constance Root
Barbara B. Smith
Louise B. Serot
Rhoda Serot
Louise H. Schatz
Maxwell S. Stewart
Esther Taylor
Yoshi Uchida
Dolores Van Buren
Ella S. Waller
Abraham Barnett
Pearl C. Christian
Daniel F. Doyle
Margaret M. Dunn
Rhoda Goldenberg
Deborah Grigsby.
Marguerite F. Hill
Gerard P. Kok
Pao-Ch'cn Lee
Celestine G. Mott
Years
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946, 1947.
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
(1944)
(1944), (1946)
1944
(1944)
1944
1944
1944,1945
(1945)
(1945)
(1945)
(1945)
1945, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951.
1945, 1946-
(1945)
1945, 1946, 1947
(1945)
1945, 1946
(1945)
(1945)
1945
(1945)
(1945)
(1945)
1945, 1946.
1945, 1946.
1945
(1945)
1945
1945
1945, 1946
(1946)
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951-
1946-
(1946)
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950-
1946
1946
1946, 1947
(1946)
1946
a9)6)
1946, 1947
(1946)
1946, 1947
1946, 1947
1946, 1947
1946. 1947
(1946)
(1940)
1946, 1947
1946
1946
(1946)
1946, 1947
1946
(1946) ----
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951-
1946, 1947
1946
(1946)
(1946)
1946. 1947
1946, 1947, 1948
1946, 1947
1946, 1947 -
(1946)
(1946)
(1947)
1947, 1948, 1949, 1950
(1947)
1947, 1948... -.
1947-
(1947)
(1947) —
1947
1947
1947, 1948-
Position
(?) Clerical.
School Secy.; Admin. Secy»
Stenographer
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Stenographer.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Secy; Editorial Asst.
Librarian.
Secy; Librarian; Secy.^
Washington Office.
Stenographer.
Shipping Clerk.
(?) Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Asst. Editor, F. E. Survey..
Shipping Clerk.
Typist.
School Secretary.
(?) Clerical.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
(?) Clerical.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Temporary Secretary.
Stenosrapher.
Shipping Clerk.
Asst. Editor-Pamphlets.
Clerical.
(?) Clerical.
Secretary.
Clerical.
Seev-Wasliington Office.
Clerk-Typist.
Secy.; Admin. Asst.
Research .'^.ssistant.
Washington Office.
Switchboard Operator.
Los Angeles Office.
Shipping Clerk.
Stenographer.
Secretary (Wash. Office).
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Acting Librarian.
Typist.
Branch Secretary, "VV ashmg-
ton Office.
Secretary, Wash. Office.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Stenographer.
Stenograplier.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Shipping Clerk.
Director. Wash. Office.
Stenographer.
Subscription Clerk.
Promotion Assistant.
Clerk-Typist.
Secretary.
(?) Clerical.
Promotion Secretary.
Pamphlet Editor.
Stenographer.
Membership Clerk.
Stenographer.
Stenographer.
Shipping Clerk.
Clerk-Typist.
Shipping Clcik. x
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secietary.
Secretary.
Chinese Language Iiistr.
Asst. Chinese Lang. Instr..
Secretary (Executive).
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4991
American Institute of Pacific Relations — Continued
[Staff members, 1944-1951]
Name
Belzy M. Parker.
Anna Reinhold
Marjorie Baum
Charles Cherubin
Gladys Edwards
Katrine E.G. Greene
Rosalind Greenwald
Patricia Hochschild
Clayton Lane
Philip E. Lilienthal
Hilda Mayer
Lawrence K. Rosinger —
Francis Dick M'andermaa
Chia-ling Bumgardner
Elaine Douglas-
Irene Conley Chang
Lolita W. Smith
Lucrecia Suguitan
Elizabeth Yates
Anita Ehrlich
"Wei-ta Pons
Ruth V. Stein....
Sadie AVinston
Betty E. Buchsbaum
Robert Hasse
Ora Leak
Gladys Nusbaum
Leslie Morgan
Arm Stopp
Melvin Anderson
Robert Bruce
Edward A. Fujima
Jack Gerson
George Kawata
Marjorie Montana
Edward C. Carter
William L. Holland
1947 --.
(19471
(1948)
1948
(1948)
1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
1948, 1949, 1950
1948, 1949
1948, 1949, 1950
1948
(1948, 1949)
1948, 1949, 1950
1948 ...-■-
(1949, 1950)
(1949)
1949
(1949) -.
1949
1949, 1950
1950
1950, 1951
1950, 1951
1950
1951
1951
(1951)
(1951)
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1946,1947, 1948
1950,1951
Position
Stenographer. .
Secretary.
(?) Clerical.
Shipping Clerk.
(?) Clerical.
Assistant Secretary.
Secretary.
Acting Librarian.
Executive Secretary.
Acting Editor, F. E. Survey.
Clerk-typist.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Clerk-typist.
Clerk-typist.
Acting Librarian.
Typist.
Typist.
Acting Librarian.
Clerk-typist
Acting Librarian.
Secretarj^.
Secretary.
Secretary,
Clerk-typist.
Typist.
Typist.
Editorial Assistant.
Secretary.
Shipping clerk.
Shipping clerk..
Acting librarian.
Bookkeeper.
Asst. Librarian
Receptionist.
E.xecutive Vice Chairman.
Executive Vice Chairman.
The above list includes only persormel paid by the national office,
locally by regional offices.
It does not include personnel employed
Pacific Council, Institute of Pacific Relations — Staff members, 1944-1951
Note. — This list includes paid persoimel only. No regular record is available as to volunteer assistance.
Persormel serving in clerical capacity for a few montbs only are not all listed. Years listed do not necessarily
indicate that individual was a member of the staff during the entire year. If one month only, year is enclosed
in parentheses ( ).
Hilda Austem
Horace Belshaw...
T. A. Bisson
Joan Bramley
Grace Leah Butts
Edith Bykofsky
Frances Pietrowski Capps.
Grace CaraveUo
Edward C. Carter....
Ruth D. Carter
Olga Field
Frances Friedman
Andrew J. Grajdanzev
Augusta Jay ..
Virginia Mack...
William L. Holland
Yung Ying Hsu
WDhelmina Masselman
Elizabeth Neal
Ruth M. Parsons
Rose Pietrowski
Laura Rosenthal
Florence E. Sanderg.
Betty Skrefstad
Clara Spidell
Elizabeth Ussachevsky
Robert Vernon, Jr
Nellie Wright
Joyce Wagner
Michi Yasumura.
1944, 1945
1944, 1945, 1946 -.
1944, 1945
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
1944, 1945, 1946
1944,1945
1944, 1945, 1946
1944, 1945, 1946
1944, 1945, 1946, 1949
1944, 1945
1944
1944ri"945,"l946-."lI"-I
1944
(1944)
1944, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951
1944, 1945
1944
1944
1944, 1945, 1946
(1944)
1944, 1945. 1946
(1944)
1014, 1947
1V4-'. 1!I1-
1944,1945 --
1944. 1945
1944
1944, 1945-.
1944, 1945 .-
Asst. Treasurer.
Research Secretary.
Research Associate.
Clerical.
Clerical, Wash, office.
Subscription clerk.
Bookkeeping Asst.
Clerical.
Secretary-General.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Secretary.
Research Associate.
Receptionist.
Washington office.
Secretary-General.
Research Associate.
Res.
Stenographer.
Secretary.
Clerical.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Clerical.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Shipping clerk.
Clerical.
Clerical.
Asst. Librarian.
4992
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Pacific Council, Institute of Pacific Relations-
Continued
-Staff viembers, 19U-1951—
Name
Years
Position
Elizabeth A. Bates..
Helen E. Russell
Rae Solomon
Elaine Annall
Elizabeth Bryant
Donald Fine
Mary F. Healy
Anne O. Hooker
Anita Issen
Mary J. Kilpatriek.-
Philip E. Lilienthal.
Ruth Marcusson
Gloria Mitchell
Helen Schneider.
Alice M. Togo
Rose Alflno
Marguerite Anderson
Edward Bicrman
Thelma Chargar
Charles Cherubin
Stanley Ferber
Filmore Gluck
Martin Gluck
Ruth Gorgas-
James Green
Raymond Greenberg
Gertrude Greenidge
Robert Haulsey
Ayaka Murota —
Joan St. George
Gladys H. Edward
Rosaline Greenwald
Deborah Grigsby
Wei-ta Pons
TillieG. Shahn
Ruth A. Velleman
Aminadau Aloric
Kazuko Kay Fujii
Barbara Harrison
Kathr jTi Hayes —
Martha T. Henderson..
Frances P . Landau
Chiya Oshima
Unsoon Park
Lillian Rosberg
Lolita Smith
Evelyn M. Darrow
Myra M. Jordan
Mary A. McCrimmons.
Kazu Oka
Marjorie Ota
Albert A. Weidon
Melvin T. Anderson
Robert Bruce
Edward A. Fujima
Jack Gerson
George Kawata
Marjorie Montana
Mary C. Spillum..
1945, 1946. 1947, 1948, 1949
1945, 1946, 1947
(1945)
1946
1946. 1947
1946
1946. 1947, 1948. 1949, 1950, 1951.
1946
1946, 1947^
1946, 1947 .
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1951.
(1946)
1946, 1947, 1948. 1949, 1950, 1951.
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949^
1946
(1947)
1947
(1947)
1947, 1948. 1949
1947. 1948, 1949, 1950.
(1947)
1947
(1947)
1947-
(1947)
(1947)
1947. 1948, 1949
(1947)
1947
1947, 1948
(1948)
(1948)
1948, 1949
1918
1948, 1949, 1950, 1951.
1948
(1949)
1949. 1950
1949, 1950
(1949)
(1949)
1949
1949, 1950, 1951
1949
1949, 1950, 1951
(1949)
1950
1950
1950
1950. 1951.
(1950)
1950. 1951-
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951......
1951.
1951
Distribution Mgr.
Secretary.
Shipping clerk.
Receptionist.
Clerk-Typist.
Shipping Clerk.
Publications Secy.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Assistant Treasurer.
Editor, Pacific Affairs.
Secretary.
Receptionist, Bookkeeper,
Secy.
Business Manager, Pacific
Affairs.
Librarian.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Shipping clerk.
Billing clerk.
Shipping Clerk.
Shipping Clerk.
(7).
(?).
Clerical.
Shipping Clerk.
Shipping Clerk.
Clerical.
Shipping Clerk.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Librarian.
Asst. Treasurer.
Secretary.
Shipping Clerk.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Typist.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Distribution Mgr.
Typist.
Subscription clerk.
(?).
Secretary.
Secretary.
Receptionist.
Secretary.
Secretary.
Shipping Clerk.
Shipping Clerk.
Shipping Clerk.
Asst. Librarian.
Bookkeeper.
Asst. Librarian.
Receptionist.
Secretary.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4993
IPR staff members
[Submitted by W. L. Holland, 10/10/51]
Name
Alflno, Rose.
Aloric, Aminadau
Anderson, Marguerite
Anderson, Melvin T
Armall, Elaine
Austern, Hilda
Balfour, Nina
Banks, Edythe M
Barnett, Abraham
Bates, Elizabeth
Baum, Mariorie
Bear, Marguerite E
Belshaw, Horace
Belshaw, Michael
Benjuya, Beatrice
Bialos, Roberts
Bierman, Edward
Bisson, T. A
Blumenthal
Bowen, Mary Jane
Bramley, Joan _--
Brice, Lola
Broek, J. O. M
Brown, Esther
Bruce, Robert
Bryant, Elizabeth
Buchsbaum, Betty E
Bumgardner, Chia-Ling
Burt, Virginia
Butts, Grace Leah
Bykofsky, Edith
Capps, Frances Pietrowski
Caravello, Grace
Carroll, Jewerl
Carter, Edward C
Carter, Ruth D
Chalfin, Jeaime
Chang, Irene Conley.
Chargar, Thelma
Cherubin, Charles. ..
Chesman, Miriam
Christian, Pearl C
Clark, Winifred H
CofTey
Conant, Melvin A., Jr...
Converse, Elizabeth A...
Coville, Lilian
Crawford, Elizabeth
Cunningham
Curtis, Aileen
Pahl, Sonja
Darrow, Evelyn M
Day, Augusta
De I^eonardis, Salvatore.
Delgado, Lionel C
Dennett, Raymond..
Dickinson, Edna C.
Dimitry, Helen
Dodson, Elba Aileen.
Dorglas, Elaine.
Doyle, Daniel F
Dubs, Homer H
Dimn, Margaret M..
Edward, Gladys H...
Ehrlich, Anita
Ison, Jean
Englander, Florence.
Ewing, Ethel
Farley, Miriam S
Ferber, Stanlev
Field, Olga -..'.....
Fine, Donald..'
Fischl, Margaret
Fischraan, Bemice.
Freidman, Frances.
Freist, Dorothy M.
Started
2/47
6/49
4/47
5/51
4/46
1930?
3/44
9/44
7/47
6/45
6/48
2/45
9/44-12/44.
5/46
5/44
11/45
1/47
6/43
8/44.
6/44.
5/46.
1/44.
1/51 . .
9/46. .
9/51 . .
12/49.
11/43.
7/44.-
9/44
1/44
12/44
1933
1937,38-41...
5/49-..-
3/46
2/51
8/45.
2/49
12/47
12/48
12/47
4/44
10/47
(?)
1/45
6/46.
3/45
1/46
8/46
12/44 -.
11/43
2/46 ---.
4/50
5/44
2/44
9/46
12/46
2/44
(?)
11/46 -.
5/46
5/49
8/47
10/47
8/48
1/50
4/45
8/46
9/45
11/34 to 1/46.
7/47
6/44-8/44.
.■'''6 ---
9/44
9/46
10/43
9/46
Resigned
3/47.- --
7/49
6/47-
Present
9/46
11/45
6/44
8/46
8/47
6/49 -.-
7/48
3/45
11/45-7/46- —
8/46
9/44
12/45- -
2/47
9/45
9/45
7/46
6/46 — .
5/44
2/44---
Present
6/47
Present
1/50
11/43
8/44
4/46
8/45
2/46
1/45 -..
2/46
42-4/46-
10/49
12/49
Present
9/45 .-
10/49
4/49 -_..
12/48 ,
7/50
4/46
4/50
1/43
2/45
8/46
3/51
3/46
3/50- -.
12/44
3/44
9/46- -.
7/50
8/44 ,
9/46
12/46
1/47
2/46
1/43
8/47
6/46
6/49
9/47
6/44
3/48
8/48
3/50
4/45 ---
9/46
6/47
12/48 to pres-
ent.
8/47
12/44-6/45—
5/46
4/47
10/47 -
6/44
9/46 -
Position
Secretary
Shipping clerk --
Secretary
Sh. elk
Recep. -typist---.
Asst. Treasurer-
Stenographer
Shipping clerk —
Distribution mgr-
Stenographer---
Research Sec'y-
Shipping clerk -
Shipping clerk
Shipping clerk
Research Associate
Clerk-typist
Library consultant part time-
Clk-typ --
Clerk -typist
Special research project--
Sh. elk ;
Clerk-typ---
Secretary
Clerk-typist-
Clk-typ
Subscrip. clerk
Bookkeeping asst-
Clerk-typist
Sec'y General
Secretary
Secretary
Secretary
Administrative Ass't-
Librarian
Billing clerk
Shipping clerk
Shipping clerk ---
Subscription clerk
Clerk-typist
Temp, secretary
Temporary clerk
Research Assistant
Assistant Editor FES-.
Washington Office
Switchboard Operator.
Clerical
Los Angeles Office. - .
Secretary
Receptionist
Shipping clerk
Shipping clerk
Shipping clerk
Executive Secretary.
(?)-
Stenogrpaher
Secretary (Wash. Office) -
Clerk-typist
Shipping clerk
Secretary
Secretary
Clerk -typist
Typist
Stenographer
School secretary- .
Res. Assoc; Pamphlet Editor;
Editor, Far Eastern Survey.
Sh. elk
Research assoe
Shipping clerk
Secretary
Acting librarian
Secretary
Stenographer
Salary
$20/wk.
$30.20/wk.
$110/mo.
$400/mo.
4994
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
IPR staff members — Continued
[Submitted by W. L. Holland, 10/10/51]
Name
Started
Resigned
Position
Salary
Frncht, Rita
Fujii, Kazuke Kay
Fnijima. Edward A
Oallus, Wilya
Qerber, Lillie
Qerson, Jack
Gibson, Eulalie
Oluck, Filmore
Gluck
Oodby, Marie
Goldenberg, Rhoda
Golembosti, Josephine.
Gordon, Gloria
Qorgas, Ruth
Grajdanzev, Andrew...
Green, James
Greenberg, Raymond.
Qreenberg, Rose
Greene, Katrine R. C_
Greenidge, Gertrude..
Greenwald, Ro'^alin.,
Greenwald, Rosalind..
Grigs by, Deborah
Qutlman, Renee J.
Harrison, Barbara
Hasse, Robert
Haulsey, Robert
Hawkins, Sally R
Hayes, Kathryn
Healy, Mary
Henderson, Martha T.
Hickey, Callie M
Hill, Marguerite F
Hochschild, Patrick —
Holland, W. L
Hooker, Anne O
Hsu, Ying Yung
Israel, Dorothy ...
Issen, Anita -...
Jayson, Alice
Jenkins, Louise
Johnstone, William C.
Jordan, Myra M
Kahane, Rita
Kawata, George
Keil, Dorothea
Kennedy, Bernice
Kilpatrick, Mary J
Kiyaba, Hiroyo..
Kizer, Carolyn A
Klein, Mildred
Kok, Gerard P
Kramer, Sonia
Krasnow, Beatrice
Landau, Frances P
Lane, Clayton
Lasker, Bruno
Lattimore, Eleanor.
Lazarus, Ruth J
(As: Ruth Turbin).
Leak, Ora
Lederor, Use
Lee, Betty
Lee, Pao-Ch'en
Lee, Rosamund
Levinthal, Harriet. .
Levy, Ellen B
Lewis, Rhoda
Lilicnthal, Philip E.
Lipton, Sony
Ludwig, Dorothy S
Mack, Virginia
Marks, Regina.
Masselman, Wilhelmina.
Marcusson, Ruth
1045.
8/49.
9/51.
12/45.
9/51..
6/46..
4/47..
6/47..
12/44.
1/47..
10/44.
4/46..
10/47-
1/43..
7/44..
1/45..
8/47..
2/47..
12/44.
1/48..
6/47-.
5/48..
8/48..
12/47.
/148 ■.
5/46. .
1/49-1/50
5/51
9/47
10/46
1/49
2/43-10/43....
4/49
10/46..
4/47
10/48
1931-32, 1933
1933-1944....
1946
1/46
(?)
6/46.
10/44.
1/50..
1/45..
3/51 -.
10/45.
8/45.-
1/46. .
5/45..
10/44.
2/47..
12/46.
3/44..
1/49- .
10/48.
5/44. .
12/44.
1/46. .
2/51..
3/44..
9/46- .
2/47. .
11/45.
2/44- .
10/48.
1/46. .
9/46. .
3/4...
6/44..
10/46.
2/44..
4/46. .
10/45
1/50
Present.
9/44
6/46
Present .
7/46
6/47
6/47
12/44
10/47....
10/44
5/46
12/47...-
12/43....
12/44-..-
1/46
8/47
3/47
12/44....
1/51
4/49
6/48
6/50
7/49.
9/47.
9/51
10/47
7/47
1/49
4/46-present.
4/49
7/47
4/47
5/49
Present.
5/46
9/45
3/44
4/47
7/44
11/44....
12/45....
5/50
1/45
9/51
10/45
4/45
8/47
8/45
2/45
4/44
5/47
8/47
11/44....
3/49
7/50
9/43
1/40
6/47
8/45..
8/46..
2/51.-
4/44--
10/46-
5/47. -
11/45-
8/46. -
12/45.
2/44..
Present.
11/46
4/48
7/44
8/47
4/44
5/46
See'y
Librarian
Secretary
Stenographer.
Bookkeeper..
Clerk-typist..
(?)
(?) -
Secretary.
$30.20.
Typist-
Clk-typ
Research Associate.
Research Associate.
Shipi)ing clerk
Shipping clerk
Assistant Secretary.
Clerk
Secretary
Secretary
Temporary secretary
Secretary
Branch secretary (Washington
Office).
Secretary
Shipping clerk
Shipping clerk
Secretary (Washington Office)
Temp, typ
Publications sec'y
Temp, sec'y
Secretary
Temporary secretary
Librarian .
Research sec'y
Editor, Pacific afifairs
Sec'y general
Secretary
Res Assoc
Secretary
Secretary
Public relations
Director, Washington office.
Secretary
Stenographer
Librarian
$30.20.
Stenographer.
Asst. treas
Stenographer.
Chinese Language Instructor.
Secretary
Secretary
E.\ecutive Secretary
Research Associate
Research Associate.
Research .\ssociate (Washington
Office).
Secretary
Secretary
Typist
$40/wk.
$30.20.
$30.20.
Stenographer
.4ss't Chinese Language Instruc-
tor.
Promotion secretary
Switchboard operator
Temporary secretary
Editor, Far Eastern Survey-
Editor, Pacific Affairs
Stenographer
Asst. Bookkeeper
(?)
Stenographer
Res -
Secretary -..
$22/wk
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
4995
IPR staft members — Continued
[Submitted by W. L. Hollaud, 10/10/51]
Name
Matsuo, Miyaho
Maurer, Adriemie
May, Jean
Mayer, Hilda
Mayer, Laura
Mayo, Dorothy
McCrimmons, Mary A.
Millman, Abe J
MUlman, Benjamin
Mills, Harriet
Mitchell, Gloria
Minavouitch, Michael E,..
Moldauer, Frances (untO
1946— Sharps).
Montana, Marjorle
Moore, Harriet L
Morgan, Leslie
Morita, Betty
Morris, Marion
Morris, Wilson
Morrison, Angelina
Morseley, Hilton
Mott, Celestine G
Murota, Ayaka
Neal, Elizabeth
Nelson, Harry A
Nerenberg, Clara
Neugebauer, Frieda
Newman, Eugene
Nitka, Helen E
Nusbaum, Gladys
Oka, Kazu
Ormont, Zelda
Ornitz, Sallie
Oshima, Chiye
Ota, Marjorie
Park, Unsoon
Parker, Belzy M
Parker, Harriet H
Parsons, Katrine
Parsons, Ruth M
Pelan, Frank
Pietrowski, Rose
Pollard, John A
Pons, "\Vei-ta
Porter, Catherine.
Radoni, Jane
Reinliold, Anna
Resnick, Ruth
Robertson, Gwendolyn-
Rogers, Rima S
Root, Constance
Rosberg, Lilian
Rosenfcld, Sylvia
Rosenthal, Lanra
Rosinger, Lawrence K..
Rothmau. Rhoda
Russell, Helen E
St. George, Joan
Salisbury, Laurence E..
Sanders, Flarence E-
Sehneer, Sophie
Schneider, Helen
Sebatz, Louise, H__.
Serot, Louise B
Serot, Rhoda
Shahn, Tillie G
ShavelsDn, Rita
Shishko, Jerome
Skrefstad, Betty
Smith, B.irbaraB-
Smith, Lolita W_.
Smith, Maggie
Snyder, Maxim
Solomon, Rae
Soyer, David
Spidell, Clara
Spillum, Mary C
Stein, Ruth V
Stewart, Marguerite.
Started
5/45. .
3/44..
4/44..
12/48.
7/50- .
3/46..
5/46..
9/44..
1'47.-
7/46-.
12/45-
3/51.
6/51.
8/44.
2/45..
10/46-
11/44.
1/47..
4/47-.
4/43-.
12/44-
9/44..
2/45-.
12/44.
3/51..
8/50- .
4/44..
7/49.-
4/50..
7/49-.
4/47-.
2/44--
(?)-..
9/44--
12/46.
11/44-
4/46--
1/48..
9/50.:
1/46.-
4/17..
2/44..
6/46-.
2/45- .
12/46.
4/49..
1/45--
11/44-
9/48. .
3/44..
2/45--
7/47..
10/44-
8/44-.
4/46- -
1/46- .
9/46..
10/46.
(?)-.-
4/44..
3/45-.
11/43.
5/47-.
1/45- -
7/49.-
6/49--
3/44- -
6/44..
9/45. .
6/44-.
11/43.
10/51.
8/50. .
Resigned
4/45.
3/44-
9/44-
1/49-
9/43-
6/44.
5/46. .
7/46..
2/45..
10/51.
9/51..
4/46-.
10/47.
present -
2/44
present -
12/44-..,
1/44
3/46
10/46...
12/44...
3/48
11/47---
12/44--.
12/44. . -
1/45
6/49
6/45
1/45
5/51
3/51
4/44
5/44
2/51
9/50
9/49
7/47
1/45
11/43-..
2/46
8/47
11/44---
7/46-.-.
11/48...
3/51
4/51
10/46
4/47
4/44
present..
12/45
7/47
Present.
1/45
5/40
10/50
10/47
2/47
3/48
5/48
9/44
10/44
4/49
5/47
10/46
12/46
9/51
5/44
5/45
11/44
6/47
9/46
7/49
7/49--.-.
10/46
8/44
10/45
6/45
12/45
Present.
3/51
5/47
Position
Stenographer.
Clerk-typist-
Typist
Temp, typ
Stenographer
Stenographer.
Administrative Asst
Secy-bkpr
.A.sst. bookkeeper; scty
Shipping clerk
Supur. pub. distrib. (1 wk. 12/48 as
typist).
Receptionist
Acting E.xec. Secretary
E ditorial assist
Assistant Editor— Pamphlets -
Stenographer
Executive secretary.
Secretary
Steno-type
Stenographer
Clerical assistant.
Typist-
Sec'y...
Secretary
Distr. IMgr
Sac'y
Temp, typ
Stenographer
Secretary
SecSy
Secretary
Shipoing clerk
Clk-typ
Director, Washington Office
Librarian
Assistant librarian
Res. Assoc; Editor, Far Eastern
Survey.
Stenographer
Temporary secretary
Salary
Subscription clerk
Secretary
Promotion Assistant-
Subscript, clerk
Secretary ■
Research Associate
Billing clerk
Secretary
Secretarv
Editor, FAR EASTERN
VEY.
Secretary 1...
SUR-
Bus. Manager
Promotion Secretary.
Secretary
Asst. Treas-
Clerical assistant. .
Clerk-typist
Clerk-typist
Clerk-typist
(?)
Temporary typist-
Acting librarian.- -
Shipping clerk
Clerical asst
Clerk
See's
Secretary
School scty; admin, sec'y.
$400/mo.
4996
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
IPR staff memhers — Continued
[Submitted by W. L. Holland, 10/10/51]
Name
Stewart, Maxwell S..
Stopp, Ann
Su^iitan, Lucrecia...
Talkington, Marie...
Tandetnick, Frances.
Taylor, Esther
Taylor, Janet
Togo, Alice M
Uchida, Yoshi
Ussachevsky, Elizabeth
Van Buren, Dolores
Velleman, Ruth A
Vernon, Robert Jr
Wagner, Joyce
Walker, Elnora..
Waller, Ella S
Wanderman, Francis Dick-
Weidom, Albert A
Wentholt, Henrietta
Wilder, Nancy
Winston, Sadei
Wise, Masha Switzer
Woods, Caroline
Wright, Nellie
Yardumlan, Rose
Yasumuva, Michi.
Yates, Elizabeth...
Started
2/46. .
2/51..
6/49. .
1/44. .
2/44..
12/46.
10/44.
2/46. .
1/46- -
9/46. .
8/44..
9/45. .
3/46. .
4/48. .
10/44.
9/44..
9/46.
3/48.
8/50.
6/50..
12/44.
3/44.
/42..
10/44.
10/49.
Resigned
Position
2/48
Present.
12/49
2/44
2/44
3/47
10/44
3/46
8/46
7/47
9/45
9/46
4/46
12/48
4/45
8/45
3/44
10/46
5/48
1/51
2/44
12/44
9/50
7/46
7/44
6/44
10/45
9/45.
2/50.
Pamphlet Editor.
Secretary
Typist
Stenographer-
Stenographer.
Librarian
Membership clerk
Secretary
Secretary, Washington Office.
Stenograriher
Secretary
Shi'iping clerk
Clerk-typist
Stenographer.
Secretary
Sh. elk
Sec'y-'. edit, assistant
Secretary
Stenographer..
Librarian
Clerical
Sec'y.; librarian; sec'y., Washing-
ton office.
Asst. librarian ,
Acting librarian
Salary
Exhibit No. 802
September 26, 1934.
Mr. E. C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York.
Dear Mr. Carter: I was greatly interested in reading a copy of your letter
to Wellington Liu inquiring whether there was any jwsibility of securing the
services of Chen Han-seng for permanent work in the I. P. R. It is an excellent
suggestion and I hope you will keep pushing it. Chen is a first-class researcher
with the good knowledge of Ru.ssian, French, German, and English as well as
one or two Chinese dialects and reading knowledge of .Japanese. He is a hard
worker and one of the few Chinese researchers whose eyes are not blinded to
the real conditions of rural China. While of course he could render great service
to the China Council as a colleague working with Liu, I believe from many
points of view it would be worth your while appointing him to the Secretariat
as my colleague. I shall certainly be glad to make drasdc economies in my own
budget in order to secure Chen.
As you probably know by now, Chen is living here in Tokyo completing a
study of rural conditions in South China and also working over some materials
on Chinese economic history at the Oriental Library in Tokyo. He has taken
a house here with his wife and will return here again in December after making
a short trip back to China in order to get field work started on his I. P. R. study
of standards of living in tobacco-producing regions in China.
One reason why I think it is worth your while to push the question still
further is that Chen's relations with the Sun Yat-sen Institute and especially
with Academia Sinica are not very happy. He is much too close to the radical
elements in China to suit the Nanking authorities and I understand that for
the time being it is better for Chen's political health to be out of China. I shall
be seeing him in a day or two before he goes back to Shanghai and I shall en-
deavour to sound him out as discreetly as possible on his views about working
for the I. P. R.
Sincerely yours,
, Research Secretary.
WLH: MI
Copy to Mr. Loomis.
Copy to Mr. Liu.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4997
Exhibit No. 804
Memorandum W. L. Holland to E. C. Carter
October 4, 1935.
With reference to Harriet Moore's list of discussion questions of Soviet na-
tional policy, I suggest that we write to all the other Ck)uncils immediately after
the Lee Conference, making it clear that "national policy" is being used in a
very different sense in the Round Table on Soviet Policy. I would strongly
support Harriet's plea for changing the word from "national" to "nationality."
All this is assuming that we would want to limit the Soviet Round Table to the
two questions of economic development and policy towards minor nationalities
and dependent peoples. There ought to be rather careful discussion of this point
to make sure first of all how much of a limitation this really is, and, second
whether the Soviet Council would be unwilling to broaden the discussion pro-
gram to include more general and political aspects of Soviet policy in the Far
East.
As you know, I would like to have the broader interpretation so that the
Round Table would be more in line with the other Round Tables on Japanese,
American, and Chinese national policy. While the Soviet policy towards minor
nationiilities in its Far Eastern territories is certainly a major element in the
total Soviet Far Eastern policy, it would be unfortunate if the discussion went
too deeply into the details of cultural autonomy, the language question, et cetera,
when there will be nothing comparable in the discussions on other questions, and
when most of the other delegates will no the in a position to participate in the
discussion for want of detailed knowledge. (Incidentally, I wonder if you have
thought of suggesting to Crawford afe the University of Hawaii that you and
Keesing might invite a Soviet expert to the Conference on Government and
Education in Dependent Territories. A Russian could make a real contribu-
tion, and would certainly throw a lot of monkey wrenches which ought to be
thrown. )
W. L. H.
Exhibit No. 805
CJopy to F.
129 East 52nd Street,
tiew York City, March 28, 1939.
Dear Bill: I apologize for not having sent you an earlier answer to your
letter of March 13th. In the meantime, however, I have sent formal invitations
to Miss Dietrich and Hayden for the Secretariat Inquiry monographs. After
consultation with Carter I decided to offer Hayden $150 and to give him the
opportunity to make the report 20,000 to 25,000 words. I have asked Fred to
send on to you copies of both letters.
I also took up with Carter the question of having authors' names printed
on the cover and title page of Inquiry reports and he has now agreed to make
this a general practice.
I am glad to have the news about Riesenfeld and have told Fred that I certainly
approve paying him the necessary $50. In fact, I should be prepared to pay
$75 if necessary. To avoid complicating our bookkeeping I have suggested to
Fred that this amount should be paid out of the available funds which the
American Council now has and that any necessary additional payments irom
the International Research Fund should be made later this year.
In Washington I had quite a long talk with Saugstad who was extremely
cooperative. The reason for the slightly mysterious tone in his letter to
you was that the person he recommends for the shipping study is Mr. Henry
L. Deimel, Jr., Assistant Chief in the Division of Trade Agreements (private
address 4414 Macomb Street NW., Washington). Deimel, whom I met briefly,
has apparently done a good deal of work on shipping and has at various times
worked in association with Henry Grady who, incidentally, is his father-in-law.
The reason for Saugstad's mysterious phraseology is that (confidentially) Sayre
is probably being sent out soon to the Philippines as High Commissioner, and
Deimel is being asked to go as his economic advisor. There would be a possibil-
ity, however, that Deimel would get leave of absence for about four or five
months during the summer before going out to Manila, and during this period
he would be willing and in a very good position to prepare a report for the
I. P. R.
4998 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The State Department would raise no objections to such a procedure and
Deimel would also be willing to collect additional information on the way out to
Manila. In the meantime he would be able to get access to a great deal of more
or less confidential information in Washington.
Deimel impressed me as a capable and well informed person, but I have too
little evidence to judge whether he is the best possible person we could get. On
the whole, however, I am inclined to offer him the job partly because it might
be an extremely valuable way of making use of State Department and other
governmental material, and incidentally of working in closely with the State
Department. I emphasized to Deimel the fact that the report would have to be
of an international character and not merely present American policy and point
of view.
In the meantime I should be glad to have your comments on the scheme, and
also any other information about Deimel or about the shipping project generally.
I shall not make any move until I hear from you.
Meanwhile Hubbard has just sent you a copy of the Imperial Shipping Com-
mittee's report on British Shipping in the Orient which is being sent to you.
It is better than I had expected and provides a good deal of the information we
should want. It is obvious, however, that there is still room for a great deal
of work along the lines of more systematic analysis of the problems from an in-
ternational point of view and quite certain that we should go ahead with the
I. P. R. study.
I did not call on Gates in the Civil Aeronautics Commission, chiefly because
Saugstad had already warned me off him because Gates apparently, being a fight-
ing young lawyer, has become identified with an anti-Pan-American group and
is interested in nothing but ways of reducing the monopolistic power of Pan-
American. It also appears that the State* Department which has to handle most
of the foreign negotiations has more or less unconsciously found itself lined up
against Gates as an advocate of Pan-American. Saugstad also emphasized the
fact that the State Department has all the information available to the Civil
Aeronautics Commission, and in fact is better informed on the international
aspects. His recommendation was, therefore, that if we wanted to get any
profitable cooperation from people in Washington, it would be much better to do
it through the State Department, and he said that he would be prepared to see
that we did get the necessary cooperation. Apparently they already have one or
two capable young men working on the problem. Obviously there is a little
bureaucratic jealously here, but I think there is a good deal in what Saugstad
says, and unless we find strong evidence to the contrary, I should be inclined
to take his advice. Here, again, however, I should be glad to have a word from
you before I write again to Saugstad.
With best regards.
Sincerely yours,
, Research Secretary.
W. W. LocKwooD Esq.
Exhibit No. 806
Institute of Pacific Rbi^tions
Amsterdam— London — Manila — Moscow — New York — Paris — Shanghai — Sydney — Tokyo —
Toronto — Wellington
OFFICE OF THE SECRETAKY-GENEEAL
GiANNiNi Foundation,
University of California,
Berkeley, Calif., Mfly 10, 1940.
ECC from WLH :
I was somewhat startled to receive your wire saying that Andrew Ross was
waiting for me to write him about a supplementary chapter to Levy's report, but
on looking through my files I find a slip of paper with the name Andrew Roth of
3150 Rochambeau Avenue, written on it. So I am afraid I have clearly been
negligent in forgetting all about him. I enclose herewith a note which you
might send on to him if it seems suitable. The amount of writing to be done
cannot be very great and if Levy's manuscript is only just going to the press
there need be no delay in its final appearance. If you or Kate or Jack have
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 4999
any doubts about tbe present letter, don't hesitate to scrap it and write Roth di-
rectly. (Incidentally you had better find out whether his name is really Ross or
Roth.) I apologize sincerely for having slipped up on this matter.
I should not think it was necessary to get Levy's formal permission for this
supplementary chapter, but presumably you ought at least to notify him that
we are getting it done.
I note that no Inquiry funds will be available for Lockwood's suggested study
by Quigley on the Open Door. The study is not within the present field of the
International Research Committee and I don't think it would interest Lockwood's
committee, although a related study of the Open Door as a cardinal factor in
American policy might. I would not regard the suggested Quigley study as of
major importance, though it might come on the list of new studies to be under-
taken if we get additional Inquiry funds. The subject might be better treated as
one chapter of a larger study of new diplomatic machinery for the Far East.
How would it be to consult two or three i)eople like Blakeslee, Willoughby, Horn-
beck and Quincy Wright, as well as Quigley, about the possible scope and impor-
tance of the study? It might also be possible to have the subject treated in a
Pacific Affaiks article and expanded later if it seemed worthwhile.
I agree with so much of what you say in your letter of May 8 about Japanese
Trojan Horses in the bosoms of various influential people (a vastly intriguing
metaphor when you consider what would have to be done to let the soldiers
escape from the Trojan Horse) that I don't propose to do anything further about
a possible visit by Alsberg to Japan, particularly as Galen Fisher's visit will be
a sufficient goodwill gesture.
If it is convenient I should like to look at "Contemporary International Poli-
tics" by Sharp and Kirk, the latter of whom is doing an American Council study
on electrical communications in the Pacific. If it seems worthwhile, I shall
write a brief review on the Far Eastern sections of the book. Among your sug-
gested reviewers for Morgan Young's book, "The Rise of a Pagan State," I
should be inclined to mention Colegrove, but we had probably better not bother
him until he finishes his present assignment for us. Would you also send me
Lowe's "Japan's Economic Offensive in China," as I may want to review this
myself or, perhaps, ask George Taylor to do it.
I am very interested to hear that the Japan Council have translated "Agrarian
China." I am delighted that they have done so but so far as I remember this,
is the first we have been told of it, although it is a Secretariat book. I should
like to have two of the copies, if possible. The book should be listed under its
Japanese title in the next issue of Pacific Affaiks, but I don't think it need be
reviewed separately. To the best of my recollection we have not yet reviewed
"Agrarian China" in Pacific Affairs but you might check on this ; and if I am
right you might get Wittfogel or Cressey or Rossiter of the Department of Agri-
culture to write about 300 words.
WLH
W. L. H.
Exhibit No. 807
May 10, 1940.
WLH from ECC:
Jessup rang up just now and says that he fears it was you rather than he who^
slipped the cog with reference to the Levy supplement. He has just checked with
Peflfei- and I have condensed his message into the following Day Letter :
"Regarding Levy supplement Jessup says he, Peffer, arranged for Andrew Ross
see you, that Ross says you promised write him. He is eager and ready and
according to PelTer anxious and qualified to go ahead and has been awaiting
daily your letter."
I explained to Jessup how terribly rushed you were with a million things just
before your departure. Under the circumstances, I assume that you will want
to go ahead and have Ross go to work, though I suppose you are still free to
cancel your tentative proposal to Ross.
Somehow or other both Jessup and Peffer have the idea that Ross saw you
before you left New York. His address is : care the Chinese Department at
Columbia.
In the view of Jessup and Peffer his knowledge of French and of France and
of the Far East qualify him to do a good job.
5000 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 808
Berkeley, July 5, 1940.
Dear Phii- Gaffe : The Hollands are duly touched and awed that our offspring
should have made such an impact on 129 E. 52nd St. If you want to indicate
that Amer and Asia are separated by an ever-renewed body of water, then
Patricia is certainly an apt symbol. Photographs a priori and a posteriori will
be forthcoming soon.
I should have no objections to putting Owen's article in Amerasia and in some
ways I think it would be better to print it immediately rather than have it
delayed. It's a difficult topic and I think Owen has made a gallant effort, but I
have a slight feeling that he has tried to find too many historical roots for the
current, and obviously important, connection between Germany and Japan.
Moreover there is singularly little account of the role the U. S. has played and
of the fears of the U. S. S. R. regarding the intentions of both Germany and
Britain. I should like to see the article end with a more outright plea that only
by direct pressure on Japan from the U. S. and by a rapprochement between the
U. S. and the U. S. S. R. can the Axis powers now be checked.
I hope Amerasia will have a blast against the latest wave of appeasement
and Lippmannism favouring a deal with Japan.
My regards to Kate and the rest of the Amerasia bunch.
Yours,
W. L. Holland.
Copy to GEE, I mean ECC.
Exhibit No. 809
Copy for ECO
129 East 52nd Street,
New York, N. Y., December 1, 1941.
Mr. Carl F. Remer,
Office of the Coordinator of Information,
Library of Congress Annex, Washington, D. C.
Dear Remer; You have probably already heard of this matter through l^'ans
or Fairbank, but I understand that the publishers of the Japanese magazine
Chuo Koron wrote sometime ago that they had had to discontinue mailing the
periodical to the United States as the United States atuhorities had been con-
fiscating it as propagandist literature. The United States action may have been
quite .justified in some cases, but it seems very probable that the Customs au-
thorities have acted as precipitately here as they did formerly with important
Soviet magazines which were urgently needed by libraries and research in-
stitutions in this country.
If the matter has not alreadly been attended to, it might be worth while for
your group to communicate, perhaps through Archibald MacLeish or Mortimer
Graves, with the Customs authorities to see that confiscations are handled in-
telligently and not to the detriment of legitimate research institutions and
libraries.
I enclose a circular in Japanese from Chug Koron.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland, Research Secretary.
Exhibit No. 810
Coordinator of Information,
Washington., D. C, March 18, 19^2.
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relatione,
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.
My Dear Mr. Holland : The research work of the Institute of Pacific Relations
has been directly useful to the OflSce of the Coordinator of Information in its
efforts to meet the urgent demands created by the war. Certain unpublished
studies of the Institute have been made available to us during the preparation
of reports and you have, yourself, found time to serve as consultant and adviser
to our sections dealing with the British Empire and the Far East.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5001
I am sending this brief acknowledgment in the hope that it may be useful to
you in making plans and securing funds for the coming year. I think you will
agree with me that full informal cooperation must be the basis of the effective
use of the limited number of persons with adequate research training to deal
with the Far East. The OflBce of the Coordinator of Information is looking
forward to the continuance of such cooperation.
Sincerely yours,
James P. Baxter, 3rd,
Deputy Coordinator.
Exhibit No 811
(Pencilled initials) NLH
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.,
April 2nd, 1942.
Major G. A. Lincoln,
Director of Orientation Course,
Bureau of PuMic Relations, War Department,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Major Lincoln: Since I have a certain general responsibility for the
publication program of the Institute of Pacific Relations, I have had occasion to
learn from Miss Downing your sudden decision to cancel the War Department's
order for 10,000 copies of An Atlas of Far Eastern Politics. I want to reinforce
Miss Downing's reply to you by saying that this Institute has acted in all good
faith and has in fact gone to considerable trouble to meet the request originally
made by Colonel Beukema, e. g., in getting paper especially manufactured and
having the maps rephotographed, etc.
Your action in announcing your dissatisfaction with parts of the book and
cancelling the order at this late date without giving us any previous warning
comes as a considerable shock, particularly as nothing in our correspondence
indicated that your office would require further revisions. Had you mentioned
this problem some weeks ago when we were waiting for the paper to be manu-
factured we should, of course, have done our best to meet your wishes.
I therefore hope that you will carefully consider Miss Downing's suggestion
of having a revised edition even now. If you cannot accept this suggestion I hope
that you will at least indicate a procedure whereby we can be compensated for
the losses we shall srffer through your failure to notify us soon. The direct losses
will probably total about $1,600, and we have not included in this figure any
charge for tlie considerable amount of time which the office staff here has devoted
to the problem.
We are genuinely anxious to assist you in your important work. We would
therefore like to be given an opportunity to provide the kind of material you
want. The only thing we ask is that you give us reasonable notice in the sudden
changes of your plans.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 812
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.,
April 3rd, 1H2.
Mr. George H. Kerr,
Military Intelligence Division, War Department,
Room 2628, Munitions Building, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Kerr : Thank you for your letter of April 2nd about Grajdanzev's
report on Formosa. Under separate cover I am sending you an advance copy of
the book which is now being bound. I have already sent copies to Remer in the
Office of the Coordinator of Information, and to Bisson on the Board of Eco-
nomic Warfare. , .„ ,,
Both Grajdanzev and I would be glad to have your comments and if there are
any points which you think should definitely be corrected I would suggest that
you let me know in the next day or two as we may want to insert an errata slip
in the book. The book itself is unfortunately a makeshift piece of manufacturing
because we had to work with an incomplete and unsatisfactory set of proofs.
Sincerely yours, ,„ -r ^^
W. L. Holland.
88348— 52— pt. 14-
5002 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 813
War Department,
War Department General Staff,
Military Intelligence Division G-2,
Rm 2628, Munitions Building,
Washington, Aj)ril 2, 19^2.
Mr. William Holland,
J29 East 52nd Street, New York, New York.
Mt Dear Mr. Holland : I regret that my sudden coming to Washington in
February precluded further talks with you about Formosa, to say nothing of
further writing.
Some weeks ago there came to our M. I. D. files — and my Formosa section —
a set of galley sheets of Dr. Gra.idanzev's extraordinary good work, which
I first saw briefly in your office and now have read thoroughly. No covering
letter came with it to me and so It is not clear whether this is a loan or a final
gift to our files. If It is not a loan I shall be free to divide it according to
subjects and distribute it among my folders. If it is a loan I shall keep it
Intact and forward it to you as soon as some of the statistical material can be
digested. We live very largely on loans these days.
Please tell Professor Grajdanzev that it will give me great pleasure some
day to talk with him. His work is certainly excellent. There are only a few
minor suggestions I might make, none of first importance.
Have the added chapter or chapters on strategy been set up? I would not
be free to add anything attributable to my sources here, but I would be glad
to read through the chapter again to make sure that some errors in judgment
have not crept in. Needless to say, such checking must be done anonymously.
With every goood wish.
My residence address : 2700 Wisconsin Ave., NW.
[s] George H. Kerr.
George H. Kerr.
Exhibit No. 814
Board of Economic Warfare,
Washington, D. C, July 25, 1942.
In reply refer to : 0W-6-RHS.
Mr. Wii LiAM Holland,
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mk. Holland : Thank you for sending us the article on the organization
of tlie Chinese Government, which will be most useful to our Far Eastern
Division.
Very sincerely yours,
[s] C. R. Vail,
Chester R. Vail,
Acting Chief, Economic Intelligence Division.
Exhibit No. 815
Joseph P. Chamberlain, Chairman, Professor of Public Law ; Lyman Bryson, Professor of
Education ; Carter Goodrich, Professor of Economics, Chairman, Governing Body, I. L. O. ;
Luther H. Gulicli, Eaton Profe.^sor of Municipal Science and Administration ; Carlton
J. H. Hayes, Seth Low Professor of History : Cliarles Cheney Hyde, Hamilton Fish
Professor "ot International Law and Diplomacy : Huger W. Jervey, Director, Institute
of International Affairs. Professor of Comparative Law ; Philip C. Jessup, Professor of
International Law ; Grayson Kirlj, Associate professor of Government ; Arthur W.
Macmahon, Professor of Public Administration ; Wesley C. Mitchell, Professor of
Economics ; Nathaniel Pefifer, Associate Professor of International Relations ; Lindsay
Rogers, Burger Professor of I'uhlic Law, Assistant Director, I. L. O. ; J. Kussell »Suiith,
Professor of Economic Geography ; James T. Shotwell, Boyce Professor of the History
of International Relations
Consultants : Dr. Prank G. Boudreau, Director, Mulbank Memorial Fund ; Joseph Hyman,
Executive Vice Chairman, Joint Distribution Committee ; General Frank R. McCoy,
President, Foreign Policy Association ; Clarence E. Pickett, Executive Secretary, Ameri-
can Friends Service Committee : George L. Warren, Executive Secretary, President's
Advisory Committee on Political Regugees
ENTSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5003
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
Committee on Emebgency Pr<^gram of Tkaining in International
Administration
Professor Schuyler C. Wallace, Director
Room 513 Fayerweather Hall
UNiversity 4-3200, Ext. 188
July 31, 1942.
Mr. William Holland,
129 Eaat 52nd Street, New York, Neiv YorJc.
Dear Bill: Our arran.cements for the course are coming along. Broek wiU
arrive on the 20th of August for the six weeks period. I told him in my letter
that you and Lockwood had waived the I. P. R. claims for those six weeks, and
that arrangements with the Rockefeller people were feasible. Can you take the
initiati\e with the Rockefeller people, or will he do that, or can I help?
Keesing will come up from the Offl -e of Strategic Services in a consultative
capacity one day a week for the first six weeks.
We want very much to have you come up for a few introductory lectures.
What we thought you might be willing to do would be to come on August
IS, 19, and 20 to give three one-hour lectures, which would do the following:
1. Provide a general introductic-n to the Pacific area, just touching the high
spots as to the divisions of the region, the peoples, etc. Some of the men will be
well informed, others may be quite blank about it.
2. A bibliography lecture on materials bearing on the Pacific and Far East,
which would include a description of the inquiry series.
3. A talk on the available sources in the New York area, so that the men
would know where to go after we assigned tliem research projects. This would
include an indication of what you have at the I. P. R., and references to such
other places as the American Museum, the Geographical tBociety, etc.
We can offer you the modest honorarium of $150.00 for this series of lectures.
In addition, we hope that you would be willing to contribute some of your
time to sitting in with a committee which we are forming on the Pacific area,
to plan out our whole curriculum. The committee will include Keesing, Broek,
Clare Holt, and Arthur Schiller.
I hope that we can count on your help in these ways.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Phil.
Philip C. Jessltp.
PCJ : es.
Exhibit No. 816
Board of Economic Warfare,
Washington, D. C, Sep. 2, 191,2.
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations, 129 East 52nd Street,
New York, New York.
Dear Bill: I think you will be interested in seeing the enclosed copy of an
article by the Vice President on "Economic Warfare — The War Behind the War,"
which appears in the current issue of the Army and Navy Journal. It is the first
broad public statement about the work of the Board of Economic Warfare.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Bill
William T. Stone, Assistant Director.
Attachment.
Exhibit No. 817
July 6, 1942.
Mr. William T. Stone,
Board of Econotnic Warfare,
Department of Economic Warfare,
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
Dear Bill : You may be interested in these reports of Stein's.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. HOIXAND.
5004 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 818
BoABD OF Economic Warfare.
Washington, D. C, July 11, 1942.
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Institnte of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Bill: Many thanks for your note of July 6, enclosing the radio letter
from Guenther Stein. This service is most interesting, and the Board will
appreciate receiving the reports regularly as they come in.
Do look me up the next time you are in Washington.
Sincerely yours,
[s] Bill
William T. Stone, Assistant Director.
Exhibit No. 819
March 1, 1943.
KM from ECC
The private document prepared in Washington on the Strength of the Muslim
League has come into my hands. It is not available for quotations, nor should
any reference be made to it. I thought, however, that you might be interested in
seeing it, so I have had copies made. I don't think that it covers the ground,
but it does contain one or two interesting points.
164/No. 4/2/1/43
Background information
THE STRENGTH OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE IN INDIA
Mr. Jinnah's Position
Mr. Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League has recently been carrying on a
vigorous political drive.
His visit to the Punjab showed the extent to which he has secured contact
with the Muslim masses. It can no longer be argued that because at the General
Elections it was not able to secure a majority of the Muslim votes in any Prov-
ince, the Muslim League has no following among the masses. Since 1937, ac-
cession to the Muslim League's and Mr. Jinnah's strength has been tremendous.
Almost every bye-election in Muslim constitu.encies has been won by the League
and the number of Muslim League members in the various Pi'ovincial Legisla-
tures has increased manifold.
The number of Muslim Ministers who now owe allegiance to the League is
considerable. The latest accession has come from Sind. Sir Ghulam Hussain
Hidayatullah, who succeeded Mr. Allah Bux, has joined the League and his
example lias since been followed by all the Sind Muslim Ministers. Here is a
survey of the Muslim League position in the Muslim majority Provinces :
PUNJAB
The total number of Muslim members in the Punjab Legislative Assembly is
89. Only one out of these was elected on Muslim League ticket in the General
Elections of 1937. The number of Muslims elected on Unionist tickets was
77. All Muslim members of the Unionist Party are, however, now members of
the Muslim League under what is known as the Sikander-Jinnah Pact of 1938.
The main terras of the Pact were that the Unionist Party's leader, the late Sir
Sikander Hyat Khan, with all his Muslim followers in the Assembly should join
the League and promise support to it in all Indian constitutional questions. Mr.
Jinnah agreed on his part that the Muslim members of the Unionist Party would
have freedom in Provincial matters and would be free to pursue the Unionist
Party program.
The political complexion of the Punjab made it necessary for the late Sir Si-
kander Hyat Khan, the Punjab Prime Minister, not to form a Muslim League
Government but a Unionist Government in coalition with Hindu and Sikh groups.
In all Provincial matters he pursued a more or less independent line and, though
professing allegiance to the League and ]\Ir. Jinnah, his policy on all-Indian
questions was at times embarrassingly independent of the League. On the other
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5005
hand. Sir Sikander never openly flouted any League mandate and he resigned
from the National Defence Council when required by the League.
The Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore recently wrote: "What is con-
sistently ignored is the fact that Mr. Jinnah and Sir Sikander are mutually
dependent ; their common fundamental purpose must over-ride differences aris-
ing from the admitted diversity of their 'spheres of influence.' Whatever their
personal predilections, circumstances must force the Muslim League President
and the Premier of the Punjab (so long as he is a Muslim) to run in double
harness until India's future is hammered out; and that Constitution may con-
ceivably elfect even closer cooperation between them."
Mr. Jinnah's recent Punjab tour monopolised public attention, not only be-
cause of his public utterances on topical questions, but also because of the object
underlying his visit. Recent attempts made by the Punjab Premier to settle the
communal problem in that part of the country on a Provincial basis irrespective
of an all-Indian agi'eement, must doubtless have caused anxiety to Mr. Jinnah.
The formula favored by Sir Sikander, according to most reports conceded self-
determination to the Hindu and Sikh minorities in the event of a Muslim plebi-
scite deciding in favor of secession in a post war settlement. The minorities
may form a sepaiate State or join the main Indian Union. Negotiations went
on for some time amongst the various parties but ultimately broke down or were
adiourned because it was said that he Hindus wished to consult the Mahasabha.
Soon after, Mr. Jinnah arrived in the Punjab and in his first public utterance
made a pointed reference to the main basis of the scheme without naming it and
condemned the move to give the right of self-determination to "Sub-National"
groups like the Hindus and the Sikhs in the Punjab and the Muslims in the
United Provinces. He further tried to win over the Sikhs to his conception of
Pakistan by reassuring them that their interests would be safe under a Muslim
State. This failed, but Mr. Jinnah succeeded in scotching the "mischievious
idea, as he described it, of a purely Provincial settlement of the communal
problem and laid down that "no settlement is worth the paper on which it is
written either in the Punjab or elsewhere, so far as Muslims are concerned, ex-
cept with the Muslim League."
Later, Mr. Jinnah in another speech said that he had not referred to the
Sikander formula, which he had not even studied in his earlier speech. This
enabled Sir Sikander Hyat Khan to make a rapprochement with Mr. Jinnah
and declare himself to be a loyal supporter of the Muslim League. If there were
any differences between Sir Sikander and Mr. Jinnah, it was explained, they
related more to the method than to the policy and program of the Muslim
League and were intended soley to further its aims and ideals.
Attempts have lately been made to show that the Sikander formula is in
accordance with the League's resolution on Pakistan which visualised territorial
adjustments. The formula allowed this in accordance with the desires of the
communities concerned and to that extent unintentionally conceded the right of
self-determination to the Hindues and the Sikhs. However, the problem is no
more a live issue. Mr. Jinnah has applied the damper and as a result of his visit
to the Punjab he is back again in the position he occupied prior to Sir Sikander's
attempt.
The death of Sir Sikander Hyat Khan on December 26th was regarded by the
New York Times correspondent (N. T. T., Dec. 29) as considerably strengthen-
ing Mr. Jinnah's position by removing the only Muslim figure important enough
to challenge him.
BENGAL
Out of a total of 123 Muslim members in the Bengal Assembly and 30 in the
Legislative Council, 43 and 11 members, respectively, follow the Muslim League.
Mr. Fazlul Haq. the Premier of Bengal, who had been a member of the Muslim
League since 1918, resigned in 1940 when disciplinary action was threatened
against him for accepting membership of the National Defence Council, from
which, however, he resigned. The Muslim League expelled him on Desember 11,
1941, for having formed a coalition Ministry in Bengal without its sanction.
Some unconfirmed reports have appeared in the press that Mr. Fazlul Haq
had met Mr. .Jinnah recently in Delhi. Another report said that Mr. Haq had
rejoined the Muslim League. On this the Bengal Premier made the following
statement: "The news published by Independent India (Mr. M. N. Roy's Delhi
paper) about my rejoining the Muslim League raises an irrelevant issue. I
maintain I was never out of the League, I am still in the League. Therefore,
5006
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
the question of my rejoining does not arise. As regards Mr. Jinnah, I have never
been at war with him, nor do I intend to be so. I am not at war with anybody.
I am at war with untruths."
BIND
Out of 35 Muslim members in the Sind Assembly, only 13 were elected on
Muslim League ticket. With the return of Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah as
Premier of the Province in October last, a number of M. L. A.'s have joined the
League. Sir Ghulam and all his Muslim Ministers are now members of the
League, and the strength of the League party is now 26 out of 35.
Sir Ghulam resigned from the Muslim League when Mr. Allah Bux took him
into his Cabinet two years ago. His rejoining the League has been prompted
by a desire to strengthen the Ministry that he formed on Mr, AUah Bus's
dismissal.
ASSAM
Out of 34 Muslim members in the Assam Assembly, originally only 3 were
elected on Muslim League ticket. But, a few months after the General Elections
30 members signed on as a Muslim League Party. The Premier, Sir Mohammad
Saadullah Khan, has been strictly following Muslim League discipline. He re-
signed from the National Defence Council when required by the League to do
so. On recently assuming office he claimed that his Cabinet was representative
of Assam's people. No mention was made of the party affiliations of the Muslim
members of his Cabinet. In all his public utterances since assuming office, he
has refrained from mentioning the Muslim League.
THE NOBTH-WEST FKONTIEE PROVINCE
Out of 38 members in the N.-W.F. Province Legislative Assembly, only 12
belong to the League Party. The only sign of a weakening of the Congress
Party in the Province has been the resignation of Arbab Alidul Ghafoor Khan,
M. L. A., ex-Parliamentary Secretary, from the Congress Party and the Red Shirts,
but he did not join the Muslim League. He formed a new organisation called
the Pashtoon Jirga. It aims at an independent Pathan State, run in accordance
with the laws of the Shariat. In a statement, Arbab Abdul Ghafoor Khan said
that an alliance with the Congress was harmful as the Pathans were gradually
losing their identity and drifting away from religion.
Total Muslim
Members of leg-
islatures
Total Muslim
League members
Punjab
89
U23
2 30
35
34
78
Bengal
'43
Sind . -.
26
Assam .... . . . ..
30
North West
Frontier Province .. . . . . .
38
12
Totals
349
211
Percent
CO. 45
' Lower House.
« Upper House.
IMPORTANT NOTE. — It is important to remember in using the above figures
that they show the strength of the Muslim League among the Muslim members
of the Legislatures of Muslim majority provinces ; they do not show Muslim
League strength in Hindu majority provinces (these figures will be released later
when available).
JH : MC.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5007
Exhibit No. 820
(Pencilled note) Same letter to Bisson, Moser, Shoemaker, Bloch, Orchard,
Kemer, Fahs.
Dr. Hugh Borton,
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Dear Hugh : Under separate cover I am sending you a copy of "Korean Indus-
try and Transport" by Grajdanzev. We would appreciate having your comments
on this.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 821
(Handwritten letter.)
Grajdanzev, Sunday, Jan. 17, 1943.
Dear Mr. Holland: Since Tuesday I am working in the B. of E. W. on
Japanese materials and will finish work on Tuesday, 5 : 30 p. m., so that I shall
be back in the office Wednesday morning. I believe that my stay here is useful,
because I think I shall be able to prepare 3 articles —
(1) Japan after December 7, political
(2) Japan after December 7, economic
(3) Japanese policy in the occupied areas.
Of course, the picture is far from complete, but I believe that those who do
not have access to special sources of information will be glad to read my story.
Whether you will approve all these three articles and whether to publish them
in the F. E. fe. or elsewhere — it will be, of course, up to you. I shall prepare
the articles in the shortest possible time, let us say — the first one may be ready
in one week after my return.
Yours sincerely,
[s] A. Grajdanzev.
P. S. But I may stay here even Wednesday, if not all will be finished.
(Handwritten letter)
Exhibit No. 822
A. Grajdanzev,
July 22, 1942.
To the Secretary of Research,
I. P. R.,
W. L. Holland
Dear IMr. Holland : I read the letter of Mr. Norman's and the outline of the
research project on industrialization of the Soviet Asia, prepared by A. Yugon.
I have to make the following comments on this project.
(1) I do not know whether it is good for the Institute to finance the work of a
person who is a noted political figure, so long as the Institute has the Soviet
Union council as a member and so long as the Soviet Union government is not
over thrown by German and Japanese arms.
As you may see from the curriculum Vital he was the editor and head of the
ec. department of Sotsialistichemyi vestnik since 1923 — a magazine of Russian
Men'sheviki, published abroad, and his part, so far as I know, was larger than
that. The Soviet representatives may not protest now, when they are hard
pressed ; but they may have a certain feeling about that.
If the Institute finds that such work is a necessity, why not entrust it to such
a person as, say, Mandel of the A. R. I., who is able, acquainted with Russian
literature and language, and, probably, would be acceptable for the Soviet and
American circles?
(2)1 have no honor of being acquainted with Mr. Yugon ; but I read his books
and I think that all of them are superficial, including his last one, Russia's Eco-
nomic Front for AVar and Peace. Of course, this is my personal opinion and
it is worth just so much.
(3) I was of the opinion that we have no materials and studies enough for
a serious book on the Soviet Asiatic regions. I am of the same opinion now.
But in so far as many stupid and empty books on this or other regions are
5008 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
written (an example, "Russia and Japan," by Maurice Hindus )^ I think a fairly
tolerable booli of that type can be written and be reasonably informative.
(4) The sources presented by Mr. Yugon are not new to those who study
Russia ; it is clear that they do not go much beyond 1937 or even 1936, though the
chief ec. development took place in Siberia after that date.
(5) Some of the points of the outline are bordering on nonsense.
"(a) Superindustrialization as the fundamental idea of the Five-year
plan." Superindustrialization was not the fundamental idea of any of the
Five-year plans.
B 4, c — "Forest industries of Buryat-Mongolia." That is the only place
in outline on Western and Eastern Siberia where forest industries are men-
tioned, though it is not in Buryat-Mongolia primarily (which contains so
much of the steppe) that forest industry is developed in Siberia.
B 5, f — "Hunting of fur-bearing animals" under the general title the indus-
trialization of Soviet Asia !
(6) Distortion and mutilations of Russian words go beyond the permissible
misprints. Could not Mr. Yugon spend a few minutes in going over these names
and giving us something actual instead of mythical "Sahalimsk" and many other
places like that?
(7) In the sources I see many books included presumably for the increase of
the number of titles.
What relation can have "Stenographic Report of the Shakhtinskyi trial, 1935"?
The trial was related to Don. Cas. production, and not to Siberia. Why then
are omitted recent trials?
What is there useful for this book in Tugan-Bavanovsky, The Russian Factory,
where there is nothing about Siberia,
The hook of Kabo about Tannu-Tuva republic? ,
Miller's History of Siberia, which ends, as far as I remember, in the seventeenth
or eighteenth century?
Shulpin — Sea hunting?
Sergeyer, The Soviet Pacific Islands?
Gapanovich, Russia in Northeast Asia?
Burthold, Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion, bibliography ! ! !
and other not less striking examples.
The decision is, of course, up to you. I only point out to certain things which
deserve your attention.
Yours sincerely,
[s] A. Geajdanzbv.
ExHiBrr No. 823
Free Distribution List for "Korean Industry and Transport" by AJG
For Comment (with the Compliments of WLH) :
Hugb Borton, Department of State, Washington, D. C.
T. a. Bisson, 353 Willard Avenue, Chevy Chase, Maryland
Dr. C. K. Moser, Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. (Far Eastern
Section)
James Shoemaker, Board of Economic Warfare. Washington, D. C.
Kurt Bloch. Fortune Magazine, Time and Life Bldg., Rockefeller Center, N. Y.
Mrs. Dorothy Orchard, Board of Economic Warfare, Walshington, D. C.
Carl Remer, Office of Strategic Services, Library of Congress Annex, Wash-
ington
Charles B. Fahs, Office of Strategic Services, Library of Congress Annex,
Washington
With the Compliments of WLH :
G. Nye Steiger, Simmons College, Boston, Mass.
George Taylor, Room 3313, Social Security Bldg., 4th & Independence Ave.,
Washington
Owen Lattimore, Office of War Information, 111 Sutter Street, San Fran-
cisco, Calif.
American Council (3 copies)
Margaret Cleeve, Chatham House, 10 St. James's Square, London, S. W. 1,
England (2 copies)
W. D. Berrie, Australian Institute of International Affairs, 369 George Street,
Sydney
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5009
F. L(. W. Wood, Victoria University College, Wellington, W. 1, New Zealand
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 700 Jackson Place, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Kilsoo Haan
Food Research Institute, Stanford University, California
Ben Dorfman, Tariff Commission, Washington, D. C.
Mrs. Vera M. Dean, Foreign Policy Association, 22 East 38th Street, New
York
Col. M. W. Pettigrew, Chief, Far Eastern Unit, Military Intelligence Service,
War Department, Washington
J. B. Condliffe, Carnegie Endowment, 405 West 117th Street, New York
League of Nations Secretariat, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, N. J.
International Labor Office, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Canada
G. E. Voitinsky, Institute of World Economics & Politics, Academy of Science,
Moscow, U. S. S. R.
Sir George Sansom, British Embassy, Washington
Douglas MacLennan, Canadian Institute for International Affairs, 230 Bloor
St., West Toronto, Canada
Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Shannon McCune, BEW, 2501 Q Street NW., Washington, D. C.
ExHiBrr No. 824
PREFACE
This preliminary report is part of a lai-ger study on Modern Korea to be
published later by the International Secretariat of the IPR. Other sections of
this book were submitted as documents for the Mont Tremblant Conference of
the Institute of Pacific Relations in December 1942, one entitled "Memorandum
on Korea's Agriculture and Resources" and the other "Memorandum on Politics
and Government in Korea."
The author and the IPR Secretariat will welcome readers' comments and
suggestions for improvements to be made in the final version of the book. The
author alone is responsible for statements of fact or opinion expressed in this
report.
For convenience in following the author's references herein to other chapters
in the hook, some of which are included in the above-mentioned memoranda
and some are still only in manuscript, the following table of contents of the whole
book may be useful.
I. Introduction (partly included in Agriculture and Resources)
II. General Information (partly included herein)
III. Historical Sketch
IV. Population (included in AgTiculture and Resources)
V. Agriculture (included in Agriculture and Resources)
VI. Forestry and Fishing (included in Agriculture and Resources)
VII. Power and Mineral Resources (included in Agriculture and Resources)
VIII. Industry (included herein)
IX. Communications and Transport (included herein)
X. Money and Banking
XI. Public Finance
XII. External Trade
XIII. Government (included in Politics and Government)
XIV. Courts, Prisons, and Police
XV. Health, Education, and Religion
XVI. Problems of Korean Independence (Included in Politics and Government)
Statistical Appendix Bibliography
W. L. Holland,
Research Secretary.
New York, April 1943
5010 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 825
May 19, 1943.
Miss Hilda Austern,
Assistant Treasurer's Office.
Dear Hilda: This will be .vour authority to remit the sum of $183 by cable
through the bank of China to Mr. Guenther Stein in Chungking (c/o Press
Hostel). This is an advance payment for reports he is to send by radio and mail
on current developments in Free China. This should be charged under the above
title to reserve fund in the current International Research Budget.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 826
July 20, 1943.
Mr. Owen Lattimore,
Office of War Information,
111 Sutter Street, New York City.
Dear Owen : The enclosed extract from my letter to Norine about his book
on Sinkiang is self-explanatory. I would greatly appreciate it if you would do
what you can to interest the University of California Press in publishing it for us.
I was sorry that you could not find time to do the review of the Russian book,
but I realize that it is a considerable chore. We will definitely count on it for
our December issue, and I suggest that you make it into a review article in
essay form. I hope you can complete the job by the middle of September at
the latest.
What do you think about Bisson's article on China in the current Far Eastern
Survey? As you can imagine, it has caused a considerable storm among some of
the official Chinese here. While I disagree with some of Bisson's terminology
I think the article is fundamentally sound and says a lot of things that many
people feel ought to have been said before this. I suspect it would have been
better tactics to emphasize the possibilities of reform within the Kuomintang
and under the leadership of the Generalissimo and the younger members of the
party rather than to play up the contrast with the Communist areas. C. L. Hsia
is of course very angry and says it will seriously harm the IPR both here and in
China. We have offered them an opportunity to reply or submit another article,
but I am not sure whether they will accept.
Carter and I have been told to be ready to leave around the end of this month,
although there is still no assurance that we will get our priorities. If you are
going to be in Washington about that time, please be sure to let us know, as we
would both very much like to get your advice on whom to see and how generally
to behave in China.
All the best.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 827
February 21, 1944.
Mrs. Wilma Fatrbank,
Division of Cultural Relations,
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
De/h Wilma: Under separate cover and at John's request, I am sending you
a package of Chinese manuscripts which were erroneously sent here with some
other materia! which John brought back from China. They seem to have been
sent by Lowdermilk for somebody in the library of Congress. I told John
about them on Friday and he asked me to return them to you.
\^'ith reference to your note to Art Bisson with reference to Chien's article
on local government in China, you have probably noticed that it was published
in the December 1943 issue of Pacific Affairs. At Chien's instructions, I have
paid the fee to Professor Pei in this country together with an additional $200
representing part payment for the larger study of China's Government and
Politics which Chien is now doing for us. I am anxious to find some way of
remitting another $400 to him during the next few months. I would greatly
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5011
appreciate it if you could suggest some way of doing this. I have already sent
a message to Bob Darnett requesting his help, but I doubt if he can manage more
than about $200 for the present. Incidentally, I should greatly appreciate if it
you could let me know privately, perhaps through Rose Yardumian at our Wash-
ington office, when John Da vies is likely to be going back. I have one or two
pei-sonal messages which I should like him to take.
Best wishes.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 828
KKA
December 7, 1943.
Dr. William T. Holland,
Rcscarcli Director of the International Council Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5I,t1i Street, Neiv York, N. Y.
Dear Dr. Holland : The material which you were so kind as to loan to this
office has been most helpful. Thank you for putting it at our disposal for the
last week.
The address by Chou En Lai at Yenan, the disposition of Japanese and puppet
troops in China, and the Report from Yenan on Communist and Kuomintang
effiti-t in the War are being returned at this time. The "Situation in China"
and An Answer to Chinese Comments, by V. Rogev are being used at the present
time. They will be returned to you this week if that is agreeable to you.
Thank you again for allowing this office to make use of the timely and valuable
reports listed above.
[s] E L Barlow,
Edward L. Barlow,
Lt. Colonel, O. S. C, Chief, NY Office, MID.
Exhibit No. 829
8th Floor
1270 Sixth Avenue
New York, N. Y.
Telephone: Circle 6-4250
December 6, 1943.
In reply refer to : KKA :sms
Dr. William T. Holland,
Research Director, International Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5-'ith Street, Fourth Floor, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mk. Holland: The enclosed report on "The Situation in China," by Mr.
V. Rogev, has aided the work of this office. Thank you for your cooperation in
making this report available.
"The Situation in China" and "An Answer to Chinese Criticisms", by Mr. V.
Rogev, are being returned at this time.
[s] E. L. Barlow,
Edward L. Barlow,
Lt. Col, G. 8. C, Chief, N. Y. Office, MID.
Enclosures : 2 Reports
5012 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 830
8th Floor
1270 Sixth Avenue
New York, N. Y.
Telephone: Circle 6-4250
In reply refer to : AAL : med December 1, 1943.
Dr. William T. Holland,
Research Director of the International Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5/f Street, New York, N. T.
Dear Mr. Holland : This is to acknowledge receipt of material, which you
turned over to Miss Francis of this office, as follows :
1. "Situation in China." By V. Rogev. (Translation from the Russian journal
War and the Working Class.)
2. Answer to Chinese Comments. By V. Rogev. (Translation from the Russian
journal War and the Working Class, September 1943.)
3. Address by Chou En Lai at Yenan.
4. Disposition of Japanese and puppet troops in China. (Original with some
Chinese characters and partial carbon copy without Chinese characters.)
5. Report from Yenan on Communist and Kuomiutang effort in the war.
This material will be returned to you at the end of this week.
Thank you for your assistance in making these documents available to this
office.
[s] E. L. Barlow, ,
Edward L. Barlow,
Lt. Colonel, G. 8. C, Chief, N. Y. Office, MID.
Exhibit No. 831
8th Floor
New York, N. Y.
1270 Sixth Avenue
In Reply Telephone : Circle 6-4250
Refer To
December 3, 1943.
Mr. William Holland,
1 East 54th Street, New York City, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Holland : We are returning herewith the following material which
you so kindly loaned to this office :
The Progress of Indian Industries during the War, by D. N. Ghose, No. 10295.
2 Issues of the People's War, newspaper of Indian Communist Party, No. 10295.
2 Issues of The Student, journal of the All India Students' Federation,
No. 10295.
2 Pamphlets from Oxford Pamphlets on Indian Affairs, series. No. 10295.
4 Pamphlets, publ. by Peoples Publishing House, Bombay, No. 10295.
5 Pamphlets, publ. by the New Inflia Planning Groups, No. 10295.
Your kind cooperation and interest in making this available is greatly appre-
ciated.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ E. L. Barlow,
Edward L. Barlow,
Lt. Colonel, G. S. C.
By hand
1(5 items
edm
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5013
Exhibit No. 832
Makch 2, 1944.
Dr. Laughlin Currie,
The White House, Washington, D. C.
Dear Dr. Currie : This is just to let you know that I have filed my application
for final citizenship papers. The application is dated March 1 and the Serial
Number of my first papers (Declaration of Intention) is D22-108175. The appli-
cation has been filed at the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 70 Columbus
Avenue, Neve York 23.
Admiral Yarnell has written my draft board supporting Carter's application
for my deferment on occupational grounds. Apparently President Wilbur, of
Stanford, and President Sproul, of the University of California, have also written
in similar vein. I have told Carter, however, that even if he gets deferment for
me I shall want to take a Government job which is more directly connected with
the war, and that I shall stay on only for three or four months until Carter can
find a successor to me.
At the moment the most promising openings in Washington seem to be a Navy
job in the Bureau of Occupied Areas, where there seems to be some hope of my
getting a Commission, or a job in O. S. S. The latter would probably be more to
my taste, as it would be concerned with the India-China-Burma theater. How-
ever, it is almost impossible to get a deferment for a civilian job in O. S. S., and
it is therefore a question of whether O. S. S. can also get a Navy commission for
me, since Army commissions are now practically unobtainable.
I should be most grateful if you cnn do anything to speed up my naturalization,
I apologize for inflicting this chore on you when you are so busy, but I don't
know anyone else who would be in a position to help me in this way.
Best wishes.
Yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 883
Department of State,
Washington, March 11, 194^.
Informal
Mr. William Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 54 Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Holland : With reference to your letter of February 21, 1944, I am
glad to hear that Chien's article on Local Government in China was published
in the December 1943 issue of Pacific AlTairs. For my records, and because the
manuscript was transmitted through the Department, would you let me know
what the fee on this was and to whom it was paid [penciled: Yes $100.] (Chou,
Pei-yuan?) Are there reprints of this article for Chien? We might be able to
send two or three to him by pouch. In the case of other manuscripts placed
here through our office we have also offered to distribute reprints to a list of
persons in this country to be designated by the author.
I trust that Rose gave you my message regarding John Davies' departure and
the transmission of funds.
Sincerely yours, •
Wilma Fairbank.
(Mrs.) Wilma Fairbank.
Exhibit No. 834
Department of State,
Washington, February 18, 1944-
Informal
Mr. T. A. Bisson.
American Council,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East Fifty-second Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Art: On October 19, 1943 I wrote to you about T. S. Chien's article
Wartime Local Government in China which Harriet had told me would probably
appear in the December issue of Pacific Affairs.
5014 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Can you tell me whether the article has appeared, If there is any honorarium,
and if tliere will be any reprints for him?
With best regards.
Sincerely yours.
/s/ Wilmn F.
(Mrs.) WiLMA Fairbank.
Exhibit No. 835
1 East 54 Stbeet, March 20, 19U.
Mrs. Welma Fairbank,
Division of Cultural Relations
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Dear Wii.ma : With reference to your l«4ter of March 11, I confirm the fact
that we paid Professor Chien $100 for his article on Local Goveinment in China.
Ihis was in accordance with the arrangement I had made with him when I re-
quested the article several months earlier. On Chien's request, the payment was
made to Professor Chou in this country. We are not supplying reprints of
articles, but I am sending you two copies of the majiazine in the hope tlmt you
can either send these complete to Chien or tear out the pages containing his
article.
Incidentally, if you ever have promising articles on China's social, political, or
economic pioblems, please let me know as we may occasionally be able to use
them in Pacific Affairs. As a general rule, we don't pay for articles and the
payment to Cliien was regarded as an advance payment on the larger book he is
doing for us. However, we sometimes are able to make modest payments in
special cases.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 836
March 22, 1944.
Professor Schuyler Wallace
Coltimbin Universiti/,
JfSl West in Street, New York 27, N. Y.
Dear Schuyler : As you may know, Andrew J. Grajdanzev, one of our Research
Associates and our principal expei't in the Japanese language, is temporarily on
leave getting some teaching experience at Oregon State College. We hope to
get him back heie in the summer, but Carter and I have promised to find a part-
time academic post for him in or near New York. Because of your possible need
for people who are pretty well-informed on Japanese laniiuape sources and on the
economic and social problems of Japan, Ivorea and Formosa, I wonder whether
there is any likelihood of your using him on a part-time basis at the Navy School.
As you may know from Phil Jessup and Nat Pt ffer, Giajdanzev is apt to be
excessively polemical. Moreover, his spoken English, though fluent and pungent,
is not always elegant or idiomatic. I am certain, however, that bis expeiience
in teaching will have greatly diminished these two faults. He would be particu-
larly useful in lectures to seminars on rather specific and even technical problems
relating to industry, trade, transport, shipping, banking and agriculture in the
Japanese empire. He is perhaps more intimately acquainted than any other
research worker outside Washington with the Ja] auese materials on these topics.
We shall shortly be publishing his big book on Modern Korea and be is now work-
ing on a detailed study of Japanese Agriculture. As you probably know, he took
his Ph. I), in E onomics at Columbia and the K'rea book was submitted as the
dissertation. I'effer was rightly ciitical of the lantiuage and aggressive style of
much of it, but we are editing it pretty severely for publication.
Gra.idanzev will probably come back in June and I imagine he would be pre-
paivd to do some teaching during the summer if necessary. He is an Assistant
Professor at the moment. Let me know if you see any prospect of using him.
As you may have heard, my draft boa id relented and gave me a six-month
deierment, only till about the end of .August. I may take a part-time Government
job before that time but my main job will still be here.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5015
Exhibit No, 837
Columbia Univeksity in the City of New York,
Naval School of Military Government and Administration,
March 23, WU-
Mr. William L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 54th Street, 'New York, New York.
Dear Bill: Could I hold off giving you a definite answer on Grajdanzev for
another week or two insofar as summer work is concerned. I am quite sure that
we will be very much interested in making use of him on a part-time basis in
the fall.
I am deliffhted indeed that your draft board has given you a six months'
deferment and definitely hope that they will renew it at a later period. It seems
uttei-ly ridiculous to force you into uniform when you are doing more effective
work where you are.
Cordially yours,
SCHUYLES.
ECC (handwritten) Encouraging, ECC.
Exhibit No. 838
Columbia University in the City of New York,
April IJf, 19U'
Mr. William Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5!,tli Street, New York 22, Neic York.
Dear Bill : We are scheduling your lectures for Tuesday mornings beginning
with May 2nd as you suggest.
1 am leaving in about an hour for a two weeks' holiday and have not yet begun
to \xnrk on tie summer schedule. The moi-e I think about it, I doubt very much
whether we will want to have Mr. Grajdanzev do any lecturing during the
suinmer. We niis/lit conceivably use hiui as a consultant in connection with some
of the projects if he can be cleared by the Office of Naval Intelligence. I will
leave a note asking .Jessup to start the machinery going to get such clearance if
Mr. Grajdanzev is willing to have the investigation started on the basis of a
possibility, not a certainty.
Cordially yours, .
Schuyler.
Schuyler C. Wallace.
Exhibit No. 839
April 12, 1944.
Prof. SCHUYI.ER C. Wallace,
Coliimhin JJiiivcrsit}/,
JiSl West in Street, New York 27, N. Y.
Dear Schuyler: Thanks for your note of April 8. If it's not inconvenient, I
should prefer Tuesday morning presumably beginning May 2.
Is there any likelihood of your beinii able to reach and decision in the near
future about employing Andrew Gi'ajdnn/.ev? May we assume that you will
certainly not require his services for the Summer Session? I ask simply because
he has asked us to arrange some lectures before he returns from Oregon.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
5016 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 840
Columbia University in the Citt of New Yokk,
Naval School of Military Government and Administration,
New York 27, N. Y., April 8, 19U.
Mr. William Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East SJfth Street, New York, New York.
Dear Bill : After lookins over the schedule it appears that we can run your
series of lectures on either Monday or Tuesday a. m. or Monday at 4 : 00 p. m. It
does not make much difference to us which hour you prefer. If anything, I think
Monday morning would be slightly preferable, but only slightly so.
Cordially yours,
Schuler,
Schuyler C. Wallace.
Exhibit No. 841
Columbia University
in the City of New York,
Department op Public Law and Government,
March 27, 19U-
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 54th Street, New York 22, N. Y.
Dear Bill : Since you say so, I agree that I undertook to draft some outline
for the Far East security organization but I am appalled at the thought. There
are dozens of schemes running around and I have been participating in one or
two groups that have been dealing with some of them. I think the one to which
Bill Johnstone refers must be that which is being developed by a little committee
tinder Phil Nash. I have a recent text of their draft. There is also a draft
prepared by the former League of Nations group in London which I also have.
I am not sure whether at this stage any particular draft should be selected for
the kind of criticism you suggest unless it be the London draft which has a
certain authority because of its signatories. I shall turn the matter over in my
mind and we can talk about it a little later.
I shall keep in touch with you about the question of your taking another job.
Sincerely yours,
Phil.
Philip C. Jessup.
Exhibit No. 842
Washington, D. C, April 10, 1944-
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Pacific Affairs,
1 East 54 Street, Neiv York, Neiv York.
Dear Bill: I am inclosing for the information of yourself and Mr. Carter
excerpt from letter which I have just received from Adler.
I would appreciate, for obvious reasons, your not showing this around and
your not disclosing your source of this information.
Sincerely,
Irving.
Irving S. Friedman.
Enclosure.
Do you see the I. P. R crowd no\vada>s? If you do, you might inform them
that they have completely bafflod decent people here by appointing Wellington
Liu to the Secretariat of the forthcoming I. P. R. Conference and by allotting
him US$10,000 for research? For scmie reason or other they don't want to-
believe what is common knowledge here, namely that Liu is a pretty highly
placed member of Tai Li's outfit. I had a talk with Holland on the subject
last summer and he se<^med to require written evidence to establish Liu's mem-
bership in the Secret Service. Since then I have received further evidence —
not written but satisfactory to anyone but an ostrich — that such is the case.
Of course he will be very well placed from his point of view in the I. P. R.
Secretariat.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5017
Exhibit No. 842-A
May 1, 1944.
Mr. Irving Friedman,
United States Treasury, Washington, D. C.
Dear Irving : I have been meaning to call on you in Washington to acknowledge
your note of April 10 with the excei'pt from Adler's letter but 1 don't seem able
to escape from O. S. S. where I am now working every Thursday.
I appreciate knowing about Adler's comment although it contains nothing new.
Adler has got things a bit twisted about the I. P. R. research grant, most of which
is to be kept here for publication purposes. Another grant of US.$10,000 was
made by a Chinese in New York partly for the relief of selected Chinese scholars.
Adler's account of my alleged blindness to Liu's connections with Tai is not
very fair. I talked about the matter with him at some length in Calcutta. I
would rather you did not pass the information on but the situation is that Liu
has a number of personal friends in Tai's organization and he came to the atten-
ton of Tai himself some years ago because of his friendship for a Shanghai
engineer who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Wang Ching-wei. Liu has
talked to me really frankly about the whole business and gave a very convincing
story though I have no means, of course, of proving it. Liu says he had been
repeatedly asked by Tai Li to work for him but has always refused largely
because his wife and friends have urged him not to accept. One of Liu's closest
friends in this country says he is quite certain that Liu is not working for Tai.
Even if the allegation were true, there is not much that Carter or I could do
about it as Liu is employed by the China I. P. R., not by us. He is probably
coming to New York this summer to put a number of research reports through
the press in preparation for our January conference.
One of the incidental advantages of the rumors of Liu's connection with Tai
is that it has thus far saved the China I. P. R. from suffering the fate of all
similar organizations in China, namely being swallowed up by Kung. To the
best of my belief, the funds which the China I. P. R. has recently succeeded in
raising have been obtained because of the personal interest expressed by the
Generalissimo. What bank or agency actually turned over the funds I don't
know but I am pretty sure it was not the usual handout from Kung.
Let's try to have lunch sometime soon. There are several things I want to
discuss with you.
Yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 843
Office of Strategic Services,
Washington, D. C, 12 April 1944-
Mr. William L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East Fifty-fourth Street, Netv York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Holland : Will you be good enough to fill out the enclosed form and
return it to me. We have put through a request for your appointment as a WOC
Consultant. You will get $10 per diem in lieu of subsistence, and your railroad
fare. I have told Personnel that you will be here on April 20.
Sincerely,
/s/ Alice B. Foy
Alice B. Foy,
Administrative Office, Planning Staff.
88348^52— pt. 14 8
5018 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 844
April 17, 1944.
Miss Alice B. Foy,
Office of Strategic Services,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Miss Foy: Thank you for your letter of April 12 enclosing the Federal
Employment form which I return herewith. You will see that I have filled out
only some of the questions. Having wasted a great deal of time already filling
in a twelve ptige application form for O. S. S., I am not disposed to repeat the
process. Your office is at liberty to answer the remaining questions on the basis
of what I have already submitted. If this is done, I should be prepared to con-
sider signing tlie application form,
If this procedure is likely to prevent your office from employing me on April
20, perhaps you would be good enough to let me and also Dr. Norman Brown know.
1 am sorry to appear uncooperative but there is a limit to the number of forms I
can bring myself to fill in for the Government.
Sincerely yours,
W. L. Holland.
enc.
Exhibit No. 845
Columbia University in the City of New York,
Naval School of Military Government and Administration,
New York 21, N. Y., April 25, 19U-
Mr. Wm L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East Fifty-fourth Street, New York, New York.
Dear Mr. Holland : As you perhaps know, Mr. AVallace has been out of town
for a few days. Before his departure, he indicated that you had requested that
if possible, your class be scheduled on Tuesday mornings. Accordingly, we have
made the following arrangements:
Your lecture series on South East Asia will come on May 2, 9, 16 and 23rd,
from 9 to 11 in the morning, in Room 302, Fayerweather Hall.
I hope that this arrangement is satisfactory.
Very truly yours,
L. H. Chamberlain
L. H. Chamberlain,
Lieut, (jg) VSNR, Academic Aide.
Exhibit No. 846
May 17, 1944.
Mrs. Eleanor Lattimore,
Institvfe of Pacific Relations,
7Jf.'/ Jackson Place, N. W., Washington, D. C.
Dear Eleanor : I enclose three letters to people in Chungking which I should
very much like to have delivered by Owen if it's not too inconvenient for him. I
know it's a bit of an imposition as he will probably be asked to cari-y dozens
of other messages, but if he can manage to take them I shall be extremely
grateful. I certainly wish I were going along. It will be a most interesting
and probably critical time in Chungking.
I am just starting to read the first draft of the Wallace pamphlet which
looks like a very interesting job.
I am glad you can review the book on the Gobi desert.
Yours,
"W. L. Holland.
encs. 3.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5019
Exhibit No. 847
FREE WORLD
Free World House, 144 Bleeckeb St., New York 12, N. Y.
Telephone : ALgonqdin 4-0722. Cable Address : FREEWORLD NEWYORK
June 19, 1944.
Mr. William L. Holland,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East o.'iih Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Holland : It gives me great pleasure to send you under separate
cover, a copy of the April 1944 issue of our Mexican edition, Mundo Libue.
In this edition is a reprint of the Round Table Conference, "What to do
with Japan," in which you participated and which was originally published
in the March 1944 edition of Free World magazine.
Very sincerely yours,
Louis DoLI^'ET.
Louis Dolivet.
LD: NB.
Exhibit No. 848
Canadian Institute of International Affairs,
National Secretariat,
230 Bloor Street West, Toronto 5, March 23, 1946.
W. L. Holland, Esq.,
Secretary-General, Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5J,th Street, New York 22, N. Y.
Dear Bill: You may not have heard that Fred Poland has been held for
weeks in connection with the spy round-up in Ottawa. I enclose a page from the
local morning paper.
The C. 1. I. A. is ignoring the publicity ; our stand is that our membership
includes all political parties for purposes of good discussion at meetings, and that
the branches can enlist any persons they wish.
Poland has been held without benetlt of counsel and his wife is seeking habeas
corpus. We have no idea of whether Fred is guilty ; I have known about his
being held since the third day after the story broke, or thereabouts but I had
no proof to substantiate my suspicions until the recent announcement (under-
line is pencilled).
Yours sincerely,
DAM : bm
Copy to Mr. E. C. Carter.
Douglas A. MacLennan, National Secretary.
Exhibit No. 849
25th March 1946.
Douglas MacLennan, Esq.,
Canadian Institute of Intei'national Affairs,
230 Bloor Street, West, Toronto 5.
Dear Douglas : I am grateful to you for your note of March 23rd enclosing the
clipping on Fred Poland. I had seen a brief reference to the matter in the
New York Times and got the impression that the habeas corpus request would
probably succeed. The whole procedure adopted by the goverimient seems very
curious and I should imagine there may be a considerable protest about it in
Parliament. I should appreciate it if you would keep me informed of what
develops and particularly of any further references to the Canadian Institute
or the I PR.
You may be interested to know that Dr. Chen Nan-sang and his wife have just
arrived here from India. Chen will be teaching for the next few months at the
University of Washington and during the summer may be doing some work for
the II'R. For the past three years he has been working in New Delhi at the
British Ministry of Information and during the past four months has travelled
5020 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
widely in India studying tlie agricultural situation. Although there will not
be time for him to visit Canada before he goes to Seattle, it occurs to me that
your Victoria and Vancouver branches might want to invite him to speak before
them during the next few months.
J. P. Simon of your Victoria branch has asked Carter or me to participate in
the annual joint conference of the IPR and the Canadian Institute in Victoria
on May 10 to 12. I am inclined to accept this invitation as I may have to visit
the Pacific coast about that time. If so I would probably plan to visit Vancouver
as well.
With best wishes,
Sincerely yours,
WiixiAM L. Holland,
Secretary-General.
Exhibit No. 850
Philip J. Jaffe,
225 Fifth Avenue, New York 10, N. Y., April 29, 1948.
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Acting Executive Vice Chairman, American Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5/,th Street, New York 22, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Holland : For some time now, I bave been one of those that believed'
that in the coming years the most important area in the Far East will be Japan.
Up to the present, no detailed study of developments in postwar Japan has
appeared in print. I feel strongly that such a study is needed, and that the
Institute of Pacific Relations is the appropriate organization to direct it. If you
feel that this is the right time to undertake such a study, and if you have a
competent person available for this project, I would be very happy to make a
financial contribution towards that end.
"Would you be kind enough to let me know whether you feel that this project
is worthwhile and whether you have the right person available for it ; and, if so,
approximately how large a contribution would be required from me to make it
possible?
Cordially yours,
PhtLip J. Jaffe.
(signed) Philip J. Jaffe.
Exhibit No. 851
Amekican Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.,
Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington, D. C,
1 East 54th Street, New York 22, N. Y., 30th April, 194S.
ELdorado 5-1759
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Consultant, ECAFE Secretariat,
106 Whangpoo Road, Shanghai, China.
Dear Mr. Carter : With reference to the attached letter from Jaffe of April 29,
I miglit add that he has now decided it would be better for Bisson to continue
working on his research project under IPR auspices and hopes that the American
IPR will be willing to receive a donation of $3,000 which can be used to pay
Bisson for a continuation of his current IPR research project on the impact of
SCAP on Japanese life. We trust tlie Executive Committee will not object to
receiving the money. It will ease Phil's tax problem.
Sincerely,
Bill,
William L. Holland,
Acting Executive Vice Chairman.
P. S. — C. D. Jackson of Time, Inc., phoned Emeny this morning to check on
the IPR. Jackson is a member of the Board of Independent Aid, and apparently
the Board is seriously considering the IPR's appeal. Emeny took the opportunity
to inquire of Jackson what the possibilities of a renewal of Time's contribution
would be, and apparently didn't get a negative response. So we shall wait and
see.
(Penciled:) Rec'd, May 7, 1948.
(Penciled:) Brooks has now retracted his earlier strong criticism of Ros-
singer and now recommends him to me in the most glowing terms.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5021
Exhibit No. 852
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 54th Street, Neiv York 22, New York, January 25, 1950.
Dr. E. Herbert Noraian,
Canadidn Liajaon Mission, c/o Foreign Liaison Section 0-2,
GHQ, AFPAC, APO 500, c/o Postmaster, San Francisco, California.
Dear Herb : I was delighted to find your letter of January 5th awaiting me
on my return to New York and even more pleased to see a copy of your book.
It is an excellent production job despite the unattractive cover and title page. I
took the liberty of sending it immediately to Sansom, who tells me that he is
reading it with very great interest and admiration — so much so that he is going
to write you directly about a number of specific points including probably some
disagreements. He has also agreed to review it for Pacific Affairs, comment-
ing mainly on the broader social and economic implications of your analysis of
Japanese feudalism. At a later date he is keen to write a more detailed and
longer review for one of the professional .iournals, such as the Far Eastern
Quarterly. I shall try to send you a copy of his Pacific Affairs review as soon
as we receive the manuscript, probably some time within the next three or four
weeks.
If you have another copy to spare, I do hope you will send it to Miriam Farley
for review in the Far Eastern Survey. I know she would appreciate seeing it.
She has just written a rather long and interesting review article on Sansom's
book, The Western World and Japan, which we may print in the next Pacific
Affairs.
Mary Healy has sent yon a copy of Sansom's book which I hope you will ad-
mii'e as much as I do. Won't you try to write a review of it for one of the Eng-
lish-language publications in Japan and let me have a copy of your manuscript.
I think there is a good chance that under the joint auspices of the Japan IPR
and the Tokyo National University and with some Rockefeller Foundation help
Sansom will be able to visit Japan next fall and give a series of eight or ten
lectures, which will subsequently form the basis for a book to be published
under IPR auspices. In many ways I think it is likely to be a kind of projec-
tion of the ideas in his present book into the problems of contempoi-ary Japan.
Sansom tells me that he is now planning to work on his "swan song", a rather
general book on eighteenth century Japan with numerous incidental compari-
sons with eighteenth century Europe.
I do hope you are making some headway on your volume, "Essays on Japanese
Politics and Society." Knowing how you are apt to be interrupted by the pres-
sure of other work I hope you will try to finish each chapter one by one and
send along the revised manuscript as soon as possible rather than keeping the
whole book until all the revisions and additional chapters have been completed.
Why not make a start with the principal chapters in the earlier mimeographed
report? Incidentally let me know if it would facilitate things if I can send you
an advance payment of say $200.00, which you can use to cover incidental clerical
or research expenses.
You may be interested to know that Bob Fearey, who is still in the Northeast
Asia Division of the State Department, has just completed a 50,000 word supple-
ment to Ed Martin's earlier IPR book. The Allied Occupation of Japan. We
hope to produce the revised and enlarged edition within the next four months
or so.
I would be most grateful to have any news from you on research developments
in the Japan IPR. Perhaps you can get Okubo to tell you what is happening
and also to remind Matsuo to write me soon about the new projects which I
discussed with the Japan IPR people.
All good wishes to Irene and yourself.
Yours,
William L. Holland, Secretary-General.
cc: PEL.
MFH.
5022 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 853
Canadian Liaison Mission,
Tokyo, 5th January, 1950.
W. L. Holland, Esq.,
Sc&y, Pacific Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1 East 54th Street,
New York 2, N. Y.
Dear Bill : I presume you have returned to New York by now from your world
jaunt. I would very much like to have an opportunity of seeing some of your
observations on the countries you visited. I trust that you will write up some
aspects of your trip in one of the I. P. R. publications.
I am sending you by the same mail a copy of my work on Ando Shoeki, which
was finally published last month. I think Kenkyusha did a respectable job
oi printing, although I must say that the Asiatic Society format is not the most
attractive in the world. On the first day after publication, I hastily picked up
some of the misprints I noticed and the printer obligingly struck off a page of
errata, which is enclosed with the copy. One or two which I missed I shall
take the liberty of correcting marginally. The work, I fear, shows signs of com-
position at different periods of time but, since it is after all a rather enlarged
essay, it may not affect the argument too seriously. I know I shall be open to
the criticism that I have magnified the subject out of its proper proportion making
Shoeki appear a more orginial or incisive figure than some might think he de-
serves. I should be happy to have your frank opinion on this subject and on-
any other feature of the work on which you feel like commenting. Although
I am sending this book to you personally, I should be grateful if you would
make use of it by reviewing it yourself or, if you are too busy, have someone-
else on yrur staff review it for an I. P .R. publication — preferable Pacific Affairs.
I am asking the editor of the Asiatic Society, who is for the current year Doa
Brown, Civil Information and Education Section, General Headquarters, to mail
a few copies to the institutions or publications on Far Eastern subjects.
As you may have noticed, our Secretary of State for External Affairs, Mr.
Pearson, is coming with a large delegation to Japan at the end of this month
after the Cole mbo Conference and will stay for about four days. Naturally,
things will be quite hectic for a while before and after the visit but, unless I am
in the very near future given another assignment, which is always possible
after the length of time I have been here, I intend to get down to some work on
the series of essays which we discussed on Japanese political and biographical
subjects.
With all good wishes for the coming year to both Doreen and you,
Yours sincerely,
Hebbeet.
Exhibit No. 854
Canadian Liaison Mission,
Tokyo, February 13, 1950.
Mr. W. L. Holland,
Secretary-Oeneral, Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 E. 5Jfth Street, New York 22, New York.
Deiar Bill : Many thanks for your letter of January 25 in which you acknowl-
edge receipt of my book. I am delighted, of course, to know that Sansom is re-
viewing it and he wrote me a very kind letter about it. I still have not received
his book, "The Western World and Japan," but am naturally looking forward to
it keenly. I would be honoured to review it, although I would like to take my
time and do as thorough a job as possible.
I must confess that I haven't made much headway on my "Essays on Japanese
politics and society," except to continue accumulating fresh material for other
sections. It is very thoughtful of you to suggest making an advance of $200 to
assist in clerical and research expenses. For the present, I think I had better
decline this kind offer, but may I take a rain check on it so that, when I feel the
work is making real progress, then I would have less scruples about taking it?
At the present, that time is a little remote although my intention to go on is
Still as strong as ever.
I have remembered you to the IPR people here.
With kind regards from both Irene and myself.
Yours sincerely,
Herbert.
E. H. Norman.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5023
Exhibit No. 853
April 26, 1950.
Mr. Charles Loomis,
American Institute of Pacific Relations, Dillingham Building Annex,
Halekamvila Street, Honolulu 16, T. H.
Dear Charles : Thanks for your personal note of April 24 enclosing a copy of
your note to Clayton Lane. Needless to say there are bound to be some adverse
effects on the IPR from all the McCarthy and Budenz charges. On the other
hand, it seems pretty clear from the categorical refutations of Budenz which
Bella Dodd and Browder are making that the myth about the IPR as a communist
organization will be pretty well exploded. While the next 2 months are going to
be very difficult for the American IPR, I am confident that it will weather the
storm and that the IPR's prospects will then be pretty bright. For your strictly
confidential information, I may tell you that the Rockefeller Foundation ofiicers
are going to recommend that a special and very exceptional grant be made to
both the American IPR and the Pacific Council at the June meeting of the
Foundation. Again for your personal information alone, I can tell you that
there is a good prospect that the Ford Foundation (which officially has not yet
begun to operate) will make a special preliminary grant to the Pacific Council
for research on Southeast Asia. I know that our appeal to the Ford Foundation
has had the specific and enthusiastic backing of Arthur Bean, Sir George San-
som, Phil Jessup, Dean Rusk, and Huntington Gilchrist.
As you probably know we have had some excellent publicity, notably in the
Washington Post, where Alfred Friendly ran a very long article exposing Kohl-
berg and enthusiastically supporting the IPR (Sunday issue of April 23).
There is always, of course, the chance that Foundation trustees may be
panicked by some new spectacular development, but my own guess is that this
will not happen and that there is a good chance that the IPR can even benefit in
the long run from the present attacks upon it. So I certainly hope you will go
ahead vigorously with your Pacific House scheme. I think it is wonderful that
you have been able to put this over so well at a time like this, and I only wish
the New York office could point to an achievement like yours.
All good wishes.
Yours sincerely,
William L. Holland,
Secret ary-Oeneral.
Exhibit No. 856
May 17, 1950
Sir George Sanson,
Chnndos Lodge, Eye, Suffolk, England.
Dear Sir George : As you know, the various charges by Senator McCarthy and
Louis Budens against Owen Lattimore have included references to the I. P. R.
as a pro-communist organization or as harboring a communist "cell" in past
years. Despite the statements issued by Lane, President Raymond Allen, myself
and others, these insinuations are likely to continue as long as the attack on
the State Department's Far Eastern policy is kept up. They are being made
continually by certain newspaper columnists, notably George Sokolsky in the
Hearst press. The latest blast comes from a sheet called "Counterattack" which
asserts that the IPR is still employing communists and publishing communist
reports. Specifically they complain about the following items in our current
international research program: "The Impact of SCAP on Japanese Life" by
T. A. Bisson ; "Documents on Soviet Far Eastern Policy Since Yalta" by William
Mandel ; "Philippine Nationalism" by Abraham Chapman ; "Notes on Labor
Problems in Nationalist China During the War" by Israel Epstein (this last
having been published in mimeographed form last year).
These studies are all under the auspices of the International Secretariat,
not the American IPR. Two of them, those by Epstein and by Chapman, were
originally started (in 1943 and 1946) by the American IPR with funds given
by the American People's Fund (Fred Field's money). After the American
IPR Executive Committee, on my recommendation, had appointed Clayton
Lane to be Executive Secretary, I explained the background of these two projects
to him. Because the projects did not directly concern American policy, and
because I wanted him to be free to operate as he wished without being hampered
5024 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
by any past commitments involving such a controversial figure as Field, I
suggested that the two studies be put under the auspices of the International
Secretariat. This was done and the unspent portion of the funds was returned
to Field.
After some delay Epstein completed his manuscript. After being read and
criticized by Lattimore, Fairbank and me, it was edited and somewhat shortened
by Lillienthal and then issued in mineographed form last year. It's a factual
study of limited historical interest and has not aroused criticism from reviewers.
Any way it's over the dam.
The Chapman study has also been delayed. He promised to submit the com-
plete manuscript at the end of 1949. I phoned him the other day and he told
me that the report is about 90 percent finished and that he will definitely submit
the whole manuscript before the middle of Jvme. It's quality is hard to predict
but I expect it will contain (besides historical background) a great deal of
accurate and hitherto not generally available information on Philippine politics
and parties. He knows a lot about the Philippine political situation.
Chapman is under attack because, as he readily states, he was elected In 1945
as a member of the New York State Committee of the Communist Party. I think
it is almost certain that he is still a communist. As far as I know this is the
only case in the IPR research program involving a study by a communist party
member. It thus constitutes a good test case of whether we should follow our
traditional practice of judging a study on its merits, in the light of comments
from qualified critics, or of deciding in advance whether to accept or reject it in
the light of the author's communist party membership. My own past policy, and
the one I would still recommend despite its unpopularity these days, is to decide
on the basis of the manuscript. I've .so informed Chapman and have also told
him that the manuscript will undoubtedly be read with a very critical eye and
that I can give him no assurance it will be accepted for publication. To me it
would seem absurd and cowardly at this late date for us to disown the study in
advance after it's been on our lists for several years.
My idea would be to have the manuscript read by such people as Claude Buss
(Stanford University), Laurence Salisbury, one person on the Philippine desk
in the Research Division of the State Department, one qualified Filipino, and one
qualified businessman with knowledge of the contemporary Philippine scene. If
the comments are generally adverse, and if on the basis of them I conclude that
it would not be feasible to get the study satisfactorily revised, I presume we shall
drop any idea of publication. If the comments are generally favorable, then I
would like your advice on how to proceed. One possibility would be to go ahead
with such editorial revision as seems justified in the light of the readers' com-
ments but to postpone final publication arrangements until the matter of policy
has been decided by the International Research Committee and the Pacific Coun-
cil at the Lucknow Conference. Another possibility would be to issue the study
in a mimeographed edition for restricted circulation to national councils and
research institutions, with a preface mentioning the author's communist party
membership, and perhaps including the comments of those who read the first
draft.
Admittedly it will be easier to form an opinion on this after we see a few
sample chapters, which I may receive in about two weeks. However, the ques-
tion is complicated by the fact that last January, the American I. P. R. at Clay-
ton Lane's strong insistence rejected (but paid for) an article by Chapman on
Philippine politics today, which had previously been requested by the editor
of the Far Eastern Survey, and which in quality and essential accuracy was
judged by all who read it, including Mr. Lane, as acceptable. The ground given
for rejection, was Chapman's membership on the executive committee of the
Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy, New York, an organization
which was listed as "subversive" last year by the Attorney General. The Survey
editor was unaware of this fact when she originally requested the article. The
American I. P. R. Executive Committee which was asked to rule on this point
of policy was divided in its views, but left it to Mr. Lane to decide.
Mr. Lane still feels that no manuscript should be accepted by the I. P. R.
(either American or International Secretariat) from a writer who is a Commu-
nist or a member of a policy committee of an organization listed as subversive
by the Attorney General. (The list is a very extensive one, including the Amer-
ican-Russian Institute of which Mr. Carter and Harriet Moore Gelfan have been
leading members, but not the American I. P. R.). Undoubtedly several other
members of the American I. P. R. Board of Trustees share Mr. Lane's view,
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5025
though the matter has never been put to a vote. Mr. Lane and they would of
course respect the views of the international officers and other members of the
Pacific Council, but would probably point out that since Chapman is an Amer-
ican, and since the study began under American I. P. R. auspices with a grant
from Field's American People's Fund, the publication of the report, even under
International Secretariat auspices, would provide further ammunition to those
who are already attacking the I. P. R. On the other hand it seems to me un-
likely that cancellation of the project now and suppression of the report would
do much to make our critics end their attacks, especially when the project has
been included on our lists for the last five years, and when both Pacific Affairs
and Far Eastern Survey have previously (in 1946) published articles by Chap-
man.
As for Bisson, he is now teaching at the University of California and carrying
on his study of industrial deconcentration in Japan with the aid of a direct grant
from the Rockefeller Foundation. He is not receiving any grant from the I. P. R.
but we are committed to helping in the eventual publication of his book. To sug-
gest that, after publishing several of his earlier books and making several grants
to him over the past ten years, we should now become apologetic about him or
try to dissociate ourselves from him would be ridiculous.
Mandel's project is simply a collection of official Soviet diplomatic documents
and Soviet editorial comments. It is now almost finished and in order to make
it more useful, I've written to Max Beloff at Oxford asking if he would write an
introductory chapter analyzing Soviet Far Eastern policy since 1945, largely
by expanding the excellent article he has written on this topic for the June issue
of Pacific Affairs. Mandel, you will recall, is the author of the Inquiry Series
volume on The Soviet Far East and Central Asia.
I'm sorry to inflict all this on you. If it were not for the fact that the Amer-
ican I. P. R., in the public mind, is almost indistinguishable from the Interna-
tional Secretariat, I would say that we should proceed in our traditional way,
judging the research manuscrips on their merits, and pay no attention to the
McCarthy and similar attacks. What do you advise? I shall await your reply
before sending copies of the correspondence to Gilchrist and other Pacific Council
officers.
All good wishes.
Yours,
WnxiAM L. Holland,
Secretary-General.
3 Moskou 2720 28 5 17 10 CHO
Holland Inspacrel Tokyo
Exhibit No. 857
[Cablegram]
Motylev cabled Carter suggesting meet you Vladivostock July eighteenth Stop
No reply Stop Cable whether coming ; if yes, which Soviet consulate to issue
visa.
Hakondar
Jul. 6 AM 5 54.
Exhibit No. 858
W. L. Holland,
1 East 54th St. {5th floor), Neio York 22, N. T.,
Sevtetnber 12, 1950 [6.S0 p. m.].
Night letter.
Dean Rusk,
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Urgent could you kindly cable Supreme Commander urging him favorably
consider permitting Japanese delegation attend IPR conference Lucknow Octo-
ber third to fifteenth? I am advised that influential Washington recommenda-
tion is needed to assure clearances. Please phone or wire me collect if you
wish. Is there anything more I can do regarding Kahins passport? Urgently
need him at Lucknow. Can you now give me names of special American dele-
gates you would like attend Lucknow?
William L. Holland.
5026 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 859
September 16, 1950.
Personal
The Hon. Dean Rusk,
Department of State, Washington, D. C.
Dear De:.\n : I was sorry not to reach you on the phone in New York as I
wanted to ask whether you had found any well qualified Americans whom you
might especially wish to attend the Lucknow conference of the IPR as members
of the American delegation. I do hoi>e you'll let me know soon if you have any
special candidates. I'm sorry that Sen. Graham couldn't accept our invitation,
but I'm hoping now that W. W. Waymack will accept the offer of a grant from the
Carnegie Endowment to enable him to go to Lucknow.
Ordinarily we don't include government officials in the American delegation
to an IPR conference, but Lane previously wrote Loy Henderson asking him to
consider sending someone not in a policy-making position and preferably not
a regular foreign service officer. Henderson declined, saying that he disliked
making any such distinctions in his staff. I've told him, however, that I'd like
to discuss the matter further with him in New Delhi, as it might be possible for
us to include one or two specialists, such as cultural or agricultural or informa-
tion officers of the Embassy in the delegation if you thought it desirable. I'd
like your advice on the matter, as it sometimes raises touchy questions with the
other delegations. In spite of all we say, I suspect that the Indian delegation,
and possibly some of the other groups too, may include people who are at least
mainly if not wholly government officials.
May I make an urgent and probably irregular appeal to you to lend your
weightiest support to the double IPR financial appeal which is to be considered
by the Rockefeller Foundation on September 22. As a Foundation trustee, you
probably know better than I that one or two members of the Foundation's
Executive Committee have been worried about all the McCarthy and Budenz
charges against the IPR. The officers of the Foundation have given us very
solid support, but it has been suggested to me that in this abnormal situotion,
their hand would be strengthened if an impressive body of outside testimony
and recommendations wei-e sent to President Barnard, including letters from
former Foundations officers and trustees. I have accordingly asked such people
as Raymond Fosdick, Robert G. Sproul, Stacy May and Sydnor Walker if they
would submit letters, and have also asked General Marshall, as an IPR trustee,
to do likewise if possible before he officially assumes his new job. Your own
position in this question is peculiarly important and Mr. Swope and I would
therefore appreciate it greatly if you could see your way to indicate your belief
in the importance of the IPR at this time. Your words of support for us to the
Ford Foundation were very influential, even though action on that grant has
been postponed pending the forthcoming appointment of a director for the
foundation
Yours,
W. L. Holland.
Exhibit No. 860
12-12-50 — Pacific Council Officers
Chairman — Arthur H. Dean, partner, Sullivan & Cromwell, attorneys. New York.
Vice-Chairmen — Edgar Mclnnis (Canada), Professor of History, University of
Toi'onto.
Paul Emile Naggiar (France), former French Ambassador to
the United States.
S. Kitadai (Japan), former President, Reconstruction Finance
Bank.
A. B. A. Haleem (Pakistan) , President, Sind University.
Manuel Elizalde (Philippines), Elizalde &, Co., Manila.
Chairman, Research Committee — Sir George Sanson, Director, East Asian
Institute, Columbia University, New York.
Chairman, Finance Committee — Laurence Heyworth, Lever Brothers, London.
Chairman, Program Committee — D. R. Gadgil, Director, Gokhale Institute of
Economics and Politics, Poona.
Secretary General — W. L. Holland.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
National Councils
5027
I'ACmC COUNCIL MEMBERS NATIONAL SECRETABIES
Australian Institute of International Affairs
369 George Street, Sydney, Australia
Norman Cowper George Caiger
Canadian Institute of International Affairs
230 Bloor Street West, Toronto 5, Canada
R. G. Cavell Douglas MacLennan
Comite d'Etudes des Problemes du Pacifique
54 rue de Varenne, Paris VII, France
Paul Emile Naggiar
H. N. Kunzru
S. Kitadai
R. O. McGechan
A. B. A. Haleem
Manuel Elizalde
Eugene Zhukov
Indian Council of World Affairs
Kashi House, Connaught Place
New Delhi, India
Roger Levy
A. Appadorai
Nihon Taiheiyo Mondai Chosakai
Room 602, Mitsui Sango Kan
No. 1, 2-chome, Muromachi
Nihombaslii, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
M. Matsuo
New Zealand Institute of International Affairs
9 Himalaya Crescent, Khandallah
Wellington, New Zealand
J. F. Northey
Pakistan Institute of International Affairs
Frere Hall, Karachi, Pakistan
K. Sarwar Hasan
Philippine Council, I. P. R.
State Building, Rizal Avenue, Manila, P. I.
Quirino Gregorio
U. S. S. R. Council of the I. P. R.
Volhonka 14, Moscow, U. S. S. R.
Arthur Creech Jones
Royal Institute of International Affairs
10, St. Jame's Square
London, S. W. 1, England
Edward C. Carter
American Institute of Pacific Relations
1 East 54th Street
New York 22, N. Y., U. S. A.
Ivison S. Macadam
K. R. C. Greene
Asst. Secretary
INTEBNATIONAL SECEETAJEHAT, INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS, 1 EAST 54 ST.,
New York, N. Y.
Exhibit No. 861
1 February 1951.
Justice William O. Douglas,
Supreme Court,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Justice Douglas : I am sending you an advance copy of a preliminary
report on the Lucknow Conference, entitled : Asian Nationalism and Western
Policies, containing the rapporteurs' summaries of the discussions and the
opening speech by Prime Minister Nehru. I think you will be interested in many
of the points brought out in the discussions.
In view of the widespread publicity which the Lucknow Conference evoked in
the press of India, Pakistan, Japan, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and
the United States, you will be interested to see the enclosed copy of some of
the Soviet news dispatches and radio broadcasts on the Conference.
The IPR is now also distributing copies of the recently published volume
Indian-American Relations which summarizes the discussions at the India-
America Conference held in Delhi in December 1949 under the auspices of the
American Institute of Pacific Relations and the Indian Council of World
5028 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Affairs. Many passages in this volume have an important bearing on the present
day relationships between India and the United States. The volume also pro-
vides a useful companion study to the American IPR's previously published book,
India and the United States by L. K. Rosinger.
Sincerely yours,
William L. Holland,
Executive Vice Chairman.
Exhibit No. 862
Ref. PA132
(Penciled:) WLH
Foreign Languages Press,
26, Kuo Hui Chieh, Peking, China, Mar. 22, 1951.
Mr. S. B. Thomas,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 E 5/fth St., New York 22, U. 8. A.
Dear Sir: Your letter addressed to the China Information Bureau has been
forwarded to this Press. We noted that you asked for quite a voluminious set
of documentary materials pertaining to the local administration of the Republic
of China, and also its people's representative organs. As you probably know,
this Press has published a lot of those documents in English and other foreign
languages and your library has acquired a copy of more of each of these publica-
tions. Undoubtedly these cannot meet all your requirements ; but we can hardly
contribute anything more from our own sources. Of course we will be glad
to help you in this connection, but we have to be furnished first with an official
letter from your Institute signed by the Secretary-General with which we can
more conveniently approach other organisations on your behalf.
Hoping to hear from you again,
Yours sincerely,
V. G. Tseng,
V. G. Tseng,
Circulation Department, Foreign Languages Press.
Exhibit No. 863
The Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 54th Street, New York 22, N. Y., April 5, 1951.
Mr. V. G. Tseng,
Circulation Department, Foreign Languages Press,
26, Kuo Hui Chieh, Peking, China.
Dear Mr. Tseng : In reference to your letter of March 22 to Mr. S. B. Thomas,^
of the staff of the Institute of Pacific Relations, I would like to repeat his request
for documentary material on local government in the People's Republic of China.
I would be most grateful if you could arrange to send us the texts of important
documents (other than those contained in the publications you have already
sent us) on the organization, status, and function of organs of local govern-
ment on the county, municipal, and provincial level.
If the relevant documents have been translated into English or one of the
other western languages, we would of course be happy to secure the translated
version, but, if not, would very much appreciate procuring the Chinese texts.
Thank you very much for your assistance.
Very sincerely yours,
Wiluam L. Holland,
WLH :abs Secretary General.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5029
Exhibit No. 864
April 12, 1951.
Mr. George J. Beal,
Office of the Comptroller, The Rockefeller Foundation,
49 West J,9th Street, New York 20, N. Y.
Deab Mb. Beal: This is to acknowledge with cordial thanks your letter of
April 10 enclosing a check for $10,000 for the budget of the Pacific Council of
the I. P. R.
In accordance with your request I am enclosing a budget for the American
I. P. R. for the period October 1, 1950, to September 30, 1951. Since tlie
American I. P. R. budget is normally made up on a calendar year basis, you will
understand that we have had to estimate the enclosed statement by taking the
actual figures for the last three months of 1950 and combining them with pro
rated budget figures for the first nine months of 1951.
"Very truly yours,
William L. Holland,
Secretary General.
WLH :abs
Enc. 2
American Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.
Budget — Calendar Year 1951
Cash Balance, January 1, 1951 $16, 330. 93
Receipts:
Foundations 22, 500. 00
Membership Contributions 44, 394. 00
Other Income 400. 00
Far Eastern Survey, subscriptions 7, 000. 00
Royalties 500.00
Total $91, 124. 93
Expenditures:
Administration $26, 202. 00
Grant to Pacific Council 9, 000. 00
Far Eastern Survey 18, 885. 00
Library 1, 650. 00
Research 6, 400. 00
Publications 5, 150. 00
Conferences & Meetings 3, 900. 00
Services to Members - 4, 435. 00
Promotion 2, 000. 00
Total $77, 622. 00
Balance to be carried forward 12/31/51 13, 502. 93
$91, 124. 93
5030
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
American Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.
Budget — Receipts and Expenditures, October 1, 1950-8eptemier SO, 1951**
Rec & Exp
Oct-Dee
1950
Budget Jan-
Sept 1951
Tot9l re-
ceipts & Ex-
penditures
Cash Balance, October 1, 1950
Receipts:
Foundations.. -
Membership contributions
Other Income
Far Eastern Survey, subscriptions-
Royalties -
$5, 946. 51
»15, 000. 00
10, 635. 00
10.05
2, 374. 42
164. 38
$16, 875. 00
33, 295 50
300. 00
5, 250. 00
375. 00
$5, 946. 51
31,875.00
43, 930. 50
310 05
7, 624. 42
539. 38
Total.
,$34, 130. 36
$56, 095. 50
$90, 225. 86
Disbursements:
Administration
Grand to Pacific Council -
Research
Conferences & Meetings..
Library .
Services to Members
Publications
Far Eastern Survey
Promotion
$5, 844. 62
4, 000. 00
1,644.73
1, 285. 07
325 02
739. 56
155. 00
3, 751. 76
53.67
$19,651.50
6, 750. 00
4, 800. 00
2, 925. 00
1, 237. 50
3, 326. 25
3, 862. 50
14, 163. 75
1,500,00
$25, 496. 12
10, 750. 00
6, 444. 73
4,210.07
1, 562, 52
4, 065, 81
4. 017. 50
17,915.51
1, ,553. 67
Cash Balance, December 31, 1950
Septembei 30, 1951 (to be carried forward) .
Total
$17, 799, 43
*16, 330. 93
$58, 216. 50
$76, 015. 93
""l4,209,93
$34, 130. 36
$58, 216. 50
0, 225, 86
•$7,500 of this amount earmarked for 1951.
**Oct. 1, 19.50 -December 31, 1950, receipts and expenditures based on actual figures.
Jan. 1, 1951-Sept. 30, 1951 prorated on basis of budget for the year 1951.
Exhibit No. 865
The Rockefeller Foundation,
49 West 49th Street, Netv York 20, April 10, 1951.
Mr. William L. Holland,
Secretary General, Institute of Pacific Relations,
One East 54th Street, New York 22, New York.
Dear Mr. Holland : We are enclosing herewith our check for $10,000, cover-
ing the balance available for the period ending December 31, 1951, under appro-
priation RF 50092 to the Pacific Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations,
toward the general budget.
We note that the budget for the year 1951 under our appropriation RF 50090
to the American Institute of Pacific Relations totals $77,622.00. Before making
further payments under this grant, we would appreciate receiving a budget for
the year beginning October 1, 1950. In connection with your requirements for
this period, a check in the amount of $15,000 was forwarded to you in accordance
with the request in your letter of October 3, 1950,
Very truly yours,
George J. Beal.
fg
Enclosure — 1 Check
Exhibit No. 866
August 14, 1951.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
The Dodge Hotel,
20 E Street NW., Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. ( 'arter : To refresh your memory for the hearing on Thursday, here
is my recollection of the memo I wrote you on September 1940 from Berkeley
about Phil's forthcoming trip to Shanghai. The Phil, of course, is Phil Lilien-
thal, at that time my research assistant working with me in Berkeley. We sent
him out to Shanghai to supervise the publication of a large number of IPR
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5031
studies which we planned to have printed in Shanghai by Kelly & Walsh. In
my memo, I was obviously telling you about the manuscripts he would be taking
with him.
Morris possibly thinks Phil is either Jessup or JafCe,
If you are asked why I said secret messages should be sent to Lilienthal in
care of Herb Norman in Tokyo, I hope you will say it was a perfectly normal
thing and meant only that there might be some question (e. g., relating to the
China IPR or to the Inquiry Series) which we didn't want to come to the
attention of the Japanese IPR office, which was Lilienthal's ordinary mailing
address in Tokyo. At that time, the Japanese were opposing our plan to go ahead
with the Inquiry Series and were also criticizing the Secretariat as being too
pro-Chinese.
Yours,
William L. Holland,
Executive Vice Chairman.
WLH : abs
Exhibit No. 889
js.
State of New York,
County of New York, ss:
I have examined the documents described in the list annexed hereto as
Exhibit Z. While I have a present recollection of only a few of them, I am
satisfied that these documents, subject to the comments noted below, are letters
or memoranda received by me or photostatic copies thereof, or copies of letters
or memoranda sent by me to others or photostatic copies of such copies :
Document
Atomic Energy and U. S. Int.
Policy. Summary of a Round-
table Conf. under joint auspices
of IPR and S. F. International
Center. JAN. 1946. File No.
122.41.
Harriet Moore, Edward C. Carter.
March 2, 1943. File No. 500.38.
9. W. L. Holland, Edward C. Carter.
March 26, 1943. File No. 100.402.
16. Invitation list of May 8 meeting
46. Raymond Dennett (Return to).
Report on Washington Office Dec.
1943-March 1945. File No.
122.37.
47. MAS RY (Report) April 16, 1945.
File No. 122.37.
Comment
was not present at the meeting de-
scribed in this document, nor do I
know by whom this document was
prepared.
The second page of this document is a
memorandum to me from HM. This
memorandum appears to have no re-
lation to the first page of this docu-
ment.
The second memorandum set forth on
this document appears to be incom-
plete.
The date of the meeting referred to is
May 6.
I do not know whether or not I have
seen these documents before. Neither
of them was prepared by me or ad-
dressed to me.
Edward C. Carter.
Sworn to before me this 9th day of May, 1952.
[seal] Irene R. Donohue,
Notary Public, State of New York.
Qualified in Queens County No. 41-6061300. Certs, filed with Queens, Kings,
New York, and Bronx County Clerks and Regs. Offices, Westchester & Nassau
Co. Clerks Offices. Commission Expires March 30, 1954.
(The documents referred to by Mr. Carter are exhibits Xos. 901,
907, 909, 916, 946, and 947.)
5032
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 900
To—
From-
Date
File
1m umber
Exhibit
Number
Atomic Energy and U. S. Int. Policy.
Summary of a Roundtable Conf. under
joint auspices of IPR and S. F. Inter-
national Center.
Frederick V. Field
Edgar J. Tarr
W. L. Holland and Background informa-
tion "The Strength of the Muslim
League in India."
Misses Carter
Harriet Moore
W. L. Holland
W. L. Holland
Mabel Carter
Richard J. Walsh
Henry C. Alexander
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
■Capt. John L. Christian
Invitation list of May 8 meeting
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Col. Truman M. Martin
W. W. Lockwood
E. C. Carter
Mortimer Graves
Lauchlin Currie
Lauchlin Currie
Invitation list of 3rd Collective Security
Meeting in the Paciflc and Far East
and list of those invited with notations.
Milo Perkins
E. C. Carter
Milo Perkins — draft to
Lauchlin Currie
Constantine Oumansky
Constantino Oumansky
John A. Carter
Mr. & Mrs. Constantine Oumansky
Mrs. Maxim Litvinofl
Eugene D. Kisselev _
Lauchlin Currie
Lauchlin Currie
E. C. Carter
William D. Carter
Dr. Robt. J. Kerner
Misses Carter
Andrew Grajdanzev
John Carter
Kate Mitchell
Raymond Dennett (Return to Report on
Washington Office, Dec. 1943-March
1945.)
MAS
Andrews J. Grajdanzev
Secretary, Lithuanian Legation
E. C. Carter
Selective Service Board #53
Notes for Cleveland Speech
Speech "Soviet Russia's Contribution to
Peace."
E. C. Carter
Owen Lattimore
Owen Lattimore .
E. C. Carter
Owen Lattimore..
E. C. Carter
Ray Dennett
Ray Dennett
Notes on Mr. Carter's finances of trip
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
John L. Christian.
M. W. Pettigrew..
E. C. Carter
M. W. Pettigrew
Alger Hiss.
Truman M. Martin.
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Wm. C. Johnstone..
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter.
MOo Perkins.
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter..
E. C. Carter's secretary.
E. C. Carter..
W. D."Bill" Carter....
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
RY (Report).
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter.
K. C. Li
K. C. Li
Carter
Carter
Ray Dennett
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Ray Dennett
E. C. Carter
Owen Lattimore.
E. C. Carter
RDC
Ray Dennett.
Jan. 1946
1/29/43
2/ 3/43
3/ 1/43
3/ 1/43
3/ 2/43
3/18/43
3/26/43
4/ 1/43
4/12/43
4/12/43
4/13/43
4/ 1/43
4/- 5/43
4/29/43
4/30/43
5/ 1/43
5/ 4/43
5/10/43
5/21/43
6/ 7/43
6/ 9/43
6/15/43
6/17/43
5/26/42
6/20/42
6/28/43
7/14/43
6/30/43
7/18/43
7/20/43
7/20/43
7/20/43
8/ 4/43
8/ 1/43
8/23/43
10/15/43
11/ 4/43
11/ 8/43
11/13/43
11/15/43
11/15/43
4/16/45
12/13/43
12/22/43
3/ 7/44
3/ 7/44
3/31/44
4/14/44
1/ 7/45
2/10/45
6/ 6/45
6/18/45
6/20/45
6/25/45
9/13/45
9/26/45
10/19/45
11/19/45
122. 41
500. 34
500.35
131B.43
100. 186
500. 38
119. 78
100. 402
119.83
107. 55
100. 183
131B. 29
131B.32
191. 263
131B.31
131B.30
119. 151
191.25
100. 164
119.118
500. 39
119.8
119. 70
500. 40
500. 42
100. 187
500. 43
500. 44
500. 45
119. 68
119. 30
119.76
105. 174
100. 185
100 163
100. 188
131B.161
122. 37
122 37
100. 162
100. 202
119. 28
100 302
100. 289
122. 40
102. 43
102. 42
500. 36
102. 39
500. 41
122. 38
'ioo. 283'
119. 135
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5033
Exhibit No. 901
ATOMIC ENERGY AND UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL POLICY
SUMMART OF A ROUND-TaBLE CONFERENCE
Under joint auspices of Institute of Pacific Relations, 417 Market Street, San
Francisco 5, YUkon 1570; and San Francisco International Center, 68 Post
Street, San Francisco 4, DOuglas 2273. January 1946
(On December 29, 1945. the Institute of Pacific Relations and the San
I'l-ancisco International Center held a round-table conference running
through the day on atomic energy and its international implications.
Attending the conference were physical scientists, some of whom had
contributed to the development of the atomic bomb ; social scientists,
journalists; officers of the United States armed services; and persons
active in women's groups, labor groups, and groups interested in inter-
national relations. The agenda and a list of participants appear at the
end of this summary.)
THE facts about THE BOMB
The moderator opened the discussion by asking whether the scientists present
were agreed on the following five points which seemed to him to emerge from
what the public had heard about the atomic bomb: (1) that the bomb in its
present state of development was capable of enormous destruction and that
"improvements" in the future would almost certainly make it very much more
destriictive ; (2) that secrecy at best was only a temporary protection for the
United States because other countries would probably develop atomic bombs
shortly; (3) that the raw materials necessary for atomic bomb production were
readily available to all great powers and many smaller powers ; (4) that the cost
was not prohibitive; and (5) that no adequate defense against atomic bombs
existed at present or was likely to be found soon.
Recently, however, the moderator had read statements attributed to a high
military authority that cast doubt on some of these conclusions. The talk about
a push-button war, according to these statements, was exaggerated. The people
of this country had no need to fear being atomized by a hostile power. Wash-
ington, D. C, would not be bombed during the lifetime of most people now living
because the United States had the production and engineering know-how to
build the bomb, which other countries lacked. These factors were just as essen-
tial in the making of the bomb as the scientific contributions. The military
authority was said to have declared that the scientists were not engineering ex-
perts and therefore were not qualified to judge the time required for other nations
to produce the bomb.
A scientist who had contributed to the development of the bomb declared that
he agreed with the five points put forward by the moderator. The bomb had
tremendous destructive power at present and was susceptible of great develop-
ment. He suggested the possibility that in the future atomic energy would have
other wartime applications than its original use in blasting Japanese cities.
Radioactive materials might be used, for example, against personnel and agri-
culture. To keep the scientific principles behind the bomb from being known in
other nations was impossible. Moreover, these principles were the critical ele-
ments in its making. The scientists themselves had suggested much of the en-
gineering that went into the making of the bomb. And, since the need for speed
was paramount, practically all of the devices and techniques used were taken
from other operating industries. Any advanced industrial nation could get the
raw materials— uranium and thorium were well scattered over the world — and
make a bomb in reasonable time. No effective defense exists now nor seems likely
in future.
A second scientist who had contributed to the making of the bomb agreed. In
his opinion, quite possibly the present state of the bomb was to its future develop-
ment as the muzzle-loading cannon was to present-day artillery. A policy of
secrecy would only spur on development of the bomb in other countries, now that
the United States had proved its production feasible. For the fundamental
secret was released when the bomb was dropped — namely, that atomic energy
could be harnessed for destruction. Much additional information was contained
in the oflicial Smyth report. Several different methods were available at each
stage of the bomb's manufacture, and foreign nations would probably not be
SS34S — 52— pt. 14 — — n
5034 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
forced to make the same mistakes we did in its hurried development in wartime.
Another scientist suggested that in peacetime the development of the bomb
might go on faster in the Soviet Union than in the United States. P'or the
U. S. S. R. seems to support its scientists more wholeheartedly than this nation
does. Money was no object on a state-supported project, the scientists being
given everything they needed to produce the desired results. As for secrecy,
that was a hope unjustified by the facts of scientific life.
THE STATE OF PUBLIC OPINION
What is the state of American public opinion about the bomb? the moderator
questioned. Are the people fully and accurately informed about the matter, and
are they reacting in a way that will eventuate in reaching rational solutions to
the problems of the new atomic age?
One word describes the present public mind about atomic energy, a journalist
replied, and that word is fear. The public may have a fuzzy hope that interna- •
tional peace can be obtained by international agreement, but that feeling is sec-
ondary to an almost universal fear — a fear that otlier powers will get the bomb
and will use it. And out of that fear comes an instinctive reaction on the part
of the public that we can and should keep the bomb a secret, and through its
possession write the world ticket for the future. One of the greatest needs of the
hour, he continued, is for a great amount of public education and information,
and that as rapidly as possible.
Will public opinion support the cession of a part of our sovereignty in order to
make international control of atomic power possible? a scientist asked. There
is no indication, a journalist answered, that the public today has even the fog-
giest notion of what such regulation will do to our sovereignty. Without that
understanding, bow can the people answer the question of whether they would
be willing to surrender a part of it? A physicist commented that, unfortunately,
with such a state of public opinion, some of our better Senators, who are con-
stantly asking how much of the wise and decent thing they can "get away with,"
will not feel constrained to fight very hard for intelligent action.
A social scientist observed that at a closed meeting of business men in New
York recently a high official of the army argued for keeping the bomb as a power
instrument and the audience had seemed to agree with his arguments. A labor
educator queried whetlier the May-Johnson bill with its reactionary insistence on
secrecy and tight national control was still the official policy of the military. Or
are the armed forces willing to follow the Moscow agreement, which alters the
May- Johnson concepts? There has not been and is not now an official military
policy, an officer of the armed services replied. That is a matter for the people
of the United States to decide. Another officer concurred. And to aid the people
to decide intelligently, it was generally agreed by all present, an immediate na-
tional campaign of education on the facts of the bomb and its implications for the
future was vitally needed.
THE STATE OF FOREIGN OPINION
The moderator read a newspaper dispatch from Moscow giving "man in the
street" interviews on the atomic bomb. A 38-y?ar-old woman, a dressmaker, had
said she wished the bomb had never been invented. She was afraid that the
attempt of the United States to monopolize it would not be in the interests of
the people of the world. And, she added, she hoped the inventors of the bomb
would find no peace on this earth ! Was this typical of foreign opinion, asked the
moderator?
An educator recently back from a United Nations meeting replied that he was
afraid it was. All over the world there was a sweeping feeling that peoples and
nations must cooperate culturally, politically, and in every way if civilization
were to continue. I'eople felt that it was impossible to keep the atomic bomb the
secret possession of the United States, and that it would be undesirable if it were
possible. For that would lead to suspicion and armed competition, which would
be the final disaster. All during the war Europe has been socially as well as
politically isolated. We should take immediate advantage ol' this emotional
desire by removing all obstructions from the free interchange of technical, po-
litical, artistic and literary ide;is. A scientist agreed that one of the most imme-
diate needs was the launching of such a widespread intercultural program to
encourage free interchange of all types of information, including information
related to potential military weapons.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5035
CONTROL OF ATOMIC WEAPONS
A labor member stated that he understood we were continuing to make atomic
bombs. Why are we still making them, and against whom are we planning to
use them, he queried? Is this not a threat to all other nations and to the suc-
cessful construction of a working international organization?
A scientist replied that it would be a fine thing if we stopped making them
immediately. But a college otticial disagreed. As long as we maintain an army
for future wars that army should be as efficient as possible and shovild have the-
best tools of destruction available. He remembered that he personally had been
against the fortification of Guam before the recent war and had lived to regret
deeply his stand. Only with effective international control and policemen would
he be willing to see this nation disarm atomically.
An officer of the armed services observed that perhaps international control
was not the only solution to the problem. He suggested that the United States
could possibly stop future wars by maintaining its superiority in atomic re-
search and by building up such an overwhelming stockpile of atomic bombs that
it would be foolhardy for another nation to attack us. One of the principal
reasons why gas was not used against us in the recent war, he observed, was that
we had more of it than the Germans did.
Disagreeing, a scientist replied that we could not be at all sure that we could
continue our sui>eriority in either the research for, or the production of, atomic
bombs. The development of science is one of the most unpredictable things on
this earth. But even if we did remain superior, this policy would lead straight
to an armaments race and catastrophe.
A second officer of the armed services added that if atomic bombs were still
being manufactured it should be remembered that they were being made with the
explicit approval of the President, who was in a much better position to know
about our po.ssible future military needs than anyone sitting in this room. Ap-
parently, a journalist added, the President is supported by public opinion. For
the public obviously believes that another war is not only possible but probable,
and because of that conviction it demands that we have the best engines of
destruction in the world.
Whether this nation should stop making atomic bombs immediately or only
after international control has been evolved was a moot question as was the ques-
tion of revealing or not revealing such "secrets" as we still possess. But there
was little doubt in the majority of minds about the need for ijositive and immedi-
ate action in organizing some type of workable international control. As one
social scientist put it, this is a time of tragic urgency. Unless we solve this
in-oblem now, we shall inevitably drift into an atomic arms race, the catastrophic
effects of which are all too foreseeable. Agreed to also was the remark of a
physicist that the war just ended was the "last victory" on this earth. In any
future major war the great cities on both sides will be destroyed and millions of
people will be anniiiilated. "Victory" will be a purely relative matter, of who
has the most survivors and the greatest capacity and will to fight on.
INSPECTION
Granted some form of world organization, is intei-national control of atomic
energy, backed by an etfective inspection system, technically possible, the mod-
erator questioned?
A scientist replied that he had no doubt about it, if the participating countries
honestly attempted to enforce it. Atomic bombs cannot be made in an abandoned
cellar. Their manufacture requires elaborate machinery and laboratory equip-
menr, whii h are readily detectable. But, a journalist added, inspection of atomic
energy was not enough. The world Is now in a feverish race, not alone in atomic
weapons but in all types of new and deadly armaments. Jet planes, gas turbines,
supersonic speeds and push-button rockets are all being developed. Consequently,
there would have to be inspection of all tj'pes of armament. The fundamental
problem was to stop the outbreak of war. For once hostilities started, and in-
ternational control was abandoned, the atom bomb could be made by any major
nation and would undoubtedly be used.
A social scientist, who had worked for a number of years with the League
of Nations, was of the opinion that the technical problem of inspection would
uoc be too difficult, judging from the experience with the control of opium. One
possible safeguard, for example, was a free interchange of information. The
refusal of any country to make evidence available could be construed as prima
5036 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
facie evidence of something wrong. The problem was really political, not
technical. But because it was political it was perhaps more dilficult to solve.
Certainly, a tremendous revolution in our ways of thought and action would
have to precede or accompany the adoption of a genuine inspection system.
For that would mean opening every industrial laboratory and every factory
door in the world to the official inspectors. It was obvious that our concepts
of secrecy by competitive industries and our theory of patents might offer
obstacles to such a development.
A scientist interjected that efficient inspection would have to be in some
instances by visit and search. We could no longer rely on the negative safe-
guard of a scientist's desire to publish. Most of the research done in this
country today was done not in the university laboratory where publication
always had been and is automatic, except where the government steepped in.
But rather it was done in industrial laboratories where the emphasis was upon
withholding information from possible competitors. In some instances that
condition had greatly changed the traditional concept of freedom in science.
Would the various nations of the world, for example the U. S. S. R., accept
international inspection, the moderator asked?
A member who had devoted particular study to the U. S. S. R. replied that
in the first international meeting of scientists since the war the Russians held
nothing bacli. The desire of the U. S. S. R. for secrecy is commensurate with
tlieir feeling of insecurity. Once the U. S. S. R. feels secure from military in-
vasion, he thought, it will be completely willing to exchange any and all
information.
But would not a system of thoroughgoing international inspection mean a
drastic change in the Russian way of doing things and be harder for them to
accept than for us, a scientist queried?
A military officer thought not. Once the Russian government accepted it, the
whole nation would accept it . For the Russians are accustomed to such
inspection from above. Private industry in the United States, on the contrary,
is not. Even if our government did officially accept such a system, it would
meet with great opposition in practice by private corporations throughout the
country.
A journalist agreed. If the General Motors Corporation will not open its
books to a government committee on prices and wages, it is probable that it
will object strenuously to opening its laboratories and factories to foreign
inspectors. International inspection clearly means a sweeping change in our
ideas about private enterprise and private gain through the use of private
information.
But, several members interposed, the information obtained could be held con-
fidential by the international inspectors. After all, we have had inspection by
income tax authorities and various government enforcement agencies for a long
time. The Department of Commerce regularly gets statistical information from
business firms which it agrees not to publish except as industry totals.
Should not the United Nations Organization run some atomic laboratories of
its own, the moderator asked? It could invite all the world's leading scientists
to work in these laboratories from time to time. In that way the UNO would
know more about atomic energy than any single nation in the world, and full
disclosure and interchange of new developments would be more assured.
There seems to be no intention to do that, replied an educator just returned
from a UNO meeting. For one thing, it would cost too much, and the resulting
huge budget would imperil the life of the entire organization. No, the answer
lies in world control and inspection. And our willingness, or lack of it, to accept
inspection will be a test of whether we are acting in entire good faith in our
efforts to build a world dedicated to amity and security for all peoples.
We should be extremely careful about vetoing any proposition aiding control
and inspection, even though it concerns what we believe to be our own business,
a social scientist added, or it may set a precedent we might live to regret. New
Zealand objected to a League committee investigating a local squabble with the
natives in one of their mandated territories. On tlie basis of that precedent the
League was barred from investigating the state of things in the Japanese man-
dated islands of the Pacific.
I am ready to accept whatever changes in our life effective control of atomic
power necessitates, a journalist stated. I would much rather welcome a Russian
inspector representing the United Nations, than a Russian atomic bomb.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5037
THE PREVENTION OF WAR AND THE UNITB3) NATIONS ORGANIZATION
The next question the moderator posed was whether the present structure of
the United Nations Organization was adequate to fulfill its mission in an atomic
world. Should the veto power reserved by the five great nations be altex-ed?
Many people of world importance, including some statesmen, think that the veto
power and the control of the atomic bomb are irreconcilable. Some, indeed, feel
that we must have a world state now with plenary powers if we are to preserve
our present civilization from disaster.
A social scientist answered that it was a proper procedure to place the respon-
sibility for the control of the atomic bomb squarely on the backs of the great
powers. The idea that all nations large and small should be given equal repre-
sentation and power in an international body has come from all the nonsense
that has been thought and written about sovereignty. To give a nation of five
million inhabitants as much power as a nation with one hundred and seventy-
five millions could not be considered democratic. Modern wars are started by
conflict between the great powers. And it does not make any difference to an
aggressor nation whether it is outvoted four to one or forty to one. The abolition
of the veto power would at this time simply enlarge the sphere of possible dis-
harmony among- the major nations.
Accepting this as true, a scientist believed that the veto power was necessary
under present circumstances. The public, he felt, is not ready to discuss the
veto i)ower, because it seemed to be beside the point. What is needed immedi-
ately is not new machinery but agreement among the great powers.
A college administrator added that the reason why no one at the meeting
was willing to speak for the abolition of the veto was that everyone recognized
that our present popular belief in national sovereignty would make it imjwssible
for either the U. S. S. R. or our own Senate to agree to such a step. We have this
fixation about sovereignty and we have to live with it at least a little while
longer.
RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION
Throughout the meeting, the moderator had observed numerous references
to the U. S. S. R. when the members had speculated on the possibility of keeping
the peace. Apparently, in common with many other people in this country, the
members of this group felt that the gi'eatest potential danger to the peace of
the future lies in the possibility of deteriorating relations between the United
States and Russia. The moderator realized that many people in this nation
are worried, for example, about the Russian policy toward the smaller states
neighboring her. Occasionally there is also a fear expressed in this country that
the Red army may take over the control of the Russian state. And these fears
of ours are also undoubtedly reciprocated by Russian fears about the policy
of the United States. What then can be done here and in Russia to encourage
continuing good relations between the United States and the U. S. S. R.?
One of the best ways to quiet our fears, a labor educator suggested, is to
study and inform ourselves about the structure and the present condition of
the U. S. S. R. If we do, we will know that the Red army comes from the people,
is part of the people, and therefore oifers no threat of any such military domi-
nation of the government. AVe will also know that there are one million am-
putees in Russia today who have lost an arm or a leg. and that they together
with all the Russian i^eople have but one desire internationally — and that is
lasting peace. We should also find out by study that there never have been
and are not now anv irreconcilable conflicts of interest between this nation
and the U. S. S. R.
An officer of the armed forces suggested that perhaps we could use the atomic
bomb as a bargaining counter with Russia to get the things we want interna-
tionally and to obtain a foolproof International organization. To this a scientist
objected that the bomb gives no hartraining power, or very little. Within fire
years or so the Russians will probably be able to make atomic bombsL In the
meantime, we are not going to make war upon them. The people of this country
could not be persuaded to enter another war in the next five year by any gov-
ernment, unless we were attacked. They just would not support a war, and the
Russian government knows that.
A modification of Russian restrictions on the press would help our relations,
a journalist volunteered. There is as much need for international freedom
of the press as there is for free world science.
5038 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
What about looking at our own newspapers, a civic leader interjected, at our
own schools, radio, and movies? Depending upon the definition, we may have a
fr€>e press; but does it express national opinion? Judging from the campaigns
of the last three presidential elections, she thought not. It may be free, but it
certainly is not a responsible press. Many people want Russia to adopt a free
press, but would they want Russia to adopt the policies of some of the news-
papers in this country?
01)viously, a scientist added, the United States and the USSR in the future
are going to compete for the moral leadership of the world in the name of de-
mocracy. They may mean difl"erent things by democracy, but neither of them
is using anti-democratic propaganda as the Nazis were. That is important, for
perhaps one system does not have to swallow the other. Perhaps both will be
modified toward a common mean.
Why do they have to be modified to be accepted by each other, an educator
asked? Is it not possible that cultural pluralism can exist in the world without
war? If we cannot accept the fact of cultural pluralism, then we certainly are
on the broad highway to another world war.
This argument was quickly supported by a college official. Reasoning by
analogies is dangerous, he admitted, but four hundred years ago most of the
civilized world was killing one another l)ecause of religious differences. When
both sides were convinced they could not win they stopped the killing and ac-
cepted the fact of religious pluralism. And types of religion meant as much to
the seventeenth-century European as types of economics to the man in the
street today.
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE NOW
A few thousand scientists created this problem of atomic energy, the moderator
stated, but millions of people all over the world have to participate in solving
it. What can be done in the immediate future to dispel their suspicion of one
another and to create both the will and the ability among them to answer these
many difficult questions which we have been discussing?
For one thing, replied a scientist who had worked on the bomb, our own
country can take the lead in allaying suspicion by abandoning production of
atomic weapons. (There was no agreement on the timing of this move, some
holding that international acceptance of an adequate control system should
precede such a step.) Secondly, the scientist continued, we might supply atomic
power plants to nations who do not now have the needed power to develop their
raw materials. One operating uranium pile in China might be convincing testi-
mony to the Chinese, as well as the rest of the world, that we do not intend to
monopolize atomic power for our own selfish national interests.
The National Academy of Science might also further the interests of world
peace, a social scientist suggested, by reciprocating Russia's recent gesture
and inviting the scientists of the world to a conference in the United States
to discuss recent scientific progress and research. Why only science, an officer
of the armed forces asked? Why not call a world conference to talk over the
whole field of human culture and endeavor?
A college official objected that as an educator, he was dubious about per-
suading people through intellectual means rapidly enough to solve the great
problems confronting us. Through the use of symbols we might work faster
and more effectively in the emotional realm. One of the most powerful of our
symbols is the flag. Why not start a United Nations flag movement. A flag,
together with other types of persuasion, might help to create what we really
need — a new area of sovereignty, a world sovereignty.
An officer of the armed forces intervened. One of the most fundamental
things we can do in creating an attitude receptive to world organization and
enduring peace is to obtain an adequate standard of living for everyone. As
we oppose legislation in this nation calculated to assist the rest of the world
to increase its capacity to produce and to raise the world standard of living
we are opposing world peace. And as we support it we are supporting world
peace. An economist signified hearty agreement.
A most essential role in educating the public and in changing public attitudes,
a journalist declared, will be played by the scientists. At no time in the past
has the prestige of the scientists been higher with the American public. If
they remain out of their laboratory shells and continue their activity on the
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5039
platform and in the press as they have recently done, the edueational job will
he far less ditficult to perform. They should not c<mfinB their remarks to the
technical aspects of these questions, but, as in this meeting, take the responsi-
bility of discussins publicly at every opportunity all of the social implications
of their discoveries.
A scientist replied that tvpo organizations made up of scientists had already
been formed in the state of Califirnia to work for the proper world control
of atomic power. Other crroups of scientists were active in other parts of the
country and were federating natinnnlly. An association for the international
control of atomic energy, to include both scientists and nonscientists, had re-
cently been launched in this vicinity.
The organization of such small groups all over the nation should be en-
couraged, a social scienti.st concluded. It gives the movement for international
control a grass rt?ots flavor and is in the great tradition of American democracy.
But that is not enough. If these small groups are not organized into a co-
ordinated national movement for education and action, thpir energies will be
dissipated. What is needed today is a national campaign, and indeed a world
campaign. There already exist in this nation several strong and active national
organizations concerned with the maintenance of world peace. By federating
with and supporting there organizations, local groups all over the country can
best bring about their <lesire to harness atomic power for the constructive use
of mankind.
George E. Mowrt,
Kajiporteur.
The Agenda Used by the Conference
i. the situation
A. Testimony of scientists on destructiveness of atomic weapons : on probable
time required for other powers to have them regardless of secrecy ; on future
development possibilities.
B. Official policy proposals and negotiations to date.
C. The present state of public opinion, as gauged by opinion polls, by pronounce-
ments of various groups, and in other ways.
D. Official and unofficial reactions in other countries.
E. Conclusions : How urgent is the problem posed by the situation thus revealed?
In view of the fact that all participants have by now considerable back-
ground information, a relatively brief time will be spent on Topic I.
II. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
A. Control of atomic weapons.
1. National control? Probable consequences of atomic armaments com-
petition.
2. International control?
a. Methods and feasibility of inspection system.
b. Political problems, including relation to United Nations Organiza-
tion.
B. The prevention of war.
1. The United Nations Organization. What changes, if any, in the Charter
and in T'nited States policy toward the Organization are needed in
in the light of atomic weapons ?
2. Improvement of relations with other great powers, especially the
U. S. S. R. What can be done about the distrust that exists?
3. The issue of "world government." How and when?
C. Re-examination of United States military defense policies.
1. Foreseeable effects of atomic weapons on military strategy and on com-
parative power positions.
2. The relation of atomic weapons to such issues as :
a. Universal peacetime military training.
b. Naval policy and naval bases.
c. Scientific research and mobilization of scientists.
5040 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
III. HOW TO GET DONE WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE?
A. The problem of public support for constructive policies in relation to atomic
weapons.
B. What specific methods are available for education of the public, especially on
the West Coast, to the real issues involved and to the needs for positive
action?
List op Participants
Bloch, Felix, Physics Department, Stanford University
Boardman, T. D., International Center
Brewer, Leo, Chemistry Department, University of California
Clark. Mrs. Warner, International Center
Condliffe, John B., Economics Department, University of California
Cowell, Mrs. Olive Thompson, Social Science Department, San Francisco State
College .
Douglas, Mrs. W. W., League of Women Voters
Edwards. Paul C, Associate Editor, San Francisco News
Elkus, Mrs. Charles de Young, Jr., Columbia Foundation
Elliott, Robert C, San Francisco News
Greenslade, Admiral John W., USN (ret.)
Hacke, Mrs. Harold, League of Women Voters
Isaacs, Lt. Col. Irwin M., USA
Kirkpatrick, Paul H., School of Physical Sciences, Stanford University
Kefauver, Grayson N., Department of Education, Stanford University
McLaughlin, Mrs. Alfred, Institute of Pacific Relations
McWilliams, Mrs. Robert, International Center
Merner, Garfield D.
Mowry, George E. (Rapporteur) History Department, Mills College
Oppenheimer, Frank, Radiation Laboratory, University of California
Phillips, Miss Lillian M., Women's Action Committee
Roberts, Holland, California Labor School
Tilton, Mrs. L. Deming, League of Women Voters
Webster, David L., Physics Department, Stanford University
Weinberg, Joseph W., Physics Department, University of California
Wheeler, Oliver P., Director of Research, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco
White, Dr. Lynn, Jr., President, Mills College
Wickett, Fred A., Institute of Pacific Relations
Wickett, Walton A., California Laboratories
Wilbur, Brig. Gen. Wm. H., USA
Selected Reading List
(All items listed are available in the libraries of the Institute of Pacific Rela-
tions, 417 Market Street, or the International Center, 68 Post Street, San Fran-
cisco. Those marked with an asterisk were circulated to conference participants
in advance.)
Angell, Norman. "Human Nature and the Atom Age." Free World, Dec. 1945.
"Atomic Bomb. Asset or Threat?" Appraisai of Weapon by Nation's Foremost
Scientists, V. S. News, October 26, 1945.
*"Atomic Energy, Agreed Declaration by the President of the United States, the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and the Prime Minister of Canada,"
Department of State Bulletin, November 18, 1945.
*"Atomic Energy and American Policy, Official and Unofficial Pronouncements,"
Internatonal Conciliation, December 1945.
"Atomic Isolationism," Nation, October 20, 1945.
Baldwin, Hanson W. "The Atom Bomb and Future War," Life, August 20, 1945.
*Brodie, Bernard. "The Atomic Bomb and American Security," Yale Institute
of International Studies, Nov. 1, 1945.
Bush. Vannevar. "Beyond the Atomic Bomb," Supplement to Fortune, Sept.
1945.
Chase, Stuart. "Atomic Age Balance Sheet," Common Sense, October 1945.
*Chapman, Seville. "Atomic Bombs and World Organization." (Mimeographed.)
*Compton, Arthur H. "Atomic Power in War and Peace." (Mimeographed.)
Einstein, Albert (as told to Raymond Swing). "Einstein on the Atomic Bomb,"
Atlantic Monthly, November 1945.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5041
Geddes, D. P. (ed.). The Atomic Age Opens. N. Y. : Pocket Books, Inc., 1945.
*Gideonse, Harry D. "The Politics of Atomic Energy." Pieprint from 'New
Leader, November 3, 1945.
GilfiUan, S. Cohim. "The Atomic Bombshell," Survey Oraphic, Sept. 1945.
Gustavson, R. G. "The Story Behind the Atomic Bomb," Vital Speeches, October
1, 1945.
Hutching, Robert M. "Toward a Durable Society," Fortvne, June 194P..
"The Impact upon International Relations of the New Weapon," World Today,
September 1945.
Jaffe, Bernard. "How the Bomb Came to Be," Nem Republic, Sept. 17, 1E45.
Baldwin, Hanson W., Churchill, Winston ; and Hutchins, "The Blast That Shook
the World." Reader's Digest, October 1945.
Present, Richard D. "Scientists Have No Illusions," Free World, Dec. 1945.
*Ruml, Beardsley. "World Trade and Peace." (INIimeographed.)
Russell, Bertrand. "How to Avoid the Atomic War," Common Sense, Oct. 1945.
Shapley, Harlow. "Status Quo or Pioneer?" Harpefs, October 1945.
Shotwell, James T. "Control of Atomic Energy." Survey Oraphic, Oct. 1945,
Shotwell, James T. "Our Endless Frontier," Survey Graphic, November 1945.
♦Smyth, Henry Dewolf. Atomic Energy for Militai-y Purposes. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1945.
Exhibit No. 902
129 East 52nd St., New York City, January 29, 1945.
Mr. Frederick V. Field,
16 West 12th Street, New York City.
Dear Fred : This is to thank you most sincerely for your extraordinarily helpful
letter of January 26th. I think I agree with practically every one of the criti-
cisms that you have made. If we could have managed to shape the conference in
advance along the lines which we now in retrospect see would have been desirable,
the results would, I b'^lieve, have been even more substantial. The analysis that
you have made means that we must now in the series of continuation conferences
and discussion groups which we are now planning and which you suggested at
Mont Tremblant endeavor to achieve some of those things which we failed to
achieve at Mont Tremblant. In this we will be looking to you for constant sug-
gestion and leadership.
Thanks to your excellent suggestion, yesterday we had Castro to lunch. Lock-
wood and Holland and I all found him most charming, stimulating and intelligent.
We are giving him letters of introduction to friends in Delhi and Chungking and
arranging for him to meet a number of Chinese in New York and Washington
and in addition a circle of Americans who know China in both cities.
He has made excellent suggestions for multiplying our contacts in Mexico itself.
Be sure that I meet Tolefano when he comes to New York.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 903
129 East 52nd Street, New York Citt,
February 3, 1948.
Mr. Edgar J. Tarr,
Chatean Laui'ier, Ottaiva, Canada.
Dear Tarr : On Wednesday evening, February 10th, subject to your approval,
I am planning to take you to a dinner to the great Mexican labor leader, Vin-
centa Lombard Toledano who is one of the most forceful, intelligent, and liberal
leaders in Mexico and is President of the Confederation of Latin American
Workers. The dinner is sponsored by the C. I. O. It will give you opportunity
of meeting someone who would be essential in building an I. P. R. in Mexico. It
will also give you an opportunity of seeing at first hand, progressive New York
City workers en masse.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
5042 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 905
Makch 1, 1943.
WLH.
KM from ECC:
The private document prepared in Washiugtou on the Strength of the Muslim
League has come into my hands. It is not available for quotation, nor should
any reference by made to it. I thought, however, that you might be interested
in seeing it, so I have had copies made. I don't think that it covers the
ground, but it does contain one or two interesting points.
164/No. 4/2/1/43
Background infomiation
THE STRENGTH OF THE MUSLIM LEAGUE IN INDIA
Mk. JiNNAii's Position
Mr. Jinnah, leader of the Muslim League has recently been carrying on a
vigorous political drive.
His visit to the Punjab showed the extent to which he has secured contact
with the Muslim masses. It can no longer be argued that because at the
General Elections it was not able to secure a majority of the Muslim votes
in any Province, the Muslim League has no following among the masses. Since
1937, accession to the Muslim League's and Mr. .Tinnah's strength has been
tremendous. Almost every bye-election in Muslim constituencies has been
won by the League and the number of Muslim League members in the various
Provincial Legislatures has increased manifold.
The number of Muslim Ministers who now owe allegiance to the League is
considerable. The latest accession has come from Sind. Sir Ghulam Hussain
Hidayatullah, who succeeded Mr. Allah Box, has joined the League and his
example has since been followed by all the Sind Muslim Ministers. Here is a
survey of the Muslim League position in the Muslim majority Provinces :
PUNJAB
The total number of Muslim Members in the Punjab Legislative Assembly is 89.
Only one out of these was elected on Muslim League ticket in the General Elec-
tions of 1937. The number of Muslims elected on Unionist tickets was 77. Aii
Muslim members of the Unionist Party are, however, now members of the Mus-
lim League under what is known as the Sikander-Jinnah Pact of 1938. The
main terms of the Pact were that the Unionist Party's Leader, tlie late Sir
Sikander Hyat Khan, with all his Muslim followers in the Assembly should
join the League and promise support to it in all Indian constitutional questions.
Mr. Jinnah agreed on his part that the Muslim members of the Unionist Party
would have freedom in Provincial matters and would be free to pursue the
Unionist Party program.
The political complexion of the Punjab made it necessary for the late Sir
Sikander Hyat Khan, the Punjab Prime JMinister, not to form a Muslim League
Government but a Unionist Government in coalition with Hindu and Sikh groups.
In all Provincial matters he pursued a more or less independent line and, though
professing allegiance to the League and Mr. Jinnah, his policy on all-Indian ques-
tions was at times embarrassingly independent of the League. On the other
hand, Sir Sikander never openly flouted any league mandate and he resigned
from the National Defence Council when required by the League.
The Civil and Military Gazette of Lahore recently wrote : "What is consistently
ignored is the fact that Mr. Jinnah and Sir Sikander are mutually dependent;
their common fundamental purpose must override differences arising from the
admitted diversity of their 'spheres of influence.' Whatever their personal pre-
dilections, circumstances must force the Muslim League President and the
Premier of the Punjal) (so long as he is a IMuslim) to I'un in dcmble harness until
India's future is hammered out ; and that Constitution may conceivably effect
even closer cooperation between tiiem."
Mr. Jinnah's recent Punjab tour monopolised public attention, not only be-
cause of his public utterances on topical questions, but also because of the object
underlying his visit. Recent attempts made by the Punjab Premier to settle the
communal proldem in that part of the country on a Provincial basis irrespective
of an all-Indian agreement, must doubtless have caused anxiety to Mr. Jinnah.
The formula favored by Sir Sikander, according to most reports, conceded self-
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5043
determination to the Hindu and Sikli minorities in the event of a Muslim
plebiscite deciding in favor of secession in a postwar settlement. The minorities
may form a separate State or join the main Indian Union. Negotiations went
on for some time amon,t,'st the various parties but ultimately broke down or
were adjourned because it was said that the Hindus wished to consult the
Mahasabha.
Soon after, Mr. Jinnah arrived in the Punjab and in his first public utterance
made a pointed reference to the main basis of the scheme without naming it and
condemned the move to give the right of self-determination to "Sub-National"
groups like the Hindus and the Sikhs in the Punjab and the Muslims in the United
Provinces.
He further tried to win over the Sikhs to his conception of Pakistan by
reassuring them tliat their interests would be safe under a Muslim State. This
failed, by Mr. .Jinnah succeeded in scotching the "Mischievious idea," as he
described it, of a purely Provincial settlement of the communal problem and laid
down that "no settlement is worth the paper on which it is written either in
the I'unjah or elsewhere, so far as Muslims are concerned, except with the
Muslim League."
Later, Mr. .linnah in another speech said that he had not referred to the
Sikander formula, which he liad not even studied in his earlier speech. This
enabled Sir Sikander Hyat Khan to make a rapprochement with Mr. Jinnah
and declare himself to be a loyal supporter of the Muslim League. If there were
any differences between Sir Sikander and Mr. Jinnah. it was explained, they
related more to the method than to the policy and program of the Muslim League
and were intended solely to further its aims and ideals.
Attempts have lately been made to show that the Sikander formula is in ac-
cordance witli the League's resolution on Pakistan w^hich visualised territorial
adjustments. The formula allowed this in accordance with the desires of the
communities concerned and to that extent unintentionally conceded the right of
self-determination to the Hindues and the Sikhs. However, the problem is no
more a live issue. IMr. Jinnah has applied tlie damper and as a result of his visit
to the Punjab he is back again in the position he occupied prior to Sir Sikander's
attempt.
The death of Sir Sikander Hyat Khan on December 26tli was regarded by the
New York Times Correspondent (X. Y. T. Dec. 29) as considerably strengthening
Mr. Jinnah's position by removing the only Muslim figure important enough to
challenge him.
BENGAL
Out of a total of 123 Muslim members in the Bengal Assembly and 30 in the
Legislative Council. 43 and 11 memiiers. respectively, follow the Muslim I^eague.
Mr. Fazlul Haq, the Premier of Bengal, who has been a member of the Muslim
League since 1918, resigned in 1940 when disciplinary action was threatened
against him for accepting membership of the National Defense Council, from
which, however, he resigned. The IMuslim League expelled him on December 11,
1941, for having formed a coalition Ministry in Bengal without its sanction.
Some unconfirmed reports have appeared in the press that Mr. Fazlul Haq
had met Mr. Jinnah recently in Delhi. Another report said that Mr. Haq liad
rejoined the Muslim League. On this the Bengal Premier made the following
statement: "The news published by Independent India (Mr. M. N. Roy's Delhi
paper) about my rejoining the Muslim' League raises an irrelevant issue. I
maintain I was never out of the League, I am still in the League. Therefore,
the question of my rejoining does not arise. As regards Mr. Jinnah, I have
never been at war with him, nor do I intend to be so. I am not at war with
anybody. I am at war with untruths."
SIND
Out of 35 Muslim members in the Sind Assembly, only 13 were elected on
Muslim League ticket. With the return of Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah
as Premier of the Province in October last, a number of M. L. A.'s have joined
the League. Sir Ghulam and all his Muslim ]Ministers are now members of the
League, and the strength of the League party is now 26 out of 35.
Sir Ghulam resigned from the Mu.slim League when Mr. Allah Bux took him
into his Cabinet two years ago. His rejoining the League has been prompted
by a desire to strengthen the Ministry that he formed on Mr. Allah Bux's
dismissal.
5044
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
ASSAM
Out of 34 Muslim members in the Assam Assembly, originally only 3 were
elected on Muslim League ticket. But, a few months after the General Elections
30 members signed on as a Muslim League I'arty. The Premier, Sir Mohammad
Saadullah Khan, has been strictly followiu'i IMuslim League discipline. He re-
signed from the National Defence Council when re<]uired by the League to do
so. On recently assuming office he claimed that his Cabinet was representative
of Assam's people. No mention was made of the party affi'iations of the Muslim
members of his Cab:net. In all his public utterances siuCvi assuming office, he
has refrained from mentioning the Muslim League.
ihf; north-west frontier province
Out of ."^S members in the N.-W. F. Province Legislative Assembly, only 12 belong
to the League Party. The only sign of a weakening of the Congress Party in
the Province has been the resignation of Arbab Abdul Ghafoor Khan, M. L. A.
ex-Parliamentary Secretary, from the Congress Party and the Rsd Sldrts, but
he did not join the Muslim League. He formed a new organization called the
Pashtoon .lirga. It aims at an independent Pathan State, run in accordance
with the laws of the Shariat. In a statement, Arbab Abdul Ghafoor Khan said
that an alliance with the Congress was harmful as the Pathans were gradually
losing their identity and drifting away from religion.
Total Muslim
Members of
Legislatures
Total Muslim
League Mem-
bers
Piiniab
89
123
30
35
34
78
Bengal:
Lowpr House - _
A?i
11
Sind
26
Assam --
30
North Wp'^t
Frontier Province
38
12
Total --- ---
349
I 211
> Or 60.45 percent.
Important note. — It is important to remember in using the above figures that
they show the strength of the Muslim League among the Muslim members of
the Legislatures of Muslim majority provinces; they do not show Muslim League
strength in Hindu majority provinces (these figures will be released later when
available).
JH : MC.
Exhibit No. 906
129 East 52nd Street,
New York, N. Y. March 1, 19^3.
The Misses Carter,
SI Bartlet Street, Andover, Mass.
Dear Mabel and Harriet : Thank you for all your kindness, thoughtf ulness,
and love, and for this delicious loaf of bread.
I looked everywhere in the station and on the train for Zita, but I guess she
probably decided to take a later train.
Under separate cover I am sending you the four American Council booklets.
They are all good, but I think you will find the one on the Soviet Union the
most interesting and timely.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5045
Exhibit No. 907
March 2, 1943.
Copies to WWL
WLH
HA
ED
HM from ECC :
Going up to New England last week I read "The Land of the Soviets" for the
first time. I was immensely impressed with it and feel that it is a most skillful
and timely job. It is going to have a very big sale in the secondary schools, but
I would like to see a similar sale amongst the general reading public.
If you agree that this is desirable, I am wondering what you and your col-
leagues would think of cooperating with Webster in getting it out as a bound
volume that would sell at $1..50 or $2.00, and go out in a big way for getting it
reviewed and promoted. So long as it is in its present Binding it will probably
fail to make the review columns of the more serious book review editors.
Could you also check with F7-ed Myers and Rose Gandel to see whether it has
been taken up by the merchandising department of RWil and whether there are
any large possibilities there either in the present edition or in a bound volume,
where there could be a considerably larger national distribution.
At the right time I would like to see the present or the new edition go with
personal letters from me to any of the following who have not received it :
Litvinoff
Gousev
Kolokoff
Gromyko
Davies
Standley
Faymonville
Hopkins
Hazard
the whole RWR Board
McLean and some of the leaders of the Canadian Aid to Russia Fund
Welles
Some of the more outstanding members of the Foreign Relations and Foreign
Affairs Committees in Congress
A select list of people in the Ai-my headquarters
T. V. Soong
Some of the Indian Leaders
To Chiang Kai-Shek and some of his colleagues
Motylev
ECC from HM :
Here is a possible type of invitation that might work on the Russians.
It would be necessary to tell Litvinov what it was and urge him to send as
many of his people as possible, if he can't come himself. Likewise it would be
well to get from Jessup, Currie, Harold Ickes, Henry Morgenthau the names of
their assistants who should be invited, if we don't already know. Also Lukashev
should be urged to let some of his people come.
Exhibit No. 908
Makch 18, 1943.
WLH from ECC.
The talk with Veatch revealed the following :
1. Governor Lehman and Mr. Sayre were very enthusiastic about our talk and
very eager to have the IPR undertake the assignment.
2. The areas to be covered in approximately the following order are :
Burma
Malaysia
Netherlands Indies and, in fact all Southeastern Asia except that we need give
little attention to the Philippines (I imagine Sayre will do that himself)
China
Korea, Japan, and Manchuria
Veatch will send us today or tomorrow such general outlines and directives
as they have already worked out for other areas, but they do not want us
5046 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
to be too much ^ided by these. They want us to make our own analysis and
put forward our own project.
They would hope that we could send them an outline of our proposed plan
within the next four or five days ; that after a month we could present a first
draft, and that some of us could take it to Washiugton for a full day's discussion
with them and a few Far Eastern experts from various Government departments.
Then the gaps could be filled and a redraft made and the whole thing submitted
by the middle of May.
I asked Veatch whether they were thinking of a six- or ten-thonsand-doUar
job, and he said that they had been thinking in smaller terms, that he felt pretty
sure that they could get an appropriation to cover the cost of one $6,500 man
for two months and then the money could be used in whatever way we thought
best. But if this is inadequate they would make every effort to get a larger ap-
propriation. I should say that we could count definitely on about $1,100 with a
fair chance of making a case for $2,200 or $2,500.
I told Veatch that professionally we couldn't afford to submit a poor piece
of work.
Exhibit No. 909
Copy.
"WLH from ECC. March 26, 1943.
I was a bit sad when I discovered in Pacific Affairs page proof that you had
secured a review from Norman Thomas, but I decided to say nothing to anyone.
Today however without having mentioned the matter to her I received the
enclosed from Harriet Moore. Please return it at your convenience.
The case of Roy is different, I assume ILO submitted his paper and that we
had to accept it.
Copy.
ECC from HM. Rec'd March 26, 1943.
It is probably unnecessary for me to add this P. S. to the memo in re the
talk with Litvinov, but I believe it should be born in mind. It does not help
the standing of the International Secretariat with the Soviets to use people
like Norman Thomas and Roy of India. Good capitalists are ok with them but
Social democrats are poison — especially of the Thomas variety who remain
the one group in the U. S. who oppose the war. This opposition even comes
out in a piece like his review in the current Pacific Affairs tliough somewhat
disguised — "It is the failure of most American liberals to understand and discuss
openly these facts which warrants grave doubts concerning the success of our
struggle now." It would be one thing for one of the national councils to select
these people — but it is a little different when it is tlie international secretariat.
In the case of Roy their reaction is probably that the IPR is pretty ignorant
about India if they pick Roy to write about the labor movement there. I know
very little about it, but my impression is that Mr. Roy's labor movement is
something minute and doesn't represent anytliing of real significance. Of
course Mr. Roy is incidentally an ex-communist, expelled I believe for "rightist"
tendencies. If we were to pick a minority party in India, it would be more
to the point today to pick the Communists themselves who apparently are co-
operating in the war effort and trying to push the Congress into a settlement.
The British have even let most of them out of jail as their program is construc-
tive for the general war effort. But best of all, the IPR should stock to major
movements and to articles on large groupings first, before it goes in for the
Roys.
I am sure that this position will not be accepted by either the secretariat or
many of the individuals connected with the IPR, but as you know it is bard
for the Soviets to cooperate with an organization whose policy it cannot
identify * * *.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5047
Exhibit No. 910
129 East 52nd Street,
New York, N. Y., 1st Ap7-il 1943.
In pencil (Copy to P. K. C).
Miss Mabel M. Carter,
31 Bartlet Street, Andover, Massachusetts.
Dear Mabel : Herewith my check for $225. I was in Washington on Monday
and so got a little behind with my correspondence.
While in Washington, among others, I called on and had interesting talks
with Dr. T. V. Soong, Foreign Minister of China ; Under Secretary of State Sum-
ner Welles ; Secretary of the Interior Ickes ; John Hazard, of Lend-Lease ; and
Michael Greenberg, of Lauchlin Currie's White House office.' In the evening I
participated in a United Nations discission at Constitution Hall. The other
speakers were: W. L. Batt, of the War Production Board; Gardner Cowles, of
the OWI, who went to Russia with Willkie ; Maurice Hindus ; and Sir Bernard
Pares, of the London School of Slavonic Studies. We dined beforehand at the
home of Mrs. Robert L. Bacon and then went back to her house at 10 : 30 for an
hour and a half further discussion and a number of speakers, Senators, Congress-
men, press, and others. It was a full and useful day.
Affectionately yours.
Exhibit No. 911
129 East 52nd Street,
New York City, April 12, 19^3.
Mr. Richard J. Walsh,
Asia Magazine, J,0 East J,9th Street, Neio York City.
Dear Dick : The Dies Committee is after T. A. Bisson, who for the past year
has been working for the BEW. Bisson desires a few of his friends to write
letters testifying to his loyalty as an American citizen, adding anything that the
writer feels free to say.
Enclosed is a copy of what I have written. Would you feel free to writ©
directly to Honorable John H. Kerr, Chairman, Special Subcommittee on Com-
mittee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C, sending
a copy of your letter to T. A. Bisson at 383 Willard Avenue, Chevy Chase,
Maryland.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 912
129 East 52nd Street, New York, N. Y., 12th April 1943.
Henry C. Alexander, Esq.,
23 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.
Dear Alexander: From your reading of Land of the Soviets I am afraid
you may have got a wrong impression of the Institute of Pacific Relations. In
the hope of correcting such an impression, I am venturing to send you for your
personal library a few of our publications which may aid in rounding out the
picture.
During the past year the Institute has published in North America more than
fifty books and painphlets. In this entire list the only one which has been criti-
cized as soft and sentimental is Land of the Soviets, which was written espe-
cially for high-school students and which now. happily, is being revised. Much
more representative of the Institute's solid work are such studies as :
Banking and Finance in China.
Japan Since 1931.
The Making of Modern New Guinea.
I am therefore sending copies of these to you under separate cover.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
5048 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 913
War Department,
Military Inteixigence SER\^CE;
Washington, April IS, 1943.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
c/o Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, Neio York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Carter : Thank you for your letter having reference to the Princeton
Conference. I am glad to have the tentative agenda, which I think is well pre-
pared. I have read Mr. Holland's article in the Far Eastern Survey of March
5th ; it seems to be an excellent statement.
I am taking the liberty of inviting Colonel Boekel, who is shortly going to
India in charge of "civilian affairs on General Stilwell's Staff. I do this in the
belief that he will find a great deal in the discussions which will be of value to
him in his work. I have checked with Dr. Johnstone and he thinks it is an
excellent proposal. I realize there isn't time for a reply from you, but unless
you send me a wire to the contrary, I shall bring Colonel Boekel.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ John I* Christian,
Captain, A. U. 8., Southern Asia Branch.
am
Exhibit No. 914
Penciled notations : KP
War Dep.^btment,
Military Intelligence Service.
Washington, Ajrril 1, 194S.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Secretary, Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City.
Dear Mb. Carter: You letter to Colonel Mayer with respect to the I. P. R.
meeting on India, scheduled for Princeton, April 17-18, has been received. We
shall be pleased to have Captain John L. Christian of the Southern Asia Branch,
attend this private meeting.
Sincerely yours,
/s/ M. W. Petti grew
M. W. Pettigrew
Colonel, G. S. C, Chief, Far Eastern Unit.
Exhibit No. 915
129 East 52nd Street,
New York City, April 5, 1943.
Captain John L. Christian,
Military Intelligence Service,
War Department, Washington, D. C.
Dear Christian : We were delighted to hear from Colonel Pettigrew that you
will be able to attend the Princeton Conference on "India in the United Nations'
War Effort," April 17 and 18. As soon as it is ready we will send you the draft
agenda.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Cakter.
Exhibit No. 916
In pencil (ECC invited 4/28/43)
May 6 Meeting, Washington, Revised Invitation List
Sir Girja S. Bajapi, Indian Agency General, 2633 16th Street NW, Washington,
D. C.
Hugh Horton, Department of State, Washington
H. B. Bnfler, British Embassy, Washington
(penciled in-Carter)
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5049
Frank Coe, Board of Economic Warfare, Washington, D. C.
Geoffrev Cox, New Zealand Legation, Washington
J. M. Elizalde, Resident Commissioner of the Philippines, 1617 Mass. Ave.,
Washington
James W. Fnlbright, House Office Building, Washington
Morris Greene, 2117 Woodland Drive NW, Washington
Dr. G. H. C. Hart, 1620 Belmont Street NW
Alger Hiss, Esq. Department of State
(penciled in-Holland)
Luther A. Johnson, House Office Building
(penciled in- Johnstone)
Dr. Walter Judd, House Office Building
Dr. Kan Lee, China Defense Supplies, 1601 V Street NW
(penciled in-Lockwood )
Howard J. MacMurray, House Office Bldg.
T. M. Martin, Col., G. S. C.-Chief, Japan Section, M. I. S. the Pentagon
William Mayer, Col., G. S. C.,-Chief, China Section, M. I. S., the Pentagon
John W. McCormack, House Office Building
Karl Mundt, House Office Building
M. W. Pettigrew, Col., G. S. C.,-Chief Far Eastern Section, M. I. S. the Pentagon
L. B. Pearson, Minister-Counsellor, Canadian Legation, Washington
MomSeni R. Pramoj, Royal Thai Legation, 2.300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington
Mr. A. P. Tixier, Delegation du Comite National Francais, 729 15th Street, NW
Alan Watt, Australian Legation, Washington, D. C.
SUPPLEMENTARY LIST
Mahindra
Someone from Navy
Bruce Turner
Rotor
Exhibit No. 917
WWL
Penciled notations : ( K. P. on Monday ask WWL & WLH whether it's okay to
invite both of these?) ECC
War Department,
Military Intelligence Service,
Washington, April 29, 1943.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Institute of Paciftc Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City.
Dear Mr. Carter: Thank you very much for your invitation to attend the
I. P. R. round-table discussions on the problems of collective security in the
Pacific and Far East, commencing Tliursday, May 6. I shall make every effort
either to be there or to delegate someone to represent the Far Eastern Unit.
I think that the two agencies listed below might also be interested in the
discussions :
Brig. General C. W. Wickersham, Commandant, School of Military Govern-
ment, Charlottesville, Virginia.
Colonel Dallas S. Townsend, Chief. Military Government Branch, Civil Affairs
Division, Office, Chief of Staff, War Department.
Very truly yours,
[s] M. W. Pettigrew
M. W. Pettigrew,
Colonel, G. S. C, Chief, Far Eastern Unit.
(Penciled notation: How about shoemaker, too? Lt. Col. gaines H. Office of
Provost Marshal Gen., Service of Supply, Room 2805, Munitions Bldg., War
Dept., Wash., D. C.)
88348— 52— pt. 14 10
5050 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 918
Penciled notation : Hiss, yes
3415 VoLTA Place,
WasMngton, D. C, April SO, 19J,3.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52 Street, New York, New York.
Dear Mr. Carter : This is to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of April 28
in which you were so good as to ask me to attend a small private discussion on
May 6 to discuss the tentative outline which was enclosed with your letter.
I shall he very glad to attend this meeting, subject, of cour.se, to some last-
minute call of duty which frankly I do not now foresee.
Yours sincerely,
Alger Hiss.
Exhibit No. 919
Penciled notation : Martin, Yes.
War Department,
Military Inteixigence Service,
Washington, May 1, 1943.
Penciled notation : K. P. By all means come on this basis — ECC
Mr. Edward C. Cabter,
Secretary-General, Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City.
Dear Mr. Carter: I have received your letter of April 28, 1943, inviting me
to join a small private IPR round table discussion on the problem of collective
security in the Pacific and the Far East, to be held in Washington on May 6.
I am glad to have a copy of the tentative outline prepared by Mr. Johnstone,
and I should like to have the privilege of attending the discussion if I am not
expected to participate.
Yours sincerely,
/s/ Truman M. Martin
Truman M. Martin,
Colonel, G. S. C, Chief, Japan Branch.
Exhibit No. 920
129 East ."2nd Street,
New York City, May 4, 1943.
Colonel TrtJman M. Martin, G. S. C,
Chief, Japan Branch, Military Intelligence Service,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Colonel Martin : We will of course be glad to have you come to the
Thursday evening meeting as an observer.
Sincerely Yours,
Edward C. Carthir.
Exhibit No. 921
Mat 10, 1943.
WWL from ECC :
I had a long talk with .Tane Plimpton yesterday about becoming the IPR
representative in Washington. I think she would take the job like a shot if
she wasn't partially committed to going to work for Gulick in the Lehman
oflBce.
She lias agreed to hold up until Wednesday morning taking any final action
with Gulick. This is to give you time to see her on Tuesday and do the final
job (if salesmanship on behalf of the IPR.
Miss Plimpton was an honors graduate of Vassar, and throughout her term
at Vassar has .shown an imusual interest in the study both of American domestic
problems and of foreign relations. She has been very active in tlie student move-
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5051
ment, was editor of the Vassar paper, and held several other high positions
in student life.
She could do, I think, a reniarkaldy good job for Bill Johnstone and for our
other Washington study groups because she has already had a lot of experience
in summarizing similar meetings. For several weeks, for example, at 700
Jackson Place, she has been rapporteur of the Washington study group of the
Commission to Organize Peace.
Of incidental value is the fact that she has intimate friends in the White
House and is a born promoter as well as a good scholar. Once she was given a
definite assignment, I would have no hesitation in sending her to Welles Horn-
beck, Harry White, or anyone in our government or any otlier government
with whom we wanted to make an IPR contact.
I think you can render a great service to Amco and Pacco by persuading
her to bec<)me our Washington representative. So far as Pacco is concerned
I would be prepared to recommend an appointment for the rest of the year.
She kno'ws her way around government offices, having been an interne in
the Bureau of the Budget where she has made the necessary grade. She does
not know shorthand, but she types rapidly and well.
You can reach her in lioom 2.jU of the State Department building, though
that particular roo^n is a Bureau of tlie Budget room. She lives at 3913
Huntington Street, N. W. — Telephone : Ordway 6370.
You may want to send her a wire today as to- when and where to meet you.
Exhibit No. 922
May 21, 1943.
Mr. Edward C Cartel,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street, New York, New York.
Dear Mr. Carter : As regards the invitation list for May 27 I suggest adding
Sir George Sansom, and Kan Lee. I presume that you have invited Hiss. I shall
be glad to have a talk with Alger Hiss about the meeting. I still think if we go
ahead on the agenda that it can be a good discussion. I will be on hand to have
dinner with you before the meeting if that is possible or to see you ten or fifteen
minutes before the meeting at 700 Jackson Place.
I will be perfectly willing to preside if you think it best, although you do a
much better job than I can. Please let me know if there is anything further you
would like done before the meeting.
Sincerely,
William C. Johnstone,
Dean of the Junior College.
Exhibit No. 923
Penciled in (copy to HM)
129 Bast 52nd Street,
Neic York 22, N. Y., 7th June 1H3.
Mortimer Graves, Esq.,
American Council of Learned Societies,
1219 Sixteenth Street N. W., Washington, D. C.
Dear Mortimer: On my return I received your little yellow inquiry about a
center of information in Washington. Part of the problem, of course, is
finance ; and part is personnel. I think you ought to get Harriet Moore's advice.
I wish we could see our way clearer and am wondering whether we ought to
wait until we can have the Ickes-Litvinoff-Graves-Moore-Carter dinner that I
spoke of.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
5052 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 924
129 East 52nd Street,
New York 22, N. Y., 9th June 1943.
LAucHLiisr CuRRiE, Esq.,
Executive Office of the President,
The White House, Washiiigton, D. C.
Dear Curbie: Some time ago you asked me for a list of Chinese personnel. I
am now able to send you a copy of a list prepared by Lenning Sweet of UCR
together with a suplementary list which he has also prepared. This, I assume,
will be used in its present form or revised in the report that Lockwood is making
for Governor Lehman. If this is of any use to you, would you have a copy
made for your files and return the enclosed to me in due season?
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 925
129 East 52nd Street,
Neiv York 22, N. Y., 15th June 19^3.
Lauchun CuRTiiE, Esq.,
Executive Office of the President,
The White House, Washington, D. C.
Dear Currie: Sweet of UCR has compiled the enclosed list of foreign per-
sonnel that might be of use in relief and rehabilitation positions in China. If
there is anything of use to you in it will you make a copy for your files and
return this copy to me in due course.
Col. Evans » "arlson, as you doubtless know, is back from the Pacific with new
and characteristically valuable experience behind him. He leaves tonight for
Washington and \A'ill be at the Army and Navy Club for the next two days in
case you want to see him. I assume he will be seeing the President.
Sincerely yours,
Edwabd C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 926
Invitations for Third Meeting on Collective Securitive in the Pacific and
THE Par East
In ink— June 17, 1943.
In pencil— 6/10/43.
( Hand written : )
No— Sir Girja S. Bajpai : Indian Agency General, 2633 16th St. NW.
Dr. Hugh Borton : Special Division, Department of State.
Yes — Nicholas A. J. deVoogd : 1620 Belmont Street NW.
Yes — iMorris Greene : Australian Legation.
Yes — Alger Hiss : Dejiartment of State.
Yes— M. R. Seni Pramoj : Royal Thai Legation, 2300 Kalorama Road NW.
Lt. Col. James W. Shoemnker : 1729 Q Street NW.
No — Captain Vaughn F. Meisling : Military Intelligence Service, War Department.
Yes — Jf)hn Alexander: British Embassy.
No — Philippe Baudet : French National Committee, 1420 16th Street NW.
Yes — Frank Coe : Board of Economic Warfare.
(?) — L.B.Pearson: Canadian Legation.
Yes — The Honoraltle Frances P. Bolton : 2301 Wyoming Ave. NW.
Yes — The Honorable Howard J. McMurray : House Office Building.
No — The Honorable James W. Wadsworth : House Olfice Building.
G. S. Cox : New Zealand Legation.
No — The Honorable J. W. Fulbright : House Office Building.
Yes — The Honorable Walter Judd : House Office Building.
Yes— Kan I^e : China Defense Supplies, Inc., 2311 Mass. Ave., Washington 8.
Alan Watt : Australian Legation.
Harry B. Price : China Defense Supplies, Inc., 2311 Mass. Ave., Washing-
ton 8.
Yes — J. M. Elizalde: 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW.
Col. William Mayer: Chief, China Section, MIS, War Dept., Pentagon Bldg
No — Sir George Sansom : British Embassy.
Y. R. C. James Yen : % Chinese Embassy.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5053
No — Bruce Turner: New Zealand Legation (6/14/43) in pencil.
No — W. W. liOekwood.
Yes— W. L. Holland.
Yes — William C. JohnKStons.
Yes— Edward C Cartel*.
(In ink) Walter Laves: Organization Services Division, Office of Civilian
Defense, Dnpont Circle Bldg.
Yes — Grayson Kirk : Department of State.
*Engene Dooman: Department of State.
♦William Y. Elliott : War Shipping Administration.
*Read Hager: Joint Chiefs of Staff, Munitions Assignment Board.
List of those invited to collective security in the Pacific and the Far East,
too Jackson Place, Washington, D. C.
(in ink)
[I— Invited. Ace. = Accepted. Arr. = Attended. N= Did not attend or regretted]
John Alexander
Sir Qirja B-ijpai
Philipne Baudet
T. A. Bisson
Frances P. Bolton
Hus:h Borton
H. B. Butler
Evans F. Carlson
Edward C. Carter
Frank Coe
■Q. S. Cox
N. A. J. de Voogd
Eugene Dooman
J. M. Elizalde
William Y. Elliott
.T. F. Engers
Miriam S. Farley
J. W. Fulbright
Andrew Grajdanzev__.
Morris Greene
Read Hager
O.H. C.Hart
Alger Hiss,
W.L. Holland
Luther Jolmson
William C. Johnstone.
Walter Judd
Grayson Kirk
Walter Laves
Kan Lee
W. W. Lockwood
Col. T. M. Martin __
Col. William Mayer-
John W. McCormack
Howard J. McMurray
■Capt. Vaughn F. Meisling,
Martha Mooney
Harriet Moore
Karl Mundt
L. B. Pearson
Col. M. W. Pettigrew
Catherine Porter
M. R. Seni Pramoj
Harry B. Price
Sir George Sansom
James W. Shoemaker..
Capt. J. P. Taylor
A. P. Tixier
Dallas Townsend
Bruce Turner
James W. Wadsworth.
Alan S. Watt
Urbano Zafra
May 6, 1943
(In ink) May 27, 1943
I., Ace, Att
I. (sorry). New York.
I. (sorry), engaged _
L, Ace, Att
I., England
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace
I. (try attend), Turner.
I., Ace, Att
I. (sorry) engaged.
I., Ace, Att
I. (sorry) engaged.
I., Ace, Att.
I., West Coast
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace, Att
I. (sorry), engaged.
I., Ace., Att
I. (sorry), engaged.
, Ace, Att
, Ace, Att
. (sorry suggests
Meisling).
, i\
(sorry), engaged
, Ace, Att
I., N
I. (sorry) , engaged
I (try), N
I. (try or send some-
one).
I., Ace. Att.
I., Ace, Att-
, London
(sorry) engaged.
I., Ace, Att
I. (sorry). Hot Springs.
L, Ace, .\tt
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace, Att
I., Ace . Att.
I., Ace, Att.
I. (sorry), Hot Springs
I.. N
I., Ace, Att.
I., Ace, Att-
L, N
L, N
I., N
I., Acc, Att-
I.,N
I. (sorry). Hot Springs.
L (try)
I., Acc, Att
L, N
I., Acc, N
I., Ace, Att
I., Acc, Att
I. (sorry), engaged
I. (sorry). Hot Springs
I., N
L, Ace, Att.
I., Ace, Att.
I., Ace, Att.
I., Acc, Att.
I.,N
(sorry) engaged.
, Acc, Att
I. (sorry) engaged.
I., N
Hot Springs
June 17, ;943
I., Ace, Att.
I. (sorry), away.
I. (sorry). New York.
I., .\ce, Att.
I. (very sorry), busy.
I., Ace, Att.
I., Ace, Att.
I., Ace, Att.
I. (no reply).
I., Ace, Att.
I. (sorry).
I. (hopes to come) N.
T., no reply.
I., Ace, Att.
I. (sirry) engaged.
I., Acc, .\tt.
I., Acc, Att.
I.. Ace, Att.
I. (s'>n v), New York.
I., Acc, N.
I., Acc. A!t.
I., Ace, Alt.
I., Ace, Att.
I., Ace, N.
I. (very much inter-
ested).
I., Ace, Att.
I.,N. ■
I. (no reply).
I., Acc, Att.
I.,N.
L,N.
I. (try), N.
I., Ace, Att.
I. Acc, Att.
I. (sorry) Baltimore.
I. (no reply).
I. Acc-., Att.
I., N., regrets.
L,N.
I. (sorry).
(?),N.
•Special letter.
5054 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 927
WLH NWL HA (Pencilled initials)
129 East 52nd Street,
New York City, May 26, 191i2
MiLO Perkins, Esq.
Executive Director, Board of Economic Warfare,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. Perkins : In early September the Institute of Pacific Relations is
planning a small private study conference to make an over-all appraisal of the
factors to be considered in the waging of the war in Asia and the Pacific, and to
stimulate creative thinliing on immediate postwar problems.
We expect able representation from China, India, Great Britain, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Soviet Russia, and the Netherlands
East Indies.
We regard it as most essential that you be present and participate in our
discussions. I want very much to talk with you in the near future as to some
of the personnel whom we should invite from other countries. I am wondering
whether you would have a quarter of an hour free to discuss this matter with
me on Tuesday, June 2nd. I could see you any time from early morning to late
at night except between two and three-thirty.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 928
Penciled Note : ECC Ark July 3
Board of Economic Warfare,
Washington, D. C, June 20, 19^2.
OflBL-e of the Executive Director
Penciled note: TARR
HOLLAND
LOCKWOOD
JESS UP
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
129 East 52nd Street,
Neiv York City.
Dear Mr. Carter : I appreciate your invitation to attend the September meet-
ing of the Institute of Pacific Relations to discuss problems of war and recon-
struction in the Far East. Your enterprise in promoting such discussion is
useful. If circumstances permit, I shall be happy to participate ; otherwise I
shall ask James H. Shoemaker of the Far Eastern Division to attend.
I am sorry that I could not get in touch with you before June 2'. Might I
suggest that the next time you come to Washington you see Mr. William T.
Stone and Dr. Shoemaker about the persons to be invited to attend the meeting.
I have asked them to consider this matter now so that your discussion with them
may be as helpful as possible.
Sincerely yours,
[s] MiLO Perkins. Executive Director.
Exhibit No. 929
Draft to Mild Perkins
Dear Mr. Perkins : We deeply appreciated your letter of June 20 indicating
that if circumstances permitted you would be happy to participate in the forth-
coming Conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
In deference to the wishes of our Chinese colleagues we have decided to hold
the Conference in December instead of September as originally proposed. The
Chinese cabled that they could send a very much more representative group if
the later date were chosen.
Enclosed is a copy of the draft agenda. Mr. Lockwood has already followed
your suggestion and talked to Mr. Stone and Mr. Shoemaker about our plans.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5055
Exhibit No. 930
129 East 52d Streiet,
New York 22, N. Y., June 28, 194S.
Lauchlin Cxtrrie, Esq.,
Executive Office of the President,
The White House, Washington, D. C.
Deiak Cukeie: For your private iiiformation I enclose a description of some of
the Chinese who arrived in this country a few weelis ago. This was prepared for
me by Harry Price. I am sure he would have no objection to my sharing it with
you.
Sincerely yours,
Edwaed C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 931
July 14, 1943.
constantin oumansky,
Embassy of the V. 8. S. R.,
Merida 18, Mexico City, Mexico:
Planning see you early Thursday afternoon fifteenth.
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 932
129 East 52d Street,
Neio York 22, N. Y., June SO, 19J,3.
His Exceixency, the Soviet Ambassador,
Embassy of the U. S. 8. R.,
Mexico City, Mexico.
Delar Oumansky: If you are unlikely to visit the United States this coming
month I am wondering whether you could spare a half a day to talk over many
matters with me if I found it possible to visit Mexico in the third or fourth week
of July?
Sincerely yours,
Edw^vrd C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 933
Copy of Unfinished Handwritten Letter From Edward C. Carter to
John A. Carter
Aloft — Mexico City to Fort Worth, Tex.,
8unday, July 18, 19.'t3.
Dear John : Mexico City is about the same altitude as your birthplace, Simla.
Unlike Simla it is flat. Like Simla it is surrounded by mountains. But Mexico's
mountains though impressive are not as high or extensive as the vast bulk of the
Himalayas. The climate of Mexico City is unlike Simla. It has cool nights and
warm days all the year round. Some people feel the altitude. I didn't. The
city is a mixture of Rome, Paris, New York, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Mexican
Indian and I suppose of Madrid and Lisbon (which I've never visited). It
reminds one alternatively of Manila (the Spanish influence, palm trees, sunshine,
a primitive hinterland and an emotional people who can act with great ability
but who sometimes find great oratory a substitute for practical action. They
both can exert themselves when music bids them dance.
I mentioned Detroit's influence. There is apparently no gas or rubber shortage.
The city is jammed with American cars — mostly Mexican licenses but a scattering
of Texas and Arizona licenses. The hotels are full of American tourists. I had
wired ahead for a room but had to try six hotels after arrival before I could get
located. Luckily Oumansky (who has just arrived from Moscow as the Soviet
Ambassador) sent one of his staff in the Embassy car and she (Miss Alexandra
Nicholsky) drove me around until she found a hotel that would take me in.
After a wash and shave at the Hotel Gillow, she drove me to Embassy for lunch.
Oumansky greeted me most cordially but said quickly, "Don't say anything about
it to Mrs. O." Luckily I knew what he meant. Five days before leaving Moscow
for Mexico their only child, a 15-year-old daughter who was their greatest joy
and interest in life, was killed in an accident in Moscow. She had been at school
5056 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
in Washington, was developing great charm, brains, versatility, and they had all
three been planning together their next great adventure — the flight to Mexico
and life in a totally different civilization. They buried her and 2 days later got
into the great plane that flew them, their files, and the Embassy staff (four or
five people) across Siberia to Fairbanks, Alaska, where I am happy to say the
U. S. Army received them most cordially (lots of generals helping) and on orders
from Washington a big Army transport plane flew them from Fairbanks via
Seattle to Los Angeles when they travelled by American Airlines to Mexico City.
Mr. and Mrs. U. and I had a very nice lunch preceded by a little vodka and
caviar that they had brought. Mrs. O. was in black and you could see how over-
whelmed she is with her sorrow. Several times when I was with O. alone he
told of his anxiety for her and showed how terribly he, too, is suffering. But he
has his work that absorbs so much of his time. She is reading and clipping
American newspapers for him but the mails are awfully slow and that is hardly
a full-time job. I am going to ask Ruthie if she will send Mrs. O. some clippings
from time to time so that Mrs. O. will have more to do and also so that they can
get stuff of value that they wouldn't otherwise get. Mrs. O. has sent Alice and
Ruthie, by me, some little gifts of Mexican silver.
Oumansky and I spent many hours during my 3 days in Mexico discussing IPR
and the world in general. Motylev has gone to the front and has been succeeded
by G. N. Voitinsky as head of the USSR IPR. V. is a very good man — he was long
in China and the Far East. The food situation in Russia for civilians is terribly
bad but the Soviet press says little about it for fear of giving comfort to the
enemy.
With O. I met some of the leaders of the Mexican RWR. Castro Leal, a great
Mexican history and university professor.
(Penciled notation: If he has time ECC may finish this later — RDC.)
Exhibit No. 934
July 20th, 1943.
Mr. and Mrs. Constantin Oumansky,
Enibassy of the V. 8. 8. R.,
Merida 18, Mexico, D. F.
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Oumansky, This is to thank you both for your very kind
hospitality while I was in Mexico City. I enjoyed every minute of the 3 days
and I cannot tell you how pleased I was to renew our old acquaintance.
The new secretary of the Mexican aid to Russia committee came to see me
Sunday morning and we had a long and useful talk.
I arrived at La Guardia Field yesterday (Monday afternoon) about 1 : 30.
I have already given your greetings to several of your friends and will be
seeing more in the course of the week. I tried several times to reach Mrs.
Litvinoff on the phone yesterday afternoon, but there was no answer. So I went
to her apartment at 6 : 00 and discovered she had been away for a few days. At
the apartment house they did not know precisely when she would return, but I
will see that she gets Mrs. Oumansk.v's letter just as soon as she returns.
Mrs. Carter and Ruth were delighted with Mrs. Oumansky's presents and with
all the news I was able to bring them.
I will be w^riting you again in two or three days on several matters.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 935
129 East 52nd Street,
New York 22, N. T. July 20th, 1943.
Mrs. Maxim Litvinofp,
301 Eafit SSth 8treet, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mrs. Litvinoff : Yesterday I arrived by air from Mexico City where I
had spent 3 days. I saw a great deal of Mr. and Mrs. Constantin Oumansky,
who sent you their warmest greetings and the enclosed package. On ray ar-
rival yesterday afternoon I phoned your apartment several times but got no
answer. So I went to the apartment about six in the evening and discovered
that you were away for a few days. So I thoutrht I better send this package
by mail rather than leaving it with the elevator man.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5057
The Oumansky's are settling in to life in Mexico City very well. They have
made many friends already and are clearly very vpell liked. They are both
terribly crushed by their daughter's death. He is most considerate of her and
is doing everything in his power to help her to overcome her profound grief. His
life is, of course, more filled with activity than hers so he does not have as much
time for sadness. But he is terribly crushed by the calamity. He is naturally
eager for her to have as many things to do as possible. I suggested to her a
number of things that she can do for Russian war relief in Mexico.
II' you could possibly manage to go there for a visit, you would be doing the
Oumanskys a very friendly service. Incidentally, you would find much in Mex-
ico to interest you. It is a fascinating mixture of Europe, the Orient, and of
Mexican Indian life and culture. There are interesting people in Mexico from
all over the world and the cultural and aesthetic life would interest you very,
very greatly. The climate is salubrious and the vegetables and fruit, the clear
air and the sunshine are to be had in great abundance. There is little external
evidence of the war and no rationing of rubber, petrol or coffee. Do go if you
possibly can.
There is a chance that I will be flying to Chungking about the first of August.
I do hope that I can have a talk with you at least on the phone before I go, if
I do go.
With kindest regards, I am
Sincerely yours,
Edwaed C. Carter.
Copy care Embassy of the U. S. S. R., Washington, D. C.
Exhibit No. 936
Copy to : Oumansky.
129 East 52nd Street,
New York 22, N. Y., July 20th, 1943.
Eugene D. Kisselev, Esq.,
Consul General of the V. 8. 8. R.,
7 East 61st 8treet, New York, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Kisselev : This is to inform you that I have recently received a cable-
gram from Moscow signed by Voitinsky reading as follows :
"Volumes Mont Tremblant Conference Papers Received Many Thanks."
May I thank you most sincerely for your kindness in dispatching the volumes
go promptly.
I will have another consignment of books to send to Voitinsky in another
week or two. May I enlist your help in sending this second instalment also?
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 937
129 East 52nd Street, New York 22, N. Y.,
August Jfth, 1943.
liAUCHLIN CURRIE, EsQ.,
Executive Office of the President,
The White House, Washington, D. C.
Dear Mr. CtrERiE: Dad was very grateful to you for sending him the letter
of recommendation which he found awaiting him at the Mayflower on Monday
night. He was sorry to miss having a last word with you. If there is anything
■which you would like to communicate with him you can send it to the Embassy
in Chungking.
He is wondering whether you would feel free to cable John Fairbank that he
is on the way?
Sincerely yours.
Secretary to Edward C. Carter.
5058 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 938
August 1, 1943.
Sent from 331 East 71st Street, N. Y. C.
Lauchlin Currie,
Executive Office of the President,
White House, Washington, D. C:
If you think a general letter of recommendation would be helpful for me on
my journey could I get it at your office nine-thirty Tuesday morning?
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 939
The United States,
Office of War Information,
54 Queensway, New Delhi, India, August 23, 1943.
Mr. E. C. Carter,
% American Eiwhassy, Chungking.
Dear Dad : The following cable came from Bill Holland, which I am passing
along through the pouch.
"Extension AMCO relief studies requested confidential basis hope you Carter
can report briefly from Chungking, extensively following return ; also secure
several studies qualified Americans special aspects 500 dollars available stop
Can you also arrange survey correspondents India Australia Hariet More."
I hope things are going well, and that the trip was not too adventurous.
Affectionately yours,
[s] Bill.
(Penciled note : W. D. Carter.)
Exhibit No. 940
129 East 52nd Street, New York 22, N. Y.,
15th October 1943.
Letter #25
William D. Carter, Esq.,
U. S. Office of War Inforniation,
A. P. O. 885, Postmaster, New York, N. Y.
Dear Bill : Here is another part of the September Pacific Affairs which you
requested. I hope it gets to you soon.
You may be interested to know that Kay Greene is now, as far as we know,
somewhere in the northern part of the continent on which you landed before
flying to your present post. She started out with a job with Lehman's organiza-
tion, which I believe Phill Jessup got for her. I think Margaret is going to use
some of her furniture for her new apartment. Kay had left it for Rose Y'ardu-
mian and Mary Healy to use. But as Rose has now gone to Washington for the
IPR and as Mary will soon be joining Beecroft, they gave up their plans for
taking an apartment here so the furniture was going begging.
Love.
Exhibit No. 941
1 East 54th Street,
■'ith November, 1943.
Private & confidential.
Dr. Robert J. Kerner,
University of California, Berkley.
Dear Kerneb : As you know, W. L. Holland and I were in Cliina in September.
Holland saw your former student and great admirer, Chen Han-.seng. Holland
discovered that because of his honest, liberal views and progressive attitude,
Chen Han-seng was in danger of being spirited away by some underground right-
wing group. We all regard him as one of the soundest students of China's
agrarian economy and a true Chinese patriot. We conferred with both Chinese
and American friends in China as to how best to save Chen Han-seng for future
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5059
usefulness to his country. It is a matter that has to be handled with extreme
delicacy.
All of our advisers say that the best insurance would be an invitation from
one of the three or four leading American universities to Chen Han-seng to come
to the United States either as a temporary research professor or associate or
for a special course of lectures. This apparently would be a greater safeguard
than an invitation from the IPR.
Knowing how familiar you are with Chen Han-seng*s work, Holland and I
are venturing to inquire whether you could act in the matter. If funds should
prove the only difficulty, we would be prepared to find the necessary money for
the journey and, say, a three-months api>ointment.
In confidence, today I have received through the State Department the fol-
lowing confidential message from Chungking :
"Confidential : Please tell Mr. Carter that latest from the Kweilin consul
indicates that Chen Han-seng is in an increasingly precarious position, and
that Sa Kung-liao, the liberal writer who was arrested there this summer,
is now incommunicado; Chen may well be next, and IPR would be well
advised to act suddenly and soon if they want to get him out."
Would you wire me whether you would be in a position to act swiftly and
.affirmatively in this matter?
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 9-12
< Handwritten note:) Copies to JAC
PKS
WDC
1 East 54th Street,
.Veir York 22, N. Y., Sth November 1943.
The Misses Caster,
31 Bartlctt ^trert, Andovcr, Massachusetts.
Dear Mabel and Harriet : Letters from each of you have arrived. "We are
glad to hear fj-om you both and to read the interesting clippings that you have
sent.
I finished my work in Moscow just as Hull, Eden, Harriman, and their staffs
arrived. I had an invitation to go to the airport to meet them, but at the same
time I had an important engagement with a Russian expert on China whom I
had been trying to see ever since I arrived, so 1 spent three hours with Rogoff
instead of going to the airport to see the celebrities arrive. The reception for
them was very imiiressive I was told. The American planes came in and landed
their passengers fifteen minutes ahead of the British, so first I\Ir. Hull inspected
the Guard of Honor and then Mr. Eden. The Guard of Honor were all in fancy
uniforms and impressed everyone profoundly. I "did not bother Hull or Eden
after their arrival because I knew they were fully occupied with the preparations
for what proves to have been one of the most historic meetings in our generation.
A great many of the things that we have all worked for for years are beginning
to be realized.
We are not going to Nashville to see Jill because John is staying on at Fort
Sill as an artillery instructor for a month or two at least. His address is : Lt.
John A. Carter 01184470, Battery E, 32nd Battalion, Sth Training Regiment,
F. A. R. T. C, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.
Alice and I are going to Lee this afternoon so I can get a little further sleep
and relaxation before I plunge into active work next week.
Ruth and I have just spent two days in Washington. I had talks with Secre-
tary Morgenthau, Ambassador Davies, Lauchlin Currie, Governor Lehman, Phil
Jessup. Selskar Gunn, General Faymonville, Jane Plimpton, Stanley Hornbeck,
Elizalde, Fox of the President's War Relief Control Board, and a few others.
I was very tired when I arrived owing to the strenuous character of the last
week in Russia, but I am now back in my old form.
You will note we have moved into new offices which ai-e going to be a little^
more commodious and convenient than our rabbit-warren at 129 East 52nd
Street.
With much love, I am
Ever affectionately yours,
5060 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 943
November 13, 1943.
AG from ECC :
When I asked yon to translate Rogoff's article I did not know about the part
of it which appeared in the September issue of Amerasia. I hope tliis will reach
you in time so as to prevent your doing the entire translation if part of it has
already been done in Amerasia.
I was sorry that I did not get as far to the east as Irkutsk.
Exhibit No. 944
1 East 54th Street, New York 22, N. Y.,
15th November, 1943.
Lt. John A. Carter 01184470,
Battery E, 32nd Battalion, 8th Training Regiment,
Fort Sill, Oldahoma.
Dear John : It was wonderful to hear your voice on the phone at Lee Friday
evening. Mother, Ruth and I were very excited.
I got your good letter of November 3rd a few days before. Your present tem-
porary assignment of teaching men survey must, as you say, be both interesting
and instructive to you. I am sure it is also interesting and instructive to your
pupils.
You certainly have a wide variety of subjects to cover in the Field Artillery.
You would have been immensely interested to have visited with me the great
"German War Tropiiies Exhibition" at the Park of Culture and Rest in Moscow.
Here, spreading over many acres is a vast but systematically organized collec-
tion of armament and equipment captured from the Germans. There are special
sections for each classification— tanks, planes, trucks, artillery, uniforms, mines,
bombs, etc. The evolution, for example of tanks and artillery, are vividly shown.
The Russian Major General who personally conducted me had special tech-
nicians elaborating details in each section; i. e., one for howitzers, another for
heavy siege guns, another for light but terribly powerful antitank guns, another
for various types of antiaircraft guns. The different technicians explained the
differences in German and Soviet equipment and indicated how much more mobile
a great deal of the Russian equipment is.
Yes, the Moscow conference was one of the most significant gatherings of our
generation. As I was in Russia for the fortnight before the conference began,
I was aware on every side of the determined efforts the Russians were making to
ensure the success of the conference. The intellectual and documentary educa-
tion had been very extensive. In addition the Russians thought up a thousand
dilTerent acts of hospitality and friendship not only for Hull and Eden but for
all of their staff including all of the members of the crews of every one of the
British and American planes that flew the two staffs into Moscow.
It was, I suppose, necessary for Churchill and Roosevelt to have all of those
two-some conferences of theirs, but it did begin to look to all the rest of the world
as though a secret, closely knit Anglo-American hegemony was emerging to con-
trol the world.
The Moscow conferences dramatize to the world that the four countries —
Britain, China, U. S., and U. S. S. R. — must and will work together. Of course,
there are innumerable problems to be faced still, but the machinery for facing
them is now at long last being set up.
I am sure that all of the public criticism of Hull as being anti-Soviet has been
worth while. It probably needled him into bolder and more friendly action than
he mi!:ht otherwise have taken.
With you, I think that the reports of the travelling Senators were not aS
thoughtful as they should have been. A British Parliamentary Mission of the
same sort would have compared notes and agreed on making a more unified im-
pact on the public on their return.
With you I also question the wisdom of the line which Time is taking regard-
ing air bases abroad. There is bound to be an immense expansion of aviation
after the war, but we will become one of the most hated nations if we try to
scoop other nations in attempting monopoly of postwar commercial aviation.
It is too eai-ly to say whether Wavell will establish a new India or not. Thus
far he has shown no sign of holding out the olive branch to those in prison. He
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5061
has, however, publicly acknowledged that there is famine in India by going per-
sonally to Bengal, which his predecessor failed to do.
I will try and send you copies of any letters or reports that might develop
further my ideas resulting from the trip.
I enclose a hurriedly dictated report on certain aspects of my visit to the
Soviet Union. This is just a first draft and will be revised later. Will you
please send it on to Polly and the Andover Aunts and ask them to return it to me.
Affectionately yours,
Exhibit No. 945
1 East 54th Steeet, New York 22, N. Y.,
15th November 1943.
Miss Kate Mitchell,
Amerasia, 225 Fifth Avenue,
'Nevo York, N. Y.
Dear Kate : May I congratulate you on the September issue of Amerasia. I
do hope that you managed to send a number of copies into China itself. If you
have not done so already, may I venture to suggest that you tear off the cover
and send by air mail to their appropriate APO addresses one copy each to :
General Stilwell
General Chennault
General Stratemeyer (New Delhi)
John Davies and Jack Service ( Both on Stilwell's staff)
George Merrell (American Mission, APO 8S5, Postmaster, NYC)
William D. Carter (U. S. O. W. I., APO 885, Postmaster, NYC)
Mac Fisher (Chungking)
You might also send one by ordinary air mail to Liu fu-wan, P. O. Box 98,
Chungking.
It may help matters with the Indian and Chinese censorship if you refrain
from mentioning that you are sending these at my request. It may also help
if the envelope which carries them is simply marked with your new address
without mentioning Amerasia, 52nd Street, or the IPR.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 946
(Pencilled:) RD San Francisco, 417 Market St.
(Pencilled note:) Return to RD
Report on Washington Office, December 1943-March 1945
Under the joint auspices of the American Council and the International Secre-
tariat the Washington offices of the Institution Of Pacific Relations were re-
opened at 744 Jackson Place NW., in November 1943 with Professor William C.
Johnstone, Dean of the School of Government at The George Washington Uni-
versity, as Director of the Washington Study Program and Miss Rose Yardumian
as Washington Representative. During the past year several research associates
have been added on a part-time basis including Miss Virginia Thompson, Mrs.
Eleanor Lattimoi-e and Dr. Rockwood Chen. (Miss Thompson moved to San
Francisco in October where she is now associated with the Office of War Informa-
tion.) In August 1944 Mrs. Elizabeth Ussachevsky joined the staff of the Wash-
ington Office. A small library including a full set of IPR publications and a
number of reference texts on the Far East has been set up and made available
to members and people working in the field. The Washington Office sells the
publications of both the American Council and the International Secretariat for
the convenience of members in the local area.
The IPR in Wa.shington has been in a favorable position through its inter-
national and private character to simulate informal discussion among Far Eas-
tern experts temporarily stationed in Washington from the various countries
for off-the-record meetings either at the IPR offices or at the Cosmos Club Assem-
bly Hall. Informal meetings at the IPR office — of which there have been 17 in
the course of the past year — have included such speakers as Mr. Edmund Clubb of
5062 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
the Department of State; Dr. Wang Shih-chieh, Minister of Information in
Chungking; Col. Victor Purcell, a Briti.sh colonial administrator with long ex-
perience in Malaya ; Dr. J. S. Kennard, a missionary recently returned from
China ; the Hon. Walter Nash of New Zealand who discussed the ILO confer-
ence ; several Chinese professors visiting this country under the program of
cultural relations of the Department of State; Mr. John Service of the Depart-
ment of State ; Sir Frederick Eggleston, Minister to the United States from
Australia ; Mr. Kumarappa, Director of Social Sciences of the Tata Institute,
India ; Mr. George Yeh, China, Ambassador Naggiar, France, Mrs. Pandit, India,
Mr. Siva Rao, India, delegates to the Hot Springs Conference of IPR ; Senator
Carloos Garcia, a Filipino guerrilla leader from Leyte ; Gunther Stein, British
correspondent from China ; and Mr. John Emmerson of the Department of State
who described plans of the Japanese Emancipation League in Yenan.
General meetings to which all members in the local area are invited have taken
place about every two months usually in the Cosmos Club Assembly Hall. At-
tendance at these meetings ranges from 75 to 100 people. The first meeting of this
kind was held in December 1943 to give tlie members of the IPR an opportunity
to hear Mr. Edward C. Carter, Secretary-General of the IPR and Mr. William
Holland, Research Secretary, discuss their trip to China. The response to this
meeting was so enthusiastic that it was decided to include such meetings as part
of the regular program. Kiglit .such mombei'ship meetings have been held in the
last 16 months. Other speakers have included H. Foster Bain, repatriated from
the Philippines on the second Gripsholm trip, who described some of the effects
of Japanese occupation on the Philippine economy ; Dr. Tsiang Tingfu and Dr.
Mackenzie Stevens who discussed the role of cooperatives in Asia ; Dr. Henry
De Young, Mr. Youngjeuhg Kim, and Mr. Ilhan New who discussed Korean
affairs; Lt. Com. Nelson Spinks, Dr. Wiiljam C. Johnstone and Mr. Wilfred
Fleisher who participated in a panel discussion on What To Do With Japan
under the chairmanship of Admiral Harry Yarnell ; Mr. Obaidnr Rahman and
Mr. John Fischer on U. S. -Indian economic relations. In December 1944 a joint
meeting was held at the home of Mrs. Gifford Pinehot with the local branches
of Americans United and Indusco participating on recent developments in Chinese
affairs — Mr. Lewis Smythe and Mr. Owen Lattimore were the speakers. Early
in March, 194.5, Representative Mike Mansfield of Montana reported on his mis-
sion to China to the IPR membership in a Cosmos Club meeting.
Special functions have included a luncheon for press members to hear Mr.
Carter and Mr. I-Iolland give an off-the-record account of their trip to the Far
East, a dinner for members of Congress and administration officials for the same
purpose. (Penciled note — An informal luncheon discussion led by Mr. Carter
for Army and Navy officials responsible for educational work was held about a
year ago to acquaint officers with IPR materials particularly our pamphlet pro-
gram.) A luncheon was heUl for Owen Lattimore on his return from China
in the summer of 1944 when he accompanied Vice-President Wallace on his trip
to the Soviet Far East and China. At this meeting Mr. Lattimore discussed the
treatment of minorities by the Chinese and Russians. In December 1944 a
sherry party honoring Sir Fi-ederick Eggleston, Minister from Australia to the
U. S. was held at the Mayflower Hotel.
Following the ninth international conference of the IPR held at Hot Springs,
many parties were held in Washington to honor the foreign delegates visiting in
Washington. Highlighting these was a tea given by the Hon. Frances Bolton,
Representative from Ohio, for conference delegates to meet members of Congress
as well as Army, Navy, and Administration officials. A small cocktail party was
given for the press by the IPR to meet the chairmen of the various delegations.
Under Dr. Johnstone's chairmanship a number of small study groups were
formed on various topics sponsored by the American Council in some cases and
by the International Secretariat in others. In one case the American Council
of the IPR and the China Council sponsored jointly a number of meetings on
Postwar U. S.-Chinese P^conomic Relations. Under the auspices of the American
Council study groups met on Trade and Investment Policies in Southeast Asia,
Treatment of Japan and Postwar U. S.-Chinese Economic Relations. The Inter-
national Secretariat has sponsored two groups, one on Treatment of Japan, and
the other on Economic Recovery in Pacific countries. A great part of the dif.-
cussions on Japan have been included by Dr. Johnstone in his forthcoming book.
The Future of .htpnn, soon to be published by the Oxford University Press under
the sponsorship of the American Council of IPR. Plans are under way for
another study group under the auspices of the American Council on the general
topic of Dependent Territories in the Pacific area.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5063
It is interesting to note that as a result of greatly increased interest in the
Pacific area and therefore in the work of the IPR generally, membership in the
AVashington area has almost doubled in the last eighteen months since the re-
opening of the Washington offices. (Checli with TGS on exact figures believe
we have picked up 85 members in the past year bringing our membership up
to 200 approximately. This does not include about 35 non-Americans interested
in the work of the IPR whom we invite to general membership meetings.)
ExHiHiT No. 947
(Pencilled note:) Ray — Some rough notes for Peggy on my vague ideas on
program. Thought you might like to see a copy. RY
(Pencilled note :) Return to R. D.
To: MAS,
From: KY.
April 16, 1945.
During the present phase of the Pacific war and until its final successful con-
clusion and for several years thereafter the interest of the American people in
Far Eastern affairs will increase tremendously. The job before the IPR will
be to build this interest in a constructive way toward the education of an
enlightened American people. The IPR is uniquely organized and favorably
equipped to assume leadership in this task. Through a carefully planned pro-
gram of activities integrating the school program, -pamphlet and research pro-
grams, and through an expanded circulation of Far Eastern Survey, Pacific
Affairs and the other research publications of the International Secretariat,
the IPR should be able to go forward building and broadening the base of its
meuibership. Tlie greatest obstacle before the American Council at present is
the lack of integration between work already done, current program and a
future program. This can be overcome only with the appointment of a mature
qualified and experienced Program Director with a background in Far Eastern
affairs if possible.
In my work in Washington I have found that not all people interested in IPR
are interested in all phases of its work. For example, press and radio people
are far more interested in the Far Eastern Survey than in general meetings or
study group activities. The good job already begun on getting the Far Eastern
Surrey before infiuential new.spapermen and radio commentators with appro-
priate releases should be continued. We have found that government people
are more interested in the program of study groups than in any other single
activity. The international character of IPR l)ringing together experts tor
inftumal di.scussion on Far Eastern problems has interested many government
people who after participating in one of these groups usually become members.
It may be that this kind of activity can be expanded throughout the United
States ; in areas where non-Americans interested in Pacific affairs are present,
the international character could be organized for people with Far Eastern
background. It may be that this phase of our activity should be planned in
cooperatic.ii with local Fl'A's, Carnegie Endownipnt groups, Americans United,
etc. While I strongly favor cooperation \\ ith all groups to avoid duplication,
outside of study group activity I would urge that the IPR set up an independent
program wherever possible.
Organized groups and clubs (including women's groups, international and
national organizations interested in international relations, church groups,
labor groups, and other) are attracted by general membei'ship meetings. An
arbitrary figure of six such meetings a year might be planned for all active
branches. While we have been able to plan only one meeting ahead in Wash-
ington we hope in the future to have plans made a little farther ahead. It is
not always possible to do this, of course, because people come unexpectedly and
sometiiiies stay only briefly. These groups mentioned above who will form
the bi'oader base which we hope to build are also very much interested in the
popular pamphlet program. It may be that the general meetings and new
pamphlets could be coordinated in some way. The Army and Navy can be
included in the above group, generally speaking. We had one special luncheon
in Washington for Army and Navy leaders in orientation work about a year
ago to acquaint them with our work, particularly pur pamphlet progi-am. Per-
haps another one should be planned soon.
5064 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
There has been no demand in Washington for the business luncheons which
have worked so successfully in New York. However, we have had a number
of small informal sherry parties beginning at 5 : 30 and lasting about an hour
for foreign officials, U. S. government officials, newspapermen, etc., just back
from the Far East. To these meetings we invite approximately 3.5 people, mostly
members and some nonmembers whom we wish to interest in membership. The
talks are usually off-the-record and brief, with a long question period. We have
had 17 such meetings in the course of the past 12 months. They are an excellent
technique for building membership in Washington as well as for giving us the
reputation for being closely in touch with the latest visitors from the Far
East. People often call up to ask what's going on at IPR? (We don't tell
them all, of course!) Slightly modified to fit the special branches these meetings
could be more generally used throughout by our branches.
Not a small part of our office time is taken up with requests for information,
not only on IPR publications and others but on substantive material. We have
handled this business very spottily in Washington. When I have time, I work
up bibliographies. Investigate Mme. Chiang Kai-shek's life, etc., but often these
requests must be answered very generally by reference to a pamphlet or article.
This is one specific instance where coordination between a branch and the
national office is bad. There are lots of special bibliographies in the file in
New York (Bruno has worked up many), and somehow when this is done
branches should get copies. It would be desirable to have copies of those
already drawn up. Another criticism which I would like to make is that, unless
I come to New York to find out specifically what each of you is working on,
I am apt to be very loosely informed. ( Don't stop the New York trips thought. )
For instance, I had heard from someone down here that we were putting out a
pamphlet by Pearl Buck but didn't know anything about it until I got to New
York. Each department head or the Secretary should assume responsibility for
keeping branches informed about all work in preparation. This would be a
big help.
We have recently decided in Washington that we would try to build up our
relations with the House and Senate Foreign Affairs Committees. In connec-
tion with these plans which have already been in operation, a few^ of us invited
Congressman Mansfield to dinner, and plans are in process to invite Congress-
woman Emily Taft Douglas for lunch. Getting the IPR better known on the
Hill will be one of our chief aims for the next six months. (I might add, Peggy,
that I am scared to death of this kind of work.) I have asked Ruth Lazurus to
keep me informed about forthcoming issues of FES so that I can use special
articles as a springboard for discussion on IPR.
Finally, on the question of big money raising, I have done nothing in this
field whatsoever. The question is a complex one, I know, but the branches
should be informed of what is being done in the various areas and how. The
national office should assume leadership in this job but with some direction;
perhaps the branches could help share the burden.
The fact that Washington has almost doubled membership figures since the
reestablishment of our Washington office is a concrete indication of the interest
of many kinds of people in our work. (Check with Tillie. I believe we've added
over 85 members and have approximately 200 now.)
Exhibit No. 948
1 East 54 th Street,
New York 22, N. Y.,
ISth December 1943
Andrew J. Grajdanzev, Esq.,
Office.
Dear Andrew: I am giving a small private dinner for several Soviet friends
in Washington on Tuesday, December 14th, to report on my impressions of the
Soviet Union.
I would be delighted if you would join us. The dinner will be held in Suite
237 at the Hotel Mayflower at 8 : 00 p. m. tomorrow night. Business suits will
be worn.
Would you let me know whether, in spite of this short notice, you will be
able to attend.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carteb.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5065
Exhibit No. 949
22nd December, 1943.
Private & Confidential.
The Secretary,
Lithuanian Legation,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir : Yesterday I received the enclosed unsigned letter, pamphlet, and
news bulletin in the enclosed envelope.
I have scanned this material and am now returning it to you because I am not
able to write to the anonymous sender, and furthermore I ought in all frankness
to say that I am sure that this is not the moment for friends of Lithuania to
attack the Soviet Union. From a realistic point of view it seems clear that
Lithuanians in Europe will have a better opportunity of working out their own
salvation by forgetting the grievances of the past centuries and seeking to under-
stand and cooperate with the people of the Soviet Union. It would seem to me
that along these lines there is a greater chance for peace in Europe and pros-
perity in Lithuania than along the lines of the enclosed documents.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 949-A
State of New York,
County of New York, ss:
I have examined the documents described in the list annexed hereto as Ex-
hibit I. While I have a present recollection of only a few of them, I am satisfied
that with the following exception they are letters or memoranda received by
me or photostatic copies thereof, or copies of letters or memoranda sent by me
to others or photostatic copies of such copies :
12. Ray Dennett RDC Sept. 26, 1945.
Edward C. Carter.
Sworn to before me this 9th day of May 1952.
[seal] Irene R. Donohue,
Notary Puhlic, State of New York.
Qualified in Queens County, No. 41-6061800.
Certs, filed with Queens, Kings, New York, and Bronx County Clerks and Regs.
Offices, Westchester & Nassau Co. Clerks Offices.
Commission Expires March 30, 1954.
(The document referred to by Mr. Carter is exhibit No. 9G2.)
Exhibit No. 950
K. C. Li, Woolworth Btjilding, New York
El Runchokee,
El Paso, Texas, March 7, 19U-
Mr. E. C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations, 1 East 54th Street,
Ne^v York, Neio York.
Dear Mr. Carter: Your letter of March 1 has been forwarded to me and I
am enclosing copy of a letter I have written to the Draft Board in Richmond,
California.
I approve of your assuring Mr. Holland that the IPR for the next two years
will make up the difference between any salary he may receive in government
service and his present IPR salary. It is only fair in view of the reasons you
give.
I hope Holland is deferred, as he is indeed indispensable in preparing for the
important 1945 Meeting. I am leaving here but expect to be back in New York by
the 15th.
With kindest personal regards.
Sincerely yours,
(Signed) K. C. Li.
K, C. Li.
KCL : efm
(Enclosure)
88348 — 52 — pt. 14 11
5066 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC KELATIONS
Exhibit No. 951
K. C. Li, Woolwobth Building, New York
March 7, 1944.
Selective Service Board #53,
Richmond, Calif.
Gentlemen : I have just learned that Mr. W. L. Holland, a registrant of your
Board, has been classified as 1-A. May I respectfully suggest reconsideration of
this classification for the following reasons :
1. Mr. Holland is International Research Secretary of the Institute of
Pacific Relations which is the leading research organization devoted to
Pacific problems.
2. Because the Institute has lost so many of its staff to Government
service, Mr. Holland has literally become indispensable. Besides being
research secretary, he is also editor of its magazine, "Pacific Affairs."
S. The 1945 Conference of the Institute is regarded as very important,
and preparations for it are in the hands of Mr. Holland. The work of this
Conference will be valuable to the State Department as well as to members
of the United Nations.
4. Mr. Holland is frequently being consulted by representatives of the War,
Navy, and Treasury Departments.
5. Should the registrant be inducted, he will no doubt, because of poor
eyesight, be assigned to limited service. I believe he is of greater value
to his country and the cause of the United Nations in his present position
than he can be in uniform.
For the above reasons, I recommend that Mr. Holland be deferred for 1 year.
Sincerely yours,
K. C. Li,
Chairman, International Finance Committee, Institute of Pacific Relations.
Exhibit No. 952
3/27/44.
Notes Fob Cleveland Speech, March 31, 1944
The peoples and leaders of the United Nations generally believe that they
will win the war. But many thoughtful people in the various nations are not so
sure of the peace. This misgiving is on balance a healthy sign. It derives in
part from a greater degree of political consciousness than that which existed
amongst the Allies in the midst of the First World War. It is true that some
hundreds of people in the United Kingdom, the British Dominions, the United
States and other countries were studying proldems of world organization dur-
ing the last war. But where there were hundreds engaged in this task then,
there are now thousands, probably tens of thousands. Indeed one of the most
striking results of the last war and the Paris and other peace conferences was
the creation of scores of important national and local organizations whose
central purpose was : "It must never happen again." Among the many such non-
governmental organizations that came into being at that period are the Royal
Institute of International Affairs in London, The Centre d'Etudes de Politique
Etrangere in Paris, the Institute of History and Economics in Copenhagen, the
Foreign Policy Association and the Council on Foreign Relations in the United
States. In lf)25 men and women from several of the Pacific countries, meet-
ing in Honolulu, formed the Institute of Pacific Relations as a regional ex-
pression of this broad movement. For it was felt that most international
organizations had their headquarters in Eui-ope and were inadvertently tending
to take the position that if European problems were solved the problems of
the world as a whole would disappear. Many Europeans and Americans, if they
looked to the Far East at all, seemed to be looking that way with a telescope
in reverse. The founders of the IPR were acutely consrious of a whole world of
dynamic forces in the Pacific area which had menacing possibilities and which
cried out for immediate study. The Institute aimed to study the problems of the
Pacific from a world point of view and the problems of the world from a
Pacific point of view. National Councils of the Institute came into being in
eleven countries bordering on the Pacific or having vital interests in that area.
When Japan raised the curtain on the Second World War by occupying Man-
churia in 1931, the foresight of the founders of the Institute was justified. In
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5067
1933 the Institute chose Mr. Newton D. Baker as Chairman of its international
governing body, the Pacific Council and he gave rare insight to the leadership of
the Institute until his death. Recently an eminent American, closely in touch
with the efforts of the United Nations, following Hongkong and Pearl Harbor,
to prepare themselves for the war in the Pacific, remarked: "I would hate
to think of where we would have been if it had not been for the scholarly
research of the Institute of Pacific Relations."
In addition to the national and international organizations which I have
just mentioned there have grown up in this and other countries local and regiouat
societies of similar purpose such as the Cleveland Council on World Affairs^
and the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations. These still further register th&
growing conviction that the study of foreign affairs was as urgent a concem
of the masses as domestic issues. The contribution of such councils to public
enlightenment has been great.
But the Second World War has come and by history's severest test the efforts
of us all will have to be described with the one word : "failure."
The challenge today is how can we profit by this collective failure to help in
solving now the overwhelming problems of world organization? Do we now
accept Newton D. Baker's prophecy that if the nations did not organize after the
first world struggle, the war would have to be fought over again on a vaster scale
and that the United States would return to the ideal of world organization which
it had rejected?
Although the governments of the world and the peoples through unofficial
organizations like the Cleveland Council on World Affairs and the Institute of
Pacific Relations have failed, they have increased substantially the possibility of
avoiding the grievious mistakes of the past generation. Balked and frustrated
as we are by the caution of our governments, the leaders of the United Nations;
and their respective publics are much further advanced in previsioning the
future than they were at this stage in World War I.
Both governmental agencies and unofficial organizations have done and are
doing quantitatively at least a vastly greater amount of study on the future
organization of the world than they had done in preparation for the Paris Con-
ference. In the United States alone every week sees the appearance of some new
book, plan, or monograph on world organization. The Protestant Churches, under
the leadership of John Foster Dulles, have advanced their views. The interna-
tional lawyers, under the leadership of Manley O. Hudson of Harvard and the
Permanent Court of International Justice, after a long period of careful study,
have made six postulates and twenty-three proposals for the organization of the
proposed community of nations and prescribing details for the operation of its
machinery. The Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, under the
leadership of James T. Shotwell, has published a flood of memoranda on almost
every aspect of the postwar world. The United States Chamber of Commerce's
Committee on Post War Problems has called for the immediate formation of an
international commission to draft a world peace plan based on the Moscow 4-
Power Declaration. This committee, headed by Harper Sibley of Rochester,
has made six brief but pertinent proposals which, if adopted, might usher in a
new era. The Committee of Economic Development under Paul G. Hoffman of
the Studebaker Corporation has a nation-wide net of study groups working on
the internal problems of American adjustment to the postwar situation. In this
field many other organizations such as the Brookings Institute, the Twentieth
Century Fund, the National Industrial Conference Board, the Chamber of Com-
merce, the A. F. of L., and C. I. O. through a joint committee are busily at work.
Many of the great universities have created institutes of international affairs
which are turning out thoughtful memoranda on the postwar world. The
National League of Women Voters, the American Association of University
Women, the National Federation of Women's Clubs are similarly engaged. In
the periodical field, FORTUNE magazine is conspicuous for its continuing pub-
lication of articles on America and the future. This magazine has already pub-
lished five major articles dealing with relations with Britain, with the Pacific,
with Europe, and also with reference to the American domestic economy and
the United States government. The Institute of Pacific Relations has the coop-
eration of its Councils in ten countries in carrying out a long-range and very
fundamental series of studies on the war and postwar problems of the Pacific
area. The interim volume "WAR AND PEACE IN THE PACIFIC," being a
report of the Mont Tremblant Conference, sketches the main outlines of the
problems and indicates the studies which still must be undertaken. The Inter-
5068 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
national Labour Office in Montreal and the Secretariat of the League of Nations
in Princeton are hard at worli.
Within the State Departments and Foreign Offices of the United Nations work
on these problems from the governmental angle is proceeding on a much greater
scale in volume at least than during the first world war.
Both the public and governments of the principal United Nations will have an
immense volume of material with which to face the future. But while recognizing
the value of all this preparatory work, the publics are haunted by several
misgivings.
First, they fear that statesmanship, though adequately documented, will fail
because the statesmen are tired, overworked, overcautious, and so fearful of their
internal political opponents that they are unequipped to give that creative leader-
ship on which the world waits.
Second, they fear that isolationism with its reactionary and appeasing qualities
will rise up to defeat creative statecraft if it emerges.
Third, the people of Britain, China, Russia, France, and Italy fear that if
America's leaders move constructively to implement the Moscow declaration,
the Atlantic Charter and the Four Freedoms in cooperation with the other Powers
that the American Congress will repeat history and defeat American states-
manship at the end of this war.
It is precisely at this point that the role of organizations like the Cleveland
Council on World Affairs emerges as of transcendant importance.
At the first conference of the Institute of Pacific Relations in Honolulu in
1925 at the opening session the Chairman asked the members to list the problems
of the Pacific. The very first spokesman rose and said, "The United States is
the problem of the Pacific." There were many in other countries who asserted
that the United States, becavise of its growing strength and its refusal to cooperate
with the League of Nations, the International Labour Office and the World
Court, was an anarchical influence in the Pacific and in the world in general.
Facing the new and vastly more complex world situation today there are many
responsible Americans who hold that the problem of the postwar world is the
United States. For if it does not use its sovereignty to implement a world
collective system, the third world war will be infinitely more devastating than
anything mankind has yet known.
There is a tendency among other Americans to fear that the application of
the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter will be defeated not by the United
States but by the British and the Dutch in their colonial world and by the
British in their acquiescence in an unjust settlement in eastern Europe. There
is a further American belief that the forming and successful operation of a
world organization will be thwarted by the age-old conflict of the European
nations and the reemei'gence of Britain's ancient balance-of-power policy.
There are other Americans who admit these dangers but who affirm that they
will only be realized if the United States withdraws from the theatre of world
cooperation. Certainly it is not the duty of the Cleveland Council on World
Affairs or the Foreign Policy Association or the Council on Foreign Relations
to dictate to our European or Asiatic allies. It is rather to concentrate on the
colossal task of so informing the American electorate that its representatives in
Congress will voice an overwhelming and intelligent American mass opinion on
behalf of effective and daring cooperation in world machinery and affairs.
Although the various public opinion polls reveal a growing American approval
of International cooperation, they do not yet ensure that when the generalities
are brought down to the concrete issues of "vital interests", the American pub-
lic is prepared to go the whole way. In this decade we have seen the great
Republic of France collapse because for 150 years there have existed two Frances
which hated each other. Within this country the lines do not appear to be as
clearly drawn as in France. But there are menacing movements and atti-
tudes which are growing in strength. In spite of much that is encouraging,
attitudes toward the Negro, the Jew and even the North American Indian make
it inappropriate for Americans to throw stones at the British for their treat-
ment of colonial peoples. The attitude of certain American groups toward pro-
gressive movements in organized labor, among farmers, and the public gen-
erally hold the seeds of future devastating conflict. Usually those who take
these antisocial attitudes are precisely those who still appear to regard the
Nazis and the Japanese more tolerantly than they regard our British, Russian,
and Chinese allies.
mSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5069
America today is in debt — deep debt — to China, Britain, and the USSR. To
China because slie was the first to see the nature of aggression and take up
arms against Japan. To England because if she had lost the Battle of Britain
the Nazis would have lunged into the Atlantic and been able to drive further
into Russia before they were stopped. And to the Soviet Union for her early
foresight in knowing that war was coming and for her brilliant and stupendous
war effort.
I would hate to think of how much further Japan would have gone if the
Chinese had not contained from three-quarters of a million to a million Japanese
troops on the mainland of Asia for nearly seven years. Australia, India, Alaska,
and parts of the United States Pacific coast would have been endangered.
If England had lost the Battle of Britain, Canada and the United States would
have become a war theatre instead of arsenals of democracy. Latin America
would undoubtedly have been used by the Nazis as a springboard for bombing
Dallas, New Orleans, Atlanta, and Washington.
If the USSR had not accepted Hitler's challenge, Germany and Japan would
have met in India and all southern Asia would have fallen to the enemy. China's
position would have become well nigh hopeless and most of Africa would have
been in the hands of the Nazis and Fascists.
China's losses have been vaster than those of Britain and America combined.
They have been equalled only by those of Russia, for to date the Red Army has
killed more Nazi troops than the armies of all the United Nations put together.
The magnitude of the Soviet effort is indicated statistically when I remind you
that the published totals of American Army, Navy, and Air Force personnel is
still under forty thousand dead as compared with an estimate of three million
in the Soviet Union.
The comradeship in arms of China, Britain, Russia, and the United States
has naturally led to a measure of collaboration in staking out the broad out-
lines of the peace. The Moscow agreements commit these four Powers to
participate in a new international order. This commitment implied that the
four Powers would police our enemies and substituted four Power collaboration
for the old formula of a balance of power among the strongest states.
Probably a majority of thinking Americans accept the Moscow thesis that a
nuclear alliance of the four Powers is a precondition of an ordered world. They
agree with the Moscow conference leaders that provision should be made for the
cooperation of all peace-loving states with the Big Four. Public opinion in the
United States broadly accepts the principles of the Atlantic Charter and the
Four Freedoms partially because of an incorrigible American habit to accept
broad and idealistic generalities. But the re-educational job with which we are
confronted is as follows :
First, to define what these mean when applies to the American scene ; Second,
to understand the degree to which they can be applied nationally and interna-
tionally by the other Powers ; Third, to aid our government in stating the
issues so concretely and constructively that they will be supported by the people
and the Congress and provide a basis for mutual cooperation with the other
Powers.
One of the many dangers in current American thought is the persistence of
the idea that the United States is the most powerful country in the world. Even
more sinister is the belief that we are the most moral people in the world. And
finally, there is emerging from many platforms the assertion that the cultural
and intellectual center of the world has moved from the European continent
and the British Isles to North America. "Let him that thinkest he standeth,
take heed lest he fall."
In industrial and agricultural production and social organization the Soviet
Union may outstrip the United States in our lifetime. Out of the ruins of conti-
nental Europe there may emerge a daring intellectual vigor surpassing that in
the United States. There are those who believe that the leaders in the realm of
art and thought who will set the pace for the civilized world will emerge from
the vast area that stretches from the Volga to the Yangtze.
Certainly our failure following the Paris conference and our failure to under-
stand the implications of Japanese, Italian, Spanish, and German aggression
sprang in part from the American feeling of overwhelming superiority in power,
social organization, and intellectual leadership. The war has shown that we
are members one of another, that we are strong only as we are united with other
nations.
5070 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Recently Mr. Walter Lippmann in his "U. S. Foreign Policy" has convinced
many Americans that we have never had a coherent world policy. More re-
cently Mr. Joseph M. Jones in his "A Modern Foreign Policy for the United
States" has made an on-the-whole useful critique of our own State Department
and at two points has advanced ideas which call for widespread study on the
part of the American puhlic. He lists some of the main operating concepts of
American foreign policy in the past and affirms that there is scarcely one that
has not heen either demolished by the impact of world events or riddled by the
implications of modern warfare. This is what he says :
"(1) Isolation, avoidance of alliances, avoidance of commitments, diplomacy
by 'parallel action' and 'cooperative effort'— demolished by our inevitable in-
volvement in two devastating world wars in one generation.
"(2) Verbal championing of high principles of international law and conduct
while continually declaring that our action in support of any and all principles
would stop 'short of war,' thereby delivering our diplomacy over to any foreign
nation that could trump our highest ciird— destroyed by Japanese bombs at
Pearl Harbor.
"(3) Nonintervention in the affairs of sovereign states— a fraud that was ex-
posed in all of its essential absurdity in Spain in 1937.
"(4) Rights of neutrals — two world wars have shown conclusively that they
are respected only to the extent that it is convenient and expedient for warring
powers to do so.
"(.5) Freedom of the seas — to a large extent made irrelevant by the growth
of civil and military air power.
"(6) National self-determination — proved inadequate as it fails to protect
the rights of individuals and minorities.
"(7) Limitation and reduction of armaments — a policy proved dangerous to
the nation's security in the absence of international organization for policing,
inspection, enforcement, and for mitigating the economic causes of war.
"(8) Concept of international law as applying only to states and not to indi-
viduals, thus permitting atrocities within states that shock and offend the world's
conscience and lead to war — direct bomb hit.
"(9) Nondiscrimination and equality of treatment in commercial relations —
still valid, but inadequate in a world in which economic expansion and a rising
standard of living are conditions of peace and democracy."
Mr. Jones proceeds to sketch the framework of a modern foreign policy as
follows :
"I. The first major requirement of a modern American foreign policy is that
it shall perpetuate after the war the close association of the four ma.ior United
Nations — the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China — as a
nucleus of world order, strong and above challenge.
"II. The second important requirement of American foreign policy is that it
shall be based upon, protect, and extend the principle of freedom in the world.
"III. The third essential requirement of American foreign policy is that it
shall make adequate provision for international control over civil and military
air power everywhere in the world ; and for placing at the disposal of a United
Nations organization a sufficient margin of air power to deal efficiently and
effectively with aggression or threat of aggression anywhere in the world.
"IV. The fourth major requirement of American foreign policy is that it shall
promote, wherever in the world it is desired, steady expansion of economic
activity, a rising standard of living for the masses, and expanding programs of
public education, health, and nutrition as indispensable to democracy and
peace."
In spite of certain limitations I would urge all of you who are here today
carefully to study these two volumes. In addition I venture to suggest study of
the volume "Post War Worlds" by Percy E. Corbett and "War and Peace in the
Pacific" for those concerned for international relationships in that half of the
world. To this latter group I recommend the volume "Winning the Peace in
the Pacific" by S. R. Chow, an eminent Chinese scholar, and another volume
"The Ftttt^re of Southeast Asia" by an Indian leader, K. M. Panikl^ar.
The Institute of Pacific Relations in common with other organizations is en-
gaged in an effort to fill up the vast gaps in the world's knowledge of the Pa-
cific area. The American Council of that Institute has published recently a
sheaf of pamphlets on several of the countries of the Pacific which are being
used widely in the American Army and in American secondary schools. Every-
one here who has a relative in the Armed Forces in the Pacific or a child in an
Ohio school will wish to familiarize themselves with this invaluable series.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5071
This vast Pacific world, almost unknown to Americans before Pearl Harbor,
is now beins visited by a rapidly increasing stream of American men and women
in the Armed Forces. For a few it is a kind of Cook's tour. But for the ma-
jority it is the mud of a South Pacific fox-hole, the fever of the lUirmese jungle,
the lieat of the Indian plains, and the frustration of life in wartime China. A
"must" for all patriotic Americans is to see that their men and women in these
areas are supplied with background material on racial and national cultures and
economic interests so that they can adjust themselves intelligently to their role
of comrades in arms and comrades in peace with their Pacific allies. There
remains the common task of examining the military, political, and economic
policy which the United States and other United Nations should adopt in this
far flung Pacific area. Here more attention has been given to the treatment of
Japan that to any other single topic. But if we think that the resolving of the
problem of Japan means the solution of all the problems of international coopera-
tion in the Pacific area, we will deceive ourselves. For all around that greatest
of oceans new dynamic and divisive forces will emerge which must be faced
on a regional and global basis.
Let us address ourselves first, however, to the treatment of Japan. I am not
familiar with any more comprehensive analysis of this problem than that con-
tained in an article in the current Pacific Affairs by my colleague, T. A. Bis-
son. Recognizing that the treatment of Germany will give some pointers for the
treatment of Japan, Mr. Bisson, from whom I will quote at length, writes as
follows :
"In his Christmas Eve broadcast. President Roosevelt expressed the general
principles underlying the political attack on Germany in most careful and exact
terminology. The conferees at Teheran, said the President, 'were united in
determination that Germany must be stripped of her military might and be
given no opportunity within the foreseeable future to regain that might. The
United Nations have no intention to enslave the German people. We wish them
to have a normal chance to develop, in peace, as useful and respectable mem-
bers of the European family. But we most certainly emphasze that word "i-e-
spectable" — for we intend to rid them once and for all of Nazism and Prussian
militarism and the fantastic and disastrous notion that they constitute the
"master race.' "
"Against the background of the final military assault on the European fortress,
three simple principles are laid before the Germany people: (1) Germany's mili-
tary power will be crushed and not permitted to revive; (2) the old leadership
must go; and (3) on these bases, the (Jerman people will again be accepted as
normal members of the European community. The uncompromising nature of
this program is perhaps its most striking feature. Even with respect to the sec-
ond principle, there is no call to the Germans to throw out their old leaders.
The words used — 'we intend to rid them' — place the responsibility on the United
Nations for this drastic action. They are an implied threat to those Germans
who support the old leaders, and an implied promise to those Germans who would
like to see them overthrown. Cooperation of the German people in this over-
throw would obviously be welcomed, but it is neither urged nor suggested.
"In the same broadcast. President Roosevelt also made reference to two basic
elements which must enter into the making of peace with Japan. These comprise
llrst, 'the restoration of stolen property to its rightful owners' — a restatement of
the Cairo pledge that Japan will be stripped of all territories gained by aggression
since 1895 ; and secondly, the peace will ensure 'the permanent elimination of the
Empire of Japan as a potential force of aggression.' It is noteworthy that these
two pronouncements, taken together, do not go beyond the first principle as stated
for Germany. They constitute a blunt affirmation of the intention of the United
Nations to fight the war against Japan to a finish, somewhat analogous in this
respect to the 'imconditional surrender' demand voiced at Casablanca. It might
have been assumed that further statements on Japan, covering the scope of the
last two principles set forth for Germany, would have to wait upon victory in
Europe and the mounting of the final assault against Japan. At this point, how-
ever, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, in a New Year's message to the Chinese
Army and people, went far to close the gap. Revealing a hitherto unreported
passfige at the Cairo conference, he made the following statements:
" 'In intimate talks I had with President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill at Cairo we considered steps for mutual cooperation and agreed upon
certain plans for prosecution of the war.
" 'We also agreed upon the question of the disposal of the enemy after the war.
One important problem in this connection concerns Japan's form of government.
5072 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
When President Roosevelt asked my views I frankly replied, "It is my opinion
that all Japanese militarists must be wiped out and the Japanese political system
must be purged of every vestige of aggressive elements. As to what form of
government Japan should adopt, that question can better be left to the awakened
and repentant Japanese people to decide for themselves."
" 'I also said, "If the Japanese people should rise in revolution to punish their
warmongers and overthrow their militarists' government we should respect their
spontaneous will and allow them to choose their own form of government." Mr.
Roosevelt fuly approved of my idea.'
"Assuming that these statements reflect a common approach to the peace settle-
ments in Europe and the Far East, it is already possible to sketch the type of
peace to be made with Japan. A few of the outlines are even now sharp and
clear ; others must be drawn on the basis of given suggestions in the light of
objectives which seem desirable.
"The peace with Japan will be a harsh one in many of its aspects, notably those
affecting territories, disarmament, and possible reparations. When the costs and
sacrifices of defeating Japan's ruthless aggression are placed in the reckoning,
nothing less should be expected or desired. These terms of the peace will, in some
cases, be setting right old wrongs that have endured for a generation or longer.
They are also required to limit Japan's power to engage in a second adventure in
aggression.
"Obviously, these terras presuppose the existence and continued maintenance of
unity between members of the United Nations and the emergence of a strong and
effective international organization. Continued agreement and firm cooperation,
at least among the United States, Great Britain, the U. S. S. R. and China, are
indispensable in order to enforce the terms of peace against Japan initially and
then to see that they are upheld. Given this degree of unity, the har«her aspects
of the peace can be mitigated somewhat by measures which will indicate clearly
to the Japanese people that the settlement is dictated not by a polic.v of revenge,
nor with an intention to enslave. The line is not so difficult to draw as might
appear. A vengeful peace can be defined as one aimed at keeping Japan in a state
ot lasting subjection, political or economic. Any such policy would be self-
defeating. Sir George Sansom has rightly declared that the existence of 'a nation
of over 70 million desperate and frustrated people would ruin any plan designed
to bring prosperity and peace to Asia.' The principle enunciated by President
Roosevelt for the German people must also be taken as applying to the Japanese
people — the.v will be given 'a normal chance to develop, in peace, as useful and
respectable members' of the world community.
"What is stated here really amounts to a process of postwar development. It
looks toward the emergence of a healthy Japan, which can in time reenter the
society of nations as a member in full standing. The process makes serious
demands on the United Nations, as well as on Japan. They must assist her to
develop along peaceful lines on both the political and economic levels ; they must
assume direct responsibility for the type of political and social structure estab-
lished in Japan after her defeat. United Nations guidance will be required in
greater or lesser degree, to make it certain that the old autocratic system is not
reestablished, but that a new system is inaugurated in which the democratic
aspirations of the Japanese people find real expression. Full opportunity must
also he given Japan to raise the living standard of her people by the processes
of normal international trade. The new world organization must have not only
the strength to maintain collective security but also the economic statesmanship
to eliminate trade barriers and develop the colonial areas of the world by meas-
ures for improving the social and economic welfare of the inhabitants on a basis
of nondiscriminatory international cooperation. This process will provide the
most dependable safeguard against renewed Japanese (or German) aggression.
The enemy nations must be restored to health and then must be fitted into a
constructive system of international collaboration."
Whatever the fate of the Royal Family, it is clear that whatever remains of
the Japanese Navy must be surrendered. Munitions and aircraft must be
destroyed or surrendered. Munitions plants must at least be converted into
production of civilian goods. For a considerable period Japan will be pre-
vented from maintaining military and naval forces. A civilian police force
alone will be allowed. The punishment of the Japanese leaders of totalitarian
aggression, whether naval, military, or industrial, must be complete. On the
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5073
matter of reparations the experts disagree. Tlie Chinese are expected to in-
inherit such parts of the large industrial plants in Manchuria and Formosa as
are not destroyed by military action or a scorched eai'th policy. In these fac-
tories and in the coal and iron of IManchnria, China will add significantly
to her heavy industry. If, as declared at Cairo, China regains all her lost ter-
ritories there would seem to be but little need of insisting on a long drawn-
out period of reparation payments which might promise more discord than they
are worth. Confined to the slender area of her own islands, Japan will face a
perplexing problem of self-support. "With the security issue settled, intelligent
people in other countries will assert that Japan's economic rehabilitation will
be advantageous to other countries. Mr. Bisson rightly affirms :
"Extension of disarmament into the factory, a necessity under modern con-
ditions, still treats the symptoms, not the disease itself. The key issue in the
degree of success attending the United Nations' dealings with a defeated Japan
is not how well the country is disarmed but how greatly its outlook and mo-
tivations are changed. In the last analysis, what is required is a thorough
recasting of Japan's political and social leadership. Addressing himself to
Germany, Pre.sident Roosevelt declared in the statement already quoted:
'* * * we intend to rid them once and for all of Nazism and Prussian mili-
tarism and the fantastic and disastrous notion that they constitute the "master
race." ' In much the same terms. Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek stated that
'all Japanese militarists must be wiped out and the Japanese political system
must be purged of every vestige of aggressive elements.' "
As to those who ask, "Can we expect to impose democracy on Japan?" one
answer is that if the United Nations do not concern themselves we will find
the militarists and secret societies back again in their old places of power.
Others will answer that the Japanese people may do a good part of the job
themselves. Without staking Japan's future on the so-called "liberals" we do
know that there have been relatively able opposition movements in Japan. If
the United Nations' political warfare and postwar policy is sound, it will ap-
peal to the Japanese on the ground that there are stronger material, social, and
emotional satisfactions than those deriving from the ideology of conquest and
master race. Confidence must be created in the faith that construction can
follow destruction. If the United States role in United Nations' policy is to
be positive in revolutionizing the psychology of the Japanese, the American
people must steer a courageous and realistic course toward cooperation with
the masses of Japan by avoiding appeasement and collaboration with the mili-
tarists and the great cartels which have never refused to profit from the expan-
sionist policy of the militarists.
As indicated above while the problem of Japan is central it is not the only
one in the Pacific area. A few of those that must be faced are the foreign
trade, investment, airlines, merchant marine, and immigration policies of the
United States. Another is the problem of British relations with India, Burma,
Malay.sia, and China. Internally China has tensions and problems that are as
baffling as those within the United States.
Though Soviet Russia was the first gi-eat power to aid China substantially in
her war with Japan, the role of Russia in the Pacific is still obscure to many
citizens of China, India, the Netherlands, the United States and the British
Commonwealth. This results in large measure to two factors : First and
principally bef^ause of the generation of mutual suspicion between these powers
and the Soviet Union and the fact that but few citizens of these countries
have ever taken the trouble to inform themselves on the rational character
of Soviet policy in Asia and the Pacific. It results to a lesser degi-ee from
a failure to recognize the validity of the position of the combined Chiefs of
Staffs that Ri^ssia's supreme contribution to the global war is to continue
her devastatinsr blows against the Nazis. No United Nations citizen in his
right mind could ask that at this moment the Soviet Union take on a second
front war which would incidentally cut off the great flow of lend-lease supplies
for the defeat of Hitler that now safely cross the Pacific. But in the postwar
period whether Russia enters the Paciflc war or not, the other Pacific nations
will have to recoscnizp Russia as a major Pacific power. The future peace of
the Pacific will depend in part on whether the powers that heretofore have
regarded Russia with suspicion can so thoroughly inform themselves as to
Rxissian policy as to be able to accept at its face value Russia's overwhelming
commitment to the world collective system.
5074 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Cleveland Lecture, March 31, 1944
In Georgia, in the Atlanta Constitution, Mr. Henry Ford proclaimed that the
war will end in two months. Mr. Ford was not in a position to reveal the inside
information on which his prediction was based. The period in which we will
have to wait in order to verily his accuracy is so brief that I shall not take
your time today to speculate on its truth or falsity. I mention it merely to
advance another speculation and that is that Mr. Ford in common with some
other Americans may believe that the collapse of Germany automatically and
simultaneouslv means the end of the war with Japan.
I do not hold this view. It seems to me to spring from several wrong assump-
tions (1) a throw-back to the pre-Pearl Harbor underestimation of Japanese
power; (2) a belief that there is a Pacilic war and a European war rather than
a global conflict; (3) that once the Nazis are subdued the United Nations can
quickly deal the mortal blow to Japan.
But for the moment let us have an end of speculation. Looking across the
Pacilic one sure factor emerges. The way in which the United Nations deal
with Japan and all the areas which Japan has occupied will be one of the
determinants of the issues of war and peace in the world for coming generations.
Undoubtedly the collapse of Germany will have profound repercussions in
Japan. The Japanese will receive the news with mixed feelings. It will spell
ultimate doom. At the same time many Japanese, angry with Hitler's failure
at Moscow, Stalingrad and in the Caucasus and exasperated by the arrogant
behavior of their German colleagues in Japan and China, will secretly rejoice
that the German master race is eating the dust of defeat. The Japanese
command will undoulitedly seek to minimize the meaning of Hitler's down-
fall. With his collapse will come two important opportunities — the first on
the military ; the second on the political and psychological front. If the latter
is as inchoate as in the past United Nations political warefare in Africa and
Europe has been we may yet win the war in the Pacific but lose the np;'c.>
Exhibit No. 953
April 14, 1944.
Soviet Russia's Contribution to Peace
(By Edward C. Carter, Secretary-General of the Institute of Pacific Relations)
The Red Army has killed more Nazi soldiers than the armies of all the rest
of the United Nations put together. Surely this is a primary contribution to the
future, for until the Nazi army is destroyed there will be no peace.
If the USSR had not accepted Hitler's challenge, Germany and Japan would
have met in India and all southern Asia would have fallen to the enemy. China's
position would have beoome well nigh hopeless and most of Africa would have
been in the hands of the Nazis and Fascists.
By what means did Russia emerge as the greatest effective military power
in the world in the winter of 1943-44? By what alchemy did the Russia of
1914-17 transform herself in a short generation? Remember that Germany
knocked Czarist Russia out of the First World War while Germany was still at
war with the entire British Empire, the United States, France, Belgium, Italy,
China and Japan. There is no single answer. The process represents a vast
complex of historical and economic forces. Here we have the paradox of a
great people who sought primarily the good life. That was the first aim. Su-
preme military power emerged as a by-product of that objective. In other words,
Russia's second contrilmtion to the peace is the unity of her people and her
progress in social and economic organization, looking forward to a genuine
democracy as the ultimate goal.
The Russians, the British, the Chinese, and indeed many Americans are still
guessing as to the future international role of the United States. Under these
circumstances it is inevitable that people in tlie other countries should be
guessing about Russia's future role. This results in part from a generation of
mingled suspicion and ignorance which has lilinded many of us to the fact
that through the years Russia has had a rather exceptionally consistent for-
eign policy.
No student of current affairs can be blind to the serious effects on present
thinking in many countries on the future role of the Soviet Union as a result of
nearly twenty years of mutual misunderstanding between Russia and other
countries. There is not time tonight for me to list those trends— some real.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5075
some imagined — in the early days of the revolution which caused misgivings
abroad. Those early years provoked a profound and burning suspicion of things
Russian.
To the Russians the behavior of the other nations seemed equally grim. Sus-
picion in Russia of the capitalist countries resulted from foreisiin intervention
in Russia following the revolution. On the advice of Secretary of War Winston
Churchill in 1918 London despatched materials and troops into northern Russia
under Major General Poole and later under Major General Ironside. These
forces at their maximum numbered more than eighteen thousand British and
five thousand Americans. They disposed of the Soviet government at Archangel
and set up a provisional white government. In eastern Siberia, British, French,
American and Japanese forces marched in. The Czechs controlled western
Siberia and Admiral Kolchak with British aid established a provisional regime
at Omsk. You are familiar with the aid which the Allies gave to Generals
Yudenich . You will remember that in 1921 the French General Weygand
played a major role in Poland's war against Russia. For a long time it was
not easy for Russia to forget the foreign intervention of 1918, the Allied blockade
of Russia in 1919, or the credit Iilockade that extended into the 1920's.
From the moment of Litvinov's first arrival in Geneva, the Soviet government
went on record as committed to a world collective security system. Neither the
United States, France, nor Great Britain were really committed to that system.
Englishmen and Frenchmen assure Americans that it was impossible for their
governments to make this commitment because of American isolationism.
The Powers regarded Russia's commitment to the collective system cynically,
and the temporary Moscow-Berlin agreement in 1939 was the direct result of
tlie policies of Chamberlain and Daladier in the Munich period.
It behooves Americans to resurvey the whole history of 150 years of relations
between Russia and the United States, both under the Czar and under the
Bolsheviks. In this period of 150 years the United States has been at war at
one time or another with Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan. Never
throughout this period has the United States been at war with Russia. Misun-
derstanding have arisen from time to time between the United States and both
Czarist and Bolshevik Russia, bur they have never issued in war between the
two countries. The economic and foreign policies of the two countries have
been parallel. Their broad interests have been largely identic. Both have been
more concerned with the maintenance of peace than advancing their fortunes
by wars of aggression.
On both sides there is much to forget. Happily, tliere is a general, though
not yet universal, desire to face forward and profit by the grave mistakes of
the past. Since June 22nd. 1941, immense progress has been made in the task
of liquidating distrust and forging new ties of genuine understanding.
The growing awareness of Russia's indispensability as a member of the family
of nations derives from several causes :
First, a frank recognition of the fact that if the USSR had not resisted the
Nazis the other United Nations would still be fighting a losing war ;
Second, fresh and ever increasing knowledge of the military, industrial and
social strength of the Soviet Union ;
Third, a recognition that Soviet geography, natural resources, and commit-
ment to a steady rise in the standard of living both demand and make possible
Russia's announced and reiterated commitment to a strong woi'ld collective-
security system.
At the recent Moscow and Teheran conferences Russia gave unequivocal evi-
dence of her commitment to a world collective security system. This is sa
clearly in Russia's self-interest that only a defection by London and Washington
can again precipitate Russia's withdrawal.
Mr. Hull has indicated clearly that one of the foundations of United States
war and peace policy is the complete destruction of the Nazi system which
plungr-d us into war. There can now no longer be any question in any informed
person's mind as to the complete commitment of the Soviet government and the
Russian people to the destruction of the Nazi system. In view of the Soviet
war effort the consistent prediction of certain writers of a separate deal between
Stalin and Hitler appears ridiculous. Though the Moscow and Tehei-an declara-
tions have been criticized as indefinite, few can ignore the significance of the
declarations regarding complete agreement as to the scope and timing of mili-
tary operations.
In the political field the Moscow declaration's fourth point recognized "the
necessity of establishing at the earliest practicable date a general international
organization — for the maintenance of peace and security." Cooperation of the
5076 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
great Powers is such an indispensable precondition of sulistantial advance that
this must be regarded as a step forward. Moscow and Teheran were also sig-
nilicant in that they were the occasion for the first meetings of the Foreign Min-
isters and the government heads of the three great Powers.
There is a cluster of declarations and agreements which throw a good deal
of light on the interests, intentions, and broad ideals of Great Britain, the United
States, and the Soviet Union : The Atlantic Charter, the United Nations Declara-
tion, the Anglo-Soviet Treaty of May 1942, and the mutual aid agreements con-
cluded by the United States with other countries. The Moscow and Teheran
statements to a large extent implied general approval of the foregoing declara-
tions and agreements. In some cases they stood for concrete and binding com-
mitments. In other cases they repreesnt ultimate goals toward which progress
will be gradual. In other words, the Moscow and Teheran statements under-
lined in clear terms the Soviet Union's commitment to a broad program of
cooperation for peace and security.
As might be expected, the Bolsheviks with their growing appreciation of the
continuity of Russian history have long assumed that the recovery of Russia's
lost territories was a legitimate aim.
The Russians have made it abundantly evident that they regard the reacquisi-
tion of the Baltic States, Bessarabia, and parts of Karelia as desirable and
historically defensible. They have announced that at the right time they are
prepared to negotiate with a responsible and repi'esentative government of Poland
on the general basis of the Curzon line. They have not dogmatically insisted on
the Curzon Line as unalterable, but they have stated frankly that it should form
the basis for negotiation.
The Russians have aflarmed their wholly friendly and cordial interest in the
reestablishraent of the Czechoslovak state. They have entered into a strong
and binding twenty-year agreement with Great Britain. They have made clear
their attitude to the French National Committee of Liberation. They have
stated their attitude to the Badoglio government.
Tlie Soviet authorities have declared that they do not intend to annex
Rumanian territory or to alter the Rumanian social structure.
The Soviet government, together with Great Britain and the United States,
has notified the Austrians, the rest of Europe, and the whole world of their
intention that their goal is that Austria become independent and free. The
Austrians are assured of support in their efforts to find economic and political
advantage througli understandings with "those neighboring states which will
be faced with similar problems." In other words, the world organization will
not in theory stand in the way of regional arrangements in the Danube Valley.
A measure of regionalism was foreshadowed by the creation at Moscow of
the Advisory Council for Italy and the European Advisory Commission.
The Soviets clearly wish to look forward to a hundred years of peace. I
venture to guess that they would prefer to see western Europe emerge from
the war quickly into a long era of peace and progress under liberal, demo-
cratic, capitalistic, and friendly governments than to be torn in twain by long-
drawn-out chaos resulting from inconclusive communist revolutions.
Vis-a-vis Japan, the USSR does not seek a two-front war. The strength of
the Soviet Far Eastern armies is such as to immobilize a Japanese army of
approximately three-quarters of a million in Korea, Manchuria, and North
China. While not seeking war with Japan, one may surmise that the Russian
Army does not fear Japan. Very recently the negotiations regarding Sakhalin
and the fisheries question reveal that Moscow is fully aware of the fact that
her strentrth is greater than that of Japan. In discussing the war in the Pacific,
Soviet writers invariably refer to Japan as the aggressor and China, Britain,
the United States, and other countries as the victims of aggression.
In her relations with China, Russia is reported to have taken a scrupulously
correct position. The Chinese remember that before Pearl Harbor, when the
United States and British countries were aiding Japan with abundant war
materials, Russia was aiding China with substantial credits and supplies.
With reference to British India, a study of Soviet publications indicates that
the Russians are failing to follow the practice of certain American liberals in
lecturincr Britain about her relations with India.
At Teheran the three leaders recognized the common responsibility of making
"a peace which will command good will from the overwhelming masses of the
peoples." There was the promise to seek the cooperation of all peoples "dedi-
cated to the elimination of tyranny." There was the welcome to such peoples
to come "as they may choose into the world family of democratic nations." The
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5077
<;oncert of three made clear their dedication to the cause of free lives to nations
and individuals and their repudiation of the role of three-power dictatorship.
There still awaits clarification of the fourth point of the Moscow declaration
mentioned above regarding the necessity of establishing a general international
organization. This was to be open to all peace-loving states for the maintenance
of peace and security. Pending the completion of this organization the three
Powers and China promised to consult with one another and, as occasion re-
quired, with other members of the United Nations.
The foregoing and other declarations point in general terms to the regulation
of armaments and the inauguration of a system of general security.
Moscow and Teheran did not completely blueprint the future. They did,
however, point the way to many forms of international cooperation which are
of self-evident importance to all nations. Neither the British nor the Americans
who participated in those conferences have provided their publics with any in-
formation to controvert the theory that Stalin and Molotov were any less sincere
in their declarations than the leaders from the other nations.
The Soviet government has participated in the United Nations Food Confer^
ence and is also participating in the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration. A Soviet delegation recently came to the United States for
preliminary bilateral talks on postwar international currency stabilization
with U. S. Treasury officials. These discussions, which were paralleled with
talks with the British delegation and similar negotiations with thirty other
governments, are paving the way for a United Nations Monetary Conference
toward the end of this year or in 1945. The press has hinted that the subject
matter of the Beaverbrook-Berle conversations in London regarding international
problems of postwar aviation have been communicated to the Soviet authorities.
The Soviet government's policy towards its own diverse nationalities contains
lessons both for Europe and for the colonial areas alike of Europe, the Americas
and Asia. These are lessons that can be learned and applied with necessarily
adopting socialism as the exclusive government policy. Some of these lessons
are:
1. In oi'der to be independent and strong, substantial economic power is an
essential. This is best achieved if there is an effective balance of industrial and
agricultural development. This does not preclude high specialization in the
Internal economy.
2. When there is an integration between internal economic policy and foreign
policy the risk of cultural or social domination of one nation by another is
substantially reduced.
3. Nation-wide education and public health are indispensable to a rising
standard of living and the development of self-government. These, however,
cannot be achieved unless there is an intelligent and dynamic economic and
social motivation on the part of the rank and file of the population.
4. Racial and national antagonisms and prejudices can be reduced by a com-
bination of education, compulsion (i. e. punishment of all overt forms of dis-
crimination and vilification) and economic practices which in fact provide
equality of opportunity.
The Russians' self-confidence in their way of life and in their strength permit
them to work for practical compromises with other nations and other systems.
This is a new development in Soviet foreign policy beginning about 1933 at the
time of the second Five-Year Plan. Before this, they relied more heavily on
hortatory appeals to the rest of the world and other devices showing some lack
of internal self-assurance. Those who have followed the progressive efforts of
the Soviet government to give their many minorities and nationalities a more
indigenous and richer culture of their own, while steadily according them
greater and greater responsibility for political and economic matters, were not
surprised with the Russian announcement recently that the IG Soviet Republics
were hereafter to have a say in Army and foreign policy. The minorities were
to participate in the State's highest responsibilities — the issues of peace and
war. This latest move was not in my view a hastily fabricated device for giving
the Soviet Union more votes in a future world council than the British Empire
or the Pan-American republics, or General Smuts' British countries plus Western
Europe. It was rather a logical development of Stalin's policy of according to
every major racial or nationality group within the S'oviet Union the fullest
share in the complex and abounding life of the Soviet Union and, concurrently,
a new place in the affairs of the family of nations.
In October last I had the privilege of visiting one of the 16 Republics —
Uzbekistan. Here, in half a generation, a medieval, predominantly Mohammedan
5078 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
State has been inducted into full participation in tlie mass production techniques
of the 20th Century. Accompanying the industrial and agricultural leap over
five centuries there has been a corresponding lightning evolution from feudalism
to a political and social structure that has made a backward people heir to
the education, science, and the aesthetic satisfactions of the modern world. None
of these rapidly developing 16 Republics have any urge to participate in wars
of aggression. Their vital interest is in the maintenance of peace and the most
friendly relations in trade and culture with all their neighbors. Their vested
interest in peace is as great as that of every one of the forty-eight states of the
American union.
Exhibit No. 953-A
215 East 72d Street,
Tflew York, N. Y., May 26, 1952.
Mr. ROBEKT MOKRIS,
Room 424y Senate Office Building,
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mk. Morris: When you brought to New York recently a large number
of documents for identification, one was a mimeographed or photostated article
entitled "Soviet Russia's Contribution to Peace." I remember that there was
no clue as to w'here the article appeared.
I now find that it appeared in volume 234 of July 1944, in The Annals of The
American Academy of Political and Social Science, edited by Dr. Ernest M,
Patterson, professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania. The title
of the volume was "Agenda for Peace."
In adition to my own, papers were contributed by Bruno Lasker, Francis B.
Sayre, Percy E. Corbett, F. Cyril James, C. J. Hambro and Samuel S. Fels.
Reviews in the volume, among others, covered books by A. Whitney Griswold,
Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Count Sforza, Stuart Chase, H. M. Kallen, Albert
Shaw,
I thought that if you are planning to print this article of mine in the records
-of the hearings, you would want to indicate under what auspices the article was
published.
Sincerly yours,
Edward C. Carter.
ECC : f tw
Exhibit No. 954
(Penciled note :) "MAS scan & return to EC."
January 7, 1945.
ECC from RD :
Apart from Kohlberg, Hearst & Co. there has been [penciled note "No?"] direct
criticism of the school material put out by Amco except as follows :
1. Julean Arnold has been carrying on a one-man crusade against the S.vllabus
prepared by George Harris for some years. This criticism is largely against the
relative amount of attention paid in the material to the modern political aspects
of China's development rather than to any misinterpretations or factual errors.
Arnold feels that relatively more attention should have been devoted to Chinese
history. (Penciled note "anti-Brit?")
2. Kenneth Colegrove took sharp exception to the use of Kate Mitchell (pen-
ciled note right of paragraph : "I'd never heard of this. I know we slaved with
Kate & Komar to make it objective") and Komar Goshal as editors of the
pamphlet texts on India. He wrote me a strong note asserting that Mitchell's
bias had been so evident and so proved that we were doing a disservice in using
her and Goshal. He stated that he felt that the pamphlet was biased. The
correspondence is in the files. I have an impression that Lennox Mills joined
with Colegrove's criticism, but I am not certain.
3. Leland Goodrich told me verbally that IPR pamphlet texts had been subject
to attack in the Cambridge school system, and that some one had talked with him
on the phone about them. My memory is vague on the subject, and at any rate
no direct word reached the office while I was in charge. Again, I have the im-
pression that the attack — if that is what it was— merely mentioned IPR material
along with other stuff used in Cambridge.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5079
(Penciled note:) "This was a question raised by a Catholic group. Later the
pamphlets were adopted in Cambridge."
MAS may know of any comments directly to her from school superintendents
as they did not normally come to my attention.
For your private information, Huggins has raised questions several times in
Executive Committee meetings about the educational program. He has not
been enthusiastic about Mrs. Stewart, and as a member of a school board has
voiced some reluctance to go along with the program. McConaughy and Jessup
have regularly risen to MAS's defense and to the defense of the whole educa-
tional program of Amco.
(Penciled note:) "This is very helpful to know. I'd be grateful to learn Mr.
Huggins' criticisms of our school program, for we do want it to be the best ever.
I can't help wondering, however, how he can judge the school program as no
report of it has ever been made by me. It may be, however, that my departure
from the staff will satisfy his criticism."
(Penciled note with line from next to last paragraph:) "I've had only one —
from Great Neck, L. I., where Land of the Soviets was attacked by the Catholic
Church on the grounds that the pamphlet attacked the R. C. church. When the
high school teacher (who is an ardent admirer of the IPR & the pamphlet series)
called on the priest & pointed out the only the Russian Orthodox Church was
mentioned in the pamphlet, the opposition ceased and the series is still being
used in Great Neck."
Exhibit No. 956
10th February 194.5.
Owen Lattimore, Esq.,
Roland Vieio Road, Rvxton Jf, ifarj/land.
Dear Owe^t : With immense profit, delight, and admiration I have just finished
reading SOLUTION IN ASIA.
It is a marvelous postscript to Hot Springs. I only wish that I had seen the
manuscript or page proofs in advance and I would have made a special ti'ip to
Little, Brown & Co. to see whether they couldn't strike off a hundred advance
copies to serve as the principal data paper for the Conference. If every member
had had and read SOLUTION IN ASIA before the Conference began, the dis-
cussions would have been on a much higher creative and responsible level.
Personally, I feel deeply indebted to you for writing the book. I believe that
the whole IPR and the leaders of the United Nations will profit immensely by its
publication.
With all good wishes and my warmest congratulations, I am,
Gratefully yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 957
6th June 1945.
Owen Lattimore. Esq..
Roland Vieio Road, Riurton 4, Maryland.
Dear Owen : Ernest Simmons, of Cornell, at the meeting of the American-
Russian Institute Board yesterday, told me he hoped you were not going to take
Max Eastman's article in the Reader's Digest lying down. He asserted that
Eastman could not have read the book and that all he had read was the pub-
lisher's blurb. I am eagerly looking forward to seeing you on the evening of
June 13th.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 958
June 18, 1945.
ECC from RD :
In answer to your memorandum of June 14, I certainly have no objection to
your approaching William Morris, John Hersey, and Mrs. Maurice T. Moore for
contributions to the American Council.
In view of the letter from DeWitt Wallace, of the Reader's Digest, a copy of
which is attached. I am talking to I. F. Stone about the best approach to
Marshall Field. Field is about to come east to talk to PINI about the espionage
5080 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
case, and there is a reasonable possibility that, with the Wallace letter as bait,
I might be able to interest Field in seeing that the IPR did not suffer from this
kind of an attack.
I have also learned that Harpers Magazine is embarrassed by its prophets and,
through Jack Fisher, I am making arrangements to see Cass Caufield when he
retnrns from Europe within the next two weeks to investigate the possibilities
of fi Isirge contribution from them.
Exhibit No. 959
20th June, 1945.
Owen Lattimore, Esq.,
Roland View Road, Ruxton If, Maryland.
Dear Owen : Enclosed is a review for PACIFIC AFFAIRS just received from
Chen Han-seng. I would deeply appreciate it if you would read it and let me
know whether it should go into PACIFIC AFFAIRS as it stands or whether
you would recommend a few changes.
In the latter event could you in your own inimitable way take your pen in
hand and do the kind of editing that will enable Chen Han-seug's review to
represent his and your best thought? As he will be shortly coming to this country
to join the Secretariat and to lecture at the University of Washington, I am
particularly eager that in all of his published writings he puts his best foot
forward.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 960
The Walter Hines Page School of International Relations, Office of the Director
The Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Md., June 25, 1945.
Mr. E. C. Carter,
1 East 54th Street, New York 22, N. Y.
Deae Carter : I have several letters from you to acknowledge.
First, I am glad to have your authority for scrapping the old Pacific Affairs
correspondence.
Second, I shall shortly send you all available back issues of Pacific Affairs,
at the same time giving you details on the bound issues that I need.
Third, I am returning herewith the copy of the draft letter with Bisson's notes.
You now have alternative wordings for dealing with the Manchuria-Russia
aspect.
Fourth, I am returning herewith the Chen Han-seng review, with editorial
suggestions. It so happens that I had been reading the Normano book myself for
the purpose of writing a review for another journal. By and large I agree with
Han-seng, as I usually do ; but I think that as frequently happens, his talent for
twisting the knife in the wound has run away with him a little. It would
be a good tiling to submit my proposed revisions to someone like Bisson, in order
to be sure of being fair to Han-seng as well as to Normano.
Sincerely,
Owen Lattimore.
OL:ec
Exhibit No. 961
Institute of Pacific Relations,
Office of the Secretary-General,
Park Lane Hotel, London, 13th Sexttemher, 19^5.
Ray>[0nd Dennett, Esq.,
5th Floor, 1 East 5/tth Street,
New York 22, N. Y.
Dear Dennett : The pace has been such that any general report on my progress
to date will have to wait my return. I have been sending rather inconsequential
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 508 i
scraps to Corbett and some of my colleagues in the office, but I have been so long
out of personal touch with our colleagues on this side of the world, and I am
trying to use every possible moment seeing people instead of writing reports.
I have, of course, had hours and hours with our various friends at Chatham-
House. They are deeply cast down by Amco's failure to accept their invitation
for a visit to London in September. Most of their reasons for desiring the visit
would be acceptable to all shades of Amco thought, but some of them would^
as you suspected, be challenged by everyone.
Just before I left you made some cryptic remark to me about Willits. Airmail
me a letter here at this address as to what it was all about.
Also do let me know how you have come on with your Labour troubles and
above all please write me fully as to failures and successes on Finance.
I was both shocked and pleased to discover that under the auspices of Lady
Cripps and with an introduction by the Master of Balliol, Max Stewart's pamphlet
on China has been given a large circulation in the United Kingdom completely
independent of Chatham House.
Austern will be glad to show you the list of the faithful who turned out for the-
luncheon which Lord Astor gave me at Chatham House a few days after my
arrival. It was most sporting of many of them to come under the circumstances,
especially as some of them had to interrupt the first vacation they had had for a
long time, in order to be pi'esent.
When I return I will endeavor to give you and members of the Amco Board
and Staff an oral off-the-record account of my impressions of the prospects of
the Institute in France, Holland. Britain and the U. S. S. R.
By the way, I know your Executive Committee cannot have reached a decision
as to the year and place of the next I. P. K. Conference. I would, however, like to-
have your own personal, though necessarily tentative answer, as you will have
to handle the donkey work for Amco wherever and whenever the Conference-
is held. Specifically, what is your personal answer to the following questions :
1. Should the next Conference be held in 1946 or in 1947?
2. As to place, which would be your personal preference as between (a) Canada.
(6) United Kingdom (c) China (d) India (e) Philippines?
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 962
September 26, 1945.
RD from RDC :
Mr. Carter sent me a letter addressed to you asking that I type it up and hand'
it on. This I have done.
He asked me to change the dateline from the letterhead on which lie wrote it to-
the Park Lane Hotel. I note, however, that in one of his paragraphs he asks
that you write him "at this address".
The address to which I think you should send your reply is :
% Mitrany, Unilever House, Blackfriars, London, E. C. 4, England.
I have no idea whether, on his return from France and the Netherlands, he
will be staying at the Park Lane Hotel or not. Therefore, I think it would be-
safer to use the above address.
Exhibit No. 963
10/19/45
Notes on Mr. Carter's Finances in Connection With Recent Trip
On July 27, 1945, Mr. Carter left New York in possession of $1,500 worth of
express checks, $1,000 of this was provided by Pacco and $500 by ASRR. In
addition he had $130 in cash. On his return October 16. 1945, he had $100 in
express checks, $43.00 in dollars and £2. Mr. Carter also had a check on a
New York bank for $50.00, an accommodation to a G. I. officer who wanted the-
equivalent in francs.
88348—52 — pt. 14 12
5082 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Mr. Carter's personal expenditures were principally as follows :
1 Hat £2-8-11 $9.93
French perfumery 720 francs 14. 40
2 pair gloves £1-15-0 7. 11
Cigarettes 9. 85
Shaves, laundry, cocktails, theatre (1) 17.25
$58. 54
Transportation from Great Falls, Montana, and throughout the Soviet Union
and on to Berlin was provided free by the Soviet authorities. From Berlin to
London, Mr. Carter paid ATC $84.94. From London to Paris he paid Air France
(£7-10-0) $30.45.
At the request of the Dutch Embassy in Paris the RAF flew Mr. Carter from
Paris to the Hague free. Mr. Carter questions whether we will ever be l)illed
for this.
At the request of the American Embassy, KLM flew Mr. Carter from Amster-
dam to London. A letter from the American Embassy to KLM indicated that
Mr. Carter would be personally responsible for the payment of the passage but
no bill has been received as yet. Pacco should keep in its reserve approximately
£8 ($24.48) in case a bill for this passage should ultimately turn up.
In making out the expense account Mr. Carter will charge the IPR for nothing
from New York to and in Russia and on to Berlin except for IPR cables and
postage from Moscow. He will charge ASRR i/o, of the air travel cost from
Berlin to New York and will bill ASRR % of the London Hotel bill during
his second stay in London.
Miss Nora Ford Smith incurred many pounds worth of expenses for air mail
postage and cables. She will send Mr. Carter a total bill. Instead of paying
that bill the amount of it is to be regarded as available for purchase here for
the Professor of IPR books and food packages.
The American Export passase of $663.75 from Foynes to LaGuardia was paid
by the New York office. In addition Mr. Carter paid £11-10-0 ($46.69) from
Croydon to Foynes.
A gift package of cigarettes handed to Mr. Carter by Sverdin in Moscow was
an expensive gift. To get it into England Mr. Carter had to pay duty amounting
to and then because it weighed too much to bring home across the Atlantic,
Mr. Carter had to pay the American Express Company 10s-6d (.$2.14) to pack
and send it over and presumably Mr. Carter will have to pay duty on it when
it arrives.
Conversion rates :
England— £24-13-0 equals $100. ( Approx. $4.06 per £. )
Belgium — $1.00 equals 2.66 cronen.
Holland — 1 guilder equals approx. $.40.
France — approx. 2 cents per franc.
Summary of hotel bills :
Park Lane, London, 8/29-9/4/45. £28-14-4 $116. 59
Park Lane, London, 9/5-14/45, £37-8-6 151. 94
Park Lane, London, 9/26-10/2/45, £33-19-1 137. 86
Park Lane, London, 10/3-9/45, £28-11-3 115.96
Park Lane, London, 10/10-13/45, £16-8-7 66. 70
$589. 05
Hotel Mitre, Oxford, 10/6-7/4.5, £1-5-0 5. 08
Hotel Lancaster, Paris, 9/14-20/45, 8405 francs 168. 10
Hotel Des Indes, Hague, 9/22-25/45, 44.60 guilders 17. 84
780. 07
Cables and Postage, London, £2-12-9i/. 10. 71
Books, £1-9-1 5. 86
796. 64
Exhibit No. 964
November 19, 1945.
To: ECC.
From: RD.
Herewith is a draft of the Research section of the Annual Report. It needs
considerable redrafting as to style, but I would appreciate your comments on
contents.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5083
Several questions occur to me at once :
1. On pages three and four, should there be more extended discussions of the
Wittfogel and Broek projects, similar to that in IPR in Wartime, so that their
significance would be immediately apparent to readers of the present report?
2. Page 7: Should this discussion on research plans be extended to include
the Indian project and others? The difficulty is that it is hard to predict what
the Research Committee will approve and hence there is some danger of running
ahead of the Committeee in including this in a report.
3. Page S: Are we at liberty to reveal our Army and Government contracts?
4. Should we not include the names of the individual staff people who were
taken on by the Government?
5. Pages 9-10 : Is quite frankly a pet of mine which I may be writing too
heavily in this report, and perhaps it should be deleted entirely.
Exhibit No. 977
To—
E. C. Carter. (Attached: Photo-
stat Hand-dra-\vn map. Photo-
stat N. Y. Times Map).
Discussion on Collective Security
& Far East (Chairman, Carter).
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
ECC. (Attached: Attitt'des of
American Soldiers in Berlin-
District Toward Ovr Allies.
Sept. 1945).
ECC. (Ere. letter to Edward
Carter from AP of Jmie 12,
1946. and Llst Bi-siness & Kox-
COMMERCLVL HOLDINCS IN JAPAN
OF U. S. & American Compa-
nies Having Patent License
OR Trademari^ Agreements
"With Companies in Japan
Proper).
ECC
Kate. (Enc. July 17 notes)
Report of Conference of March 9th
E. C. Carter
?
Pencilled list names on yellow
paper.
Memo: Meeting Arctic Institute,
Apr. 9.
E.C.Carter. (Attached ECC to
JP, April 17, 193.3, and F. V.
Field from E. C. Carter, March
27 1933)
L. T. Chen. (Attached Itr. to
L. T. Chen from E. C. Carter
dated .Tune 28, 1933).
" taiilev Hombeck
£. C. Carter
Memo of Interview with Mortimer
L. Graves.
Individual Travel Expenditure for
past few years. Finance 1936,
Document 7.
Selskar M. Gunn
Conversation between Mr.
Arosev, Prcs. VOKS, IMr. Car-
ter and JB.
Barbara Wertheim
Fred V. Field
E. C. Carter (Memo)
E. C. Carter
Harriet Moore
A. Kantoroyitch
F. V. Field
Galen M. Fisher
Meeting of the Presidium of the
USSR IPR draft.
M. E. Cieeve (Madge) _
William Holland
From —
Eppy
Ouman,sky
CD (Charles Dollard).
MC
RJG
CP
Edward.
Felix Frankfurter.
Edward
J. B_
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter.
J. B
E. C. Carter.
E. C. Carter...
E. C. Carter...
KB
Harriet Moore _
E. C. Carter...
E. C. Carter...
E. C. Carter...
E. C. Carter...
Date
8/7
5/6/43
(Stamped
7/8/45).
1/3/46
Undated.
Undated.
Undated.
7/17
?
1/11.
8/6..
Undated .
4/10/33....
6/28/33.
7/13/33..
1 1/29/33.
12/7/33..
2/13/34.
5/21/34.
7/18/34..
9/25/34..
10/22/34.
11/22/34-
12/15/34.
12/25/34.
12/26/34.
1/4/35...,
1/3/35...
E. C. Carter.
Ned
1/18/35.
2/23/35.
T^-pe of
Docu-
ment
Photostat.
Photostat.
Photostat.
Original...
Original...
Original...
Original...
Copy
Photostat.
Original...
Original...
Original...
File Num-
ber
107.33
600.1
600.2
131 B. 38
131B.38
131B.67
105. 123
131B.4
119.91
119.63
104.7
191.101
100. 27
100. 247
100. 195
100.110
100. 135
100.129
100. 122
100. 237
105.82
101.26
100.1
100. 53
100.375
100.31
100. 104
100. 168
100.314
100.167
100. 169
Exhibit
Num-
ber
977A
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
907
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
5084
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
To—
Extracts from Itr. fr. Harriet
Moore to E. C. Carter.
V. E. Motvlev --
V. E. Motylev
Moscow Meeting in Motylev's
office.
ECC
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
F. V. Field
Stanley K. Hombeck
(Attached letter from Stanley K.
Hombeck to Edward C. Carter
dated 1/30/37.)
Edward C. Carter
Extract from letter, San Francisco,
to Catherine Porter from Owen
Lattimore.
E. C. Carter
Clinning from San Francisco
Chronicle.
E. C. Carter
Harry Emerson Fosdick
James G. McDonald
H. B. Elliston
H. B. Elliston
Hall Borovov
Edward C. Carter. (Enc. FVF
fron ECC dated March 8, 1937,
and letter to Edward Carter
from J. P. Chamberlain.)
William L. Holland
Jose-ih P. Chamberlain
FVF
Kate ..-
Kate Mitchell
EVF (and others)
Kate Mitchell
E. C. Carter
V. E. Motylev
Joseph Barnes
Kate Mitchell _--
From —
Supplementary Agenda for
Discussion Between USSR,
IPR & the Sec. Gen., Moscow.
Frederick V. Field
V. E. Motylev
Owen Lattimore
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Fred V. Field
Virginia Burdick
Constantino Oiimansky
Names for membership, including
Alger Hiss.
Vi'. W. Lockwood
Mrs. Edward C. Carter..
Edward C. Carter
Owen Lattimore -.- _.
Joseph P. Chamberlain
Dr. John H. Finley
Russell Shiman.
Copy of memo attached from Div.
of FE Affairs, Dept. of State.
Copy of letter to Joseph W.
Ballentine.
E. C. Carter..
Virginia Burdick
I. F. Wizon
Edward C. Carter
Snydor Walker
Maxwell M. Hamilton
Carter
Dr. Robert S. Lynd
E. C. Carter
Lawrence R. Salisbury..
Edward C. Carter
Owen Lattimore
Edward C. Carter..
Frederick Field
W. L. Holland
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Date
FVF
V. E. Motylev
Stanley K. Hombeck.
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter
V. E. Motylev.
Harriet.
W. L. Holland
Edw. C. Carter
Edw. C. Carter
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter.
F. R. Scott
Edward C. Carter.
E. C. Carter
ECC
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter.
ECC
Edward C. Carter.
Y. P. Bremman
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter.
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
R.S. Bratton, Lt. Col
Joe (Josenh Barnes)...
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
F.V. Field
Philip J. Jaffe
C. Onmanskv
Edward C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
ECC.
A. W. Dulles..
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
L F. Wizon
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Robert S. Lynd
Edward C. Carter
Dr. Robert S. Lynd...
Edward C. Carter...
Maxwell M. Hamilton
Edward C. Carter
J. Leigh ton Stuart
Edward C. Carter
E. C. Carter
Jessica Smith...
Chen Han-seng
3/20/35.
5/4/35-.
9/10/35.
3/31/36.
5/18/36..
6/11/36..
7/1S/36..
10/19/36.
1/5/37...
1/15/37-
4/18/35.
1/15/37.
1/27/37 .
2/10/37.
3/1/37..
3/2/37..
3/2/37..
3/2/37..
3/3/37..
3/4/37..
3/5/37...
3/2/37...
3/8/37...
3/8/37...
.3/11/37.
3/21/39.,
4/20/37.
5/15/37.
5/27/37.
5/31/37.
6/18/37.
8/17/37...
8/20/37...
9/7/37-...
10/18/37-
11/5/37--,
11/10/37-
12/23/37-
2/24/38.-
2/25/38..
2/25/38..
3/17/38.
3/31/38.
3/29/38.
3/31/38.
3/31/33.
4/2/38-.
4/16/38.
4/14/48.
4/15/38.
4/22/38-
5/9/3?...
5/2:3/38.-
5/21/38..
0/30/38..
6/16/38- .
12/15/38.
12/14/38.
6/20/38-
6/16/38..
6/27/3S..
7/19/38..
7/20/38..
7/2.3/38..
8/23/38..
9/1/3?...
9/28/38..
Type of
Docu-
ment
File Num-
ber
100. 158
100. 56
100. 287
100. 64
100. 100
100. 28
133.2
131 B. 52
131B.90
100. 332
600.4
100. 294
100. 321
100.118
100. 303
100. 323
100. 363
100. 282
100. 395
100. 403
100. 387
100. 291
100. 319
100. 308
100. 309
107. 19
100. 310
100. 335
100. .330
100. 389
100.311
100. 333
100. 126
100. 326
100. 278
131B.156
100. 374
119.129
100. 143
100. 368
112.61
105. 328
100. 59
105. 196
100. 144
100. 149
191. 145
Exhibit
Num-
ber
100. 151
116.13
119. 60
191. 131
191. 247
100. 34
191. 254
106. 28
191. 148
105. 169
105. 32C
100. 226
119.56
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1070
1071
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5085
To—
Felix Frankfuter
Owen Lattimorc
Frederick V. Field
Irving Friendman
Frederick V. Field
Edward C. Carter
N. Hanwcll
Frederick P. Keppel
Chen Han-seng & Knight
Harriet Moore
Frederick V. Field
Owen Lattimore
Wm. L. Holland
C. Oumansky
Grenville Clark
Constantine Oumansky.,
Edward C. Carter
Constantine Oumansky..
N. H. Hanwell
Harriett Moore
Constantine Oumansky..
E. C. Carter
Owen Lattimore
Margaret R. Taylor
Dr. V. E. Motylev
Kate Mitchell...
Motylev
Sherwood Eddy
E. C. Carter
Owen Lattimore
PhiliD J. Jaffe
E. C. Carter
PhOip Jafle
V. E. Motylev...
V. E. Motylev..
Philip C. Jessup
Edward C. Carter...
Frederick V. Field
Constantine Oumansky. .
Kenneth Durant
From —
Edward C. Carter.. ,
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
M. G. Shippe (Asia-
ticus).
ECC
Edward C. Carter
Biffgerstaff ECC
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter...
Herbert S. Little
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter...
John H. Oakie
Edward C. Carter...
Edward C. Carter
Owen Lattimore
E. C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter...
Sherwood Eddy
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter...
Philip J. .Taffe
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Edward C. Carter
Evans F. Carlson
Edward C. Carter. .
Edward C. Carter .
Edward C. Carter .
Date
9/29/38..
10/11/38.
10/16/38.
10/17/38.
10/20/38.
5/28/38..
11/1/38...
11/4/38...
11/9/38...
-1/9/3S...
12/15/38..
12/15/38-.
I2/20/38-.
1/10/39...
1/10/39...
1/18/39...
1/23/39...
2/2/39....
2/13/39...
2/21/39...
3/14/39...
3/23/39...
3/28/39...
4/19/39...
4/21/39 ..
5/20/39. -
6/29/39...
7/3/39-...
6/24/.39...
7/11/39...
7/11/39...
8/11/39...
8/24/39...
9/S/39-.-.
9/11/39...
9/15/30...
9/21/.^J...
10/1./39..
12/3/39 -. .
12/11/39..
Type of
Docu-
ment
Carbon
Telegram.
Telegram.
Telegram.
File Num-
ber
119. 58
100. 189
105. 161
119.62
100. 153
105. 150
131B.86
116.16
100. 145
100. 409
100.414
102. 30
119.117
100. IS
100.60
100. 61
100.411
100. 296
105. 193
119.113
100. 295
100. 264
131B.95
191. 195
100. 288
100. 299
100. 271
100. 268
104.66
104.9
105.7
100.6
100. 299
191. 270
106.49
101. 45
100. 293
100. 211
Exhibit
Num-
ber
1079
10-0
10S2
lO'S
10S4
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1092
1093
1094
1095
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
Exhibit No. 977-A
52 Smith Terrace,
Stapleton, 8. I., August 7.
Mr. E. C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations, New York.
Dear Mr. Carter : The enclosed rough sketch gives the situation today as it
looks on a larger map on which I have been moving pins carefully since my
arrival. There are no actual maps from China more recent than V-J day, and
the boundaries of areas are therefore proximate and arrived at by linking to-
gether the respective known points (generally district towns) marking the
limits of control of the two parties. The only accurate houndary is that of the
Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia region (west of the Yellow River, with Yenan at the
center) which has been a stable administrative entity for some years.
The tendency at present (and the situation is changing rather rapidly) is for
the Central (KMT) troops to push through along the railway lines. However,
there is also a tendency on the part of the Communist-led forces to filter back
and take railway points behind the extreme points of KMT advance. Thus the
Communists are back in several stations of the Tsingtao-Tsinan and Taiyuan-
Tungkwan (South Tungpu) railways, with the result that what were once KMT
salients are now KMT pockets. These situations change daily as both sides
sometimes withdraw from points where they are threatened with encirclement
and then come back, very soon afterwards, when they have been reinforced and
feel that their communications are secure. The enclosed map, however, gives
the over-all situations along the railways accurately, as it is quite obvious that,
even though the Eighth Route may withdraw from the 15-20% of any given
railway line that it holds to block KMT traffic, it will at once seek to reoccupy
other places representing an equal fraction of the line, though in a different and
currently more vulnerable place.
5086
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The actual area of Communist influence is greater than shown, because where
regular forces have been withdrawn to avoid being pinned down, or to reinforce
more important points, the local guerillas and their organization remain. An
attempt has been made to show such an area in the cross-hatched red lines
south of Shanghai and Nanking, where no regular New Fourth Army troops
remain. Other such areas exist both north and south of Hankow along the
Pinghan and Canton-Hankow lines, notably around Changsha. The long di-
agonal red pocket between Sian and Ichang represents the line of breakthrough
of the formerly surrounded Hupeh-Anhwei-Honan border pocket, once closer to
Hankow. This "floating kidney" will tend to move north, toward a junction
with the Eighth Route Army in the region of Yenan, or perhaps that sovith of
Taiyuan, depending upon where a KMT weak spot is found,
Sincerely,
Eppy.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5087
HOW CHJNA IS DfVJDEO SEtWEEM
NATIONAtfSTS AND COMWUHJSTS
"L ^Axi^^vV^^^^,^«i^*^^JiL■■^';^ ^^^'^^.'■•^^•^.'■^^ ^-s— t if ^iA<^;i=ai a\.w-y'
,^^^<, y''^yt^,o«*'^££A*^.!Lj«..j?!V^
5088
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
y^^ PACIFIC
MM
« 108 »0» MB
OCEAN
rwumm
Ha
»^TW^^^
{rT?A USS ControlM by KuomintMC
BHI ConbolM by Conlmunil^
Ovnocrals
OA
CHINA, showing Kuomintang and Communist areas
WHERE ARE WE
HEADING?
BV
SUMNER WELLES
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 508^
Exhibit No. 978
Discussion on Coltective Security in the Pacific and the Far East
May 6, 1943, 8: 15 p. m., 700 Jackson Place, Washington
Carter, Chairman.
Present : Mrs. Alexander, Sir Gurj Bajpai, Hugh Borton, de Voogd, Farley,
Greene, Hiss, Johnstone, Lockwood, Martin, Meisling, Pramoj, Shoemaker, Zafra.
Mr. Carter stated that the purpose of these meetings was to stimulate think-
ing around the problems of collective security which appear to be different for
the Pacific area and the Far East, compared with those that exist in Europe.
These questions should be considered now because so much international political
action lias been Europe-centered or concerned with the American hemisphere
that relatively little attention has been paid to the problems of collective secu-
rity in the Far E^.st. The Far East has tended to be ignored in most of the
scholarly efforts on postwar organization. It is thought that the discussion
might form a basis for an essay by one of the members.
It was decided that a few minutes should be spent on the statement on the
first page of the agenda, to see whether there is general concensus that it is a
reasonable forecast.
There was some discussion of paragraph 2 and the meaning of the word ag-
gression as used in the last sentence. Mr. Carter suggested that for pui'poses
of this discussion it should be limited to armed aggression or military occupa-
tion. Shoemaker suggested that one of the most likely dangers would be that
trouble might arise between two sections of China, with Russia coming into the
picture and making claims China would not want to recognize. Bajpai sug-
gested that there ought to be someone at these meetings qualified to speak for
Russia.
Shoemaker thought it was almost certain that Russia would desire a Pacific
outlet and Dairen is a logical one. This would be a point of conflict with China,
as would be Inner and Outer Mongolia and the Communist elements in China.
Pramoj suggested border difficulties between Thailand and French Indo-China.
Mr. Cordell Hull statement on restoring the French Empire was brought up at
this point. Hiss said that the statement was made a long time ago and it was
a statement of intention with reference to a particular action, not a promise
having in mind action regarding Pacific colonies. As it was worded it had to
do with the "integrity" of the French Empire.
Lookvrood said that one general comment on the statement in the agenda is
that if it is intended as an inclusive statement on security as a whole a little
more attention should be given to general economic and social setting of postwar
development. The problem of establishing the basis of security will be a mat-
ter of what machinery can be elaborated for dealing with these issues as well
as what is going to be done about the economic future of Japan or economic
rivalries in the Pacific or the future of the open door and access to the
resources of Southeast Asia, or problems of economic and social reconstruction
in China.
There was further discussion of the possibility of minor or major border dis-
putes breaking out between Pacific countries, and the likelihood of American
or Soviet for'^es interfering in thpse. It was more or less agreed that there
would be no large-scale hostilities in the immediate years after the war.
There was some discussion of what kind of a settlement or security system
would be set up — emergency or short-term — carefully planned and long-term.
Hiss said that we ought to distinguish between a perfect paper settlement
and a more viable day to day arrangement that might grow oiit of developments-
during the war and the early stages of the peace. Good will will make possible-
the satisfactory handling of a good many problems that could not be met with-
qlut it in spite of all careful preparations. In the Pan-American system this is
a pertinent point. The Inter American agreements mentioned in the agenda are
important primarily because they stated something that had already largely been
worked out and accepted as a basis of relationship.
Lockwood said the Pan-American agreements work because there is peace
rather than there being peace because there are agreements.
There was inconclusive discussion of the applicability of the points on page
two to the Far Eastern Situation.
Johnstone said that granted we want a collective security system in the Pa-
cific, whether on a regional or world bases, what could be the basis for agreement
among the nations interested in the Pacific for such a system? Is it just a
5090 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
simple agreement that we are soing to act to prevent aggression, or is some-
thing more necessary? One would assume that you can't have a system unless
it is an agreement. It is quite possible that there will be a general agreement
for the joint use of bases and employment of force in the Pacific, immediately
after the war. When more normal conditions are restored and troops moved
back within their own boundaries, many people will feel that it may not be
necessary to continue joint use of bases. At that point when the period of
large-scale use of occupation forces cames to an end more suitable arrangements
will have to be made. Unless some machinery is set up fairly soon after hos-
tilities end it may be very diflicult to do so later.
Bajpai asked if there were any common interests among the Pacific countries.
Hiss ."^aid it was a questiun of various periods of time. He hoped there would
be an effort to secure an increasing community of interest ; that present and de-
^ eloping military collaboration would l)ring an increasing marking cnit and find-
ing of common interests. Every effort should be made toward reaching an
agreement today. This ought to be supplemented or incorporated in further
agreements.
Bajpai said that of course everyone recognizes that it is impossible at this
stage to envisage all those points either of agreement or clash of interest, mak-
ing for association or separation hereafter. Would it be correct to say that the
United Nations are all interested in the maintenance of peace in the Far East
to the extent that they would collaborate with one another to use force against
aggression in the Far East?
Hiss said that you could not say at the present time that they are.
It was agreed that the United Nations would have to have a community of
interest before they could maintain peace in the Far P^ast and this question should
he the first one explored at the next meeting.
Exhibit No. 979
Mexico City, July 8, 1945.
Dr. Edward C. Carter,
Russian War Relief, Neic York, N. Y.:
Will be delighted to see you here any day at your convenience. Am sure
Russian War Relief leaders in Mexico would welcome opportunity discuss with
you their problems and take advantage your great experience. Eye, too, will
be glad to discuss same problems with you, since they come under my present
jurisdiction, and to renew our personal contact. Warmest regards.
OUMANSKY.
Exhibit No. 980
■Charles Bollard, Executive Associate
Carnegie Corporation of New York,
522 Fifth Avenue,
New York 18, N. Y., January 3, 1946.
(Handwritten :) M. C. : Do you know whether the Army did any testing later
than the enclosed? EC, Jan. 24/46.
Mr. Edward C. Carter,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
1 East 5-',th Street, Nero York 22, N. Y.
Dear Carter : I think these are the reports referred to in your note of Decem-
ber 27. If not, please try me again. While both of them are technically in the
•clear, I think it would be well to clear with Buck Lanham before using any of
the data in anything that you may prepare for public consumption.
You are w-elcome to keep these for your files.
Sincerely,
DOLLARD.
CD:RN
ENC.
ECC:
These "attitude" surveys appeared in a publication called "What the Soldier
Thinks." I remember seeing that magazine in January 4G and I feel sure it
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5091
will be continued on a limited scale. Surveys were of considerable value. Shall
I try and get a more recent copy dealing with the East?
M. C.
EESTEICTED
Classification cancelled by authority of Brig. Gen. Paul W. Thompson Theater
Chief, Information and Education Theater Service Forces, European Theater,
by
Lt Col C. D. LEATHERMAN,
(Name and Grade of officer cancelling classification and date of can-
cellation) : Oct 4, 1945.
ATTITUDES OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN THE BERLIN DISTRICT
TOWARD OUR ALLIES
(Based on a sample of 700 men surveyed 22-25 August 1945 in the Berlin
District.)
Research Branch, Information and Education Division, Headquarters, Theater
Service Forces, Euroiiean Theater, September 1945
Report No. E70-93
Copy No. 24
FOREWORD
1. The information upon which this report is based was collected in a survey
of a sample of soldiers in the Berlin District during the period 22 to 25 August
1945.
2. The sample includes representative units from Headquarters troops in the
Berlin District as well as a cross section of men in the 82d Airborne Division and
attached troops. Within each unit selected, a random sample was drawn so
that all types of men had a proportional chance of being included in the survey.
3. As in previous Research Branch studies, the men who filled out question-
naires were assured of anonymity. No names or serial numbers were placed on
the questionnaires, and it was explained to the men that the purpose of the survey
was simply to secure their frank and and honest opinion.
4. It is important to keep in mind that the findings presented here do nol
purport to be indicative of attitudes held by troops in other areas. As a matter
of fact, the Berlin District is a unique situation for our troops in the European
Theater.
5. Data have just been returned from the field and have been tallied from a
sample that is representative of the entire theater. When these data are com-
pared with attitudes of a cross section of men in the ETO in late April, it is
found that attitudes toward the English and Russians have not changed ap-
preciably ; however, attitudes toward the French were much less favorable in
August than in April. Troops in Berlin express somewhat more favorable atti-
tudes toward the English, and also toward the Germans, but slightly less
favorable attitudes toward the French than do troops in the entire theater.
Also, the Berlin troops express considerably more skepticism about how we shall
be able to get along with Russia in the future than do a cross section of American
troops in the European Theater.
MAIN FINDINGS
1. A large majority of the American soldiers (85%) in the Berlin area say
they have a favorable attitude toward the English. A smaller proportion, but
still a substantial majority (61%), report favorable attitudes toward the Rus-
sians. Less than half of them (42%) say they have a favorable opinion of the
French.
2. Most of our soldiers who have contacts with Allied soldiers say they get
along very well or fairly well with them. Twenty-three percent said they had
no contact with English soldiers, 28 percent said they had no contact with Rus-
sian soldiers, and 48 percent said they had no contact with French soldiers. Of
those who have contact with Allied soldiers, 91 percent say they get along fairly
well or very well with English soldiers; 75 percent say they get along fairly
5092
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
well or very well with Russian soldiers ; and 60 percent say they get along fairly
well or very well with Fi'ench soldiers.
3. Those who have known some English, Russian, and French soldiers per-
sonally are slightly more favorable in attitude toward the English, Russian,
and French people and soldiers.
4. Educational status seems to be only slightly related to like and dislike for
the various Allies.
5. Men who have had combat experience are somewhat more favorable toward
the Russians and somewhat less favorable toward the French than are noncom-
bat men. The two groups do not differ in their opinion of the English. Combat
men are no more nor less favorable toward the Germans than are noncombat
men.
6. There is a widespread feeling of confidence that we shall be able to get
along well with England from now on, more than 90 percent of the men express-
ing this attitude. A substantial majority (65%) say that we will get along
well with France in the years ahead. There is considerable skepticism as to
how well we shall get along with Russia and only 30 percent of the men say they
think that we shall get along well with her ; a substantial minority anticipate
war with her sometime in the next 25 years.
7. The overwhelming majoi-ity say they expect England (80%) and the
United States (93%) to cooperate with other nations to settle disputes peace-
ably. Only half of them (51%) think Russia will cooperate.
8. The better educated men and those less well educated differ only slightly
in their attitudes on international relations.
9. Men who have been in combat do not differ appreciably from the noncombat
men in their attitudes on international relations.
10. As might be expected, those who have a generally favorable attitude to-
ward the Russian people are also more likely to be more optimistic about the
possibility of working out good international relations with Russia and to ex-
press more confidence in the Russian government's intentions.
Detailed Findings
ATTITUDES OF PERSONAL LIKES AND DISLIKES
General Attitudes
A large majority of the American soldiers (85%) in the Berlin area say they
have a favorable attitude toward the English. A smaller proportion, but still a
substantial majority (61%), i-eport favorable attitudes toward the Russians.
Less than half of them (42% ) say they have a favorable opinion of the French.
For comparison, the same question was aked about Germans. About three
men in every five (59%) reported a favorable attitude toward the Germans.
Question: "What sort of opinion do you have of the English (Russian, French,
German) people?"^
Anther unfavornblo
Vory
PeroontQgo oneworingi fovorable
Fairly favorable
English
Russian
Rpenoh
Qonson
32ii
53%
9%\
52SJ
756
35%
55%
fJZry unfavornblo
/fnhdecided or no
10?;
1^'
answer
1. '"V
2%
25%
8^
33%
7Z%
-w
z%
iii
1^
^ In interpreting tliese replies it must be kept in mind that in general, the contacts with
the Enjrlish, French, and Germans have been of longer duration and have included civilian
contacts while the Russian contacts have been shorter and limited to Russian soldiers and
displaced personnel.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5093
The replies of the men in the Berlin area are more favorable toward the
English and less favorable toveard the French than were those of a cross section
of ETO troops surveyed in April 1945.^
Cross sec-
tion survey,
April 1945
Berlin area
survey,
August 1945
Percentage saying they were very favorable or lairly favorable to—
Enelish - - -
Percent
72
68
Percent
85
French -
42
Most of our soldiers who have contacts with the Allied soldiers say they
get along very well or fairly well with them.
In answer to the question, "How well do you get along with the English
(Russian, French) soldiers?" : 23 percent said they had no contact with English
soldiers, 28 percent said they had no contact with Russian soldiers, and 48 per-
cent said they had no contact with French soldiers.
Of those who have contact with Allied soldiers, the following percentages say
they get along:
With English soldiers
With Russian soldiers
With Fronch soldiers
Very well
Fnlrly vajII
/Hot 30 well
//iJot well Dt
52%
39%
5
*-3%
n
• «
26%
im
16
% 5k
h
23%
yi%
13%
10%
17%
ell
Those who have known some English, Russian, and French soldiers personally
are slightly more iavorable in attitude toward the English, French, and Russian
people than are those who have not.
In the case of the Russians, the relation between personal acquaintanceship
and attitude is greater than it is in the case of the English or French.
Among men vrho have
known —
No soldiers
personally
Some soldiers
personally
Percentage of men who have very favorable or fairly favorable opinions of-
The English people
The Russian people
The French people
Percent
81
59
41
Percent
71
46
Similarly, those men who know some Allied soldiers personally are more likely
to say they get along with English (Russian, French) soldiers very well or
fairly well.
* Comparable data are not available on the Russians or the Germans.
5094 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Percentage of men who say they get along with-
English soldiers
Russian soldiers
French soldiers
Men who have known —
No soldiers
personally
89
72
51
Some soldiers
personally
92
84
69
This relationship does not necessarily mean that getting to know Allied soldiers
personally causes a more favorable attitude though this is probably true in many
instances. It is also likely that getting to know other soldiers is itself an indi-
cation of a previously existing favorable attitude.
It is important to recognize that while personal acquaintanceship is related to
favorableness of attitude, mere length of time the soldier was stationed in Eng-
land, France, and Berlin has no relation to what men say their attitudes ai'e
toward the English, French, and Russians. The only attitudes studied which
seem to be related to time spent in the Berlin area are those toward the Germans.
The men who have been in the area for a month or more are somewhat less
favorable toward the Germans than are those who have been there less than
a month.
It is also interesting to note that educational status seems to be only slightly
related to the attitudes reported above. High school graduates are no more nor
less favorable than are those with less education.
Men who have had combat experience are somewhat more favorable toward
the Russians and somewhat less favorable toward the French than are non-
combat men. The two groups do not differ in their opinions of the English.
Combat men are no more nor less favorable toward the Germans than are non-
combat men.
SPECIAL LIKES AND DISLIKES
In addition to rating the degree to which they were favorable or unfavorable
in attitude toward the various Allies, the men were asked to state what special
things they like or dislike about them.
The following is a summary of the most frequently mentioned things which
they like or dislike.
Like About the English
About half of the men mentioned some characteristics that they dislaked about
the English people. Most frequently mentioned were:
1. Friendly, hospitable, generous, kind, etc.
2. Courage, guts, self-confidence, see things through, etc.
3. They are a lot like we are.
Dislike About the English
About half of the men mentioned some characteristics that they disliked about
the English. Most frequently mentioned were :
1. Superior, conceited, stuck-up, reserved, unfriendly, etc.
2. Traditionalism, unprogressiveness, etc.
3. Take too much credit and give us too little credit for winning the war.
Like About the Russians
About half the men mentioned one or more characteristics they liked about
the Russinns. The things most frequently mentioned were :
1. Friendly, good hearted, etc.
2. Jolly, care-free, happy-go-lucky, etc.
3. Good fighters, courage, fight for their country, guts, never-say-die spirit,
etc.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5095
4. Sturdy, vigorous, full of vitality, hard working, etc.
5. Treat the Germans rough like they said they would and as they should
be treated.
Dislike About the Russians
About half the men listed something about the Russians which they disliked.
Those most frequently mentioned were :
1. Dirty, sloppy, ill-kempt appearance, etc.
2. Ignorant, stupid, uneducated, etc.
3. Crude, uncultured, rude, ill-mannered, etc.
4. Arrogant, conceited, think tliey won the war alone, etc.
5. Brutal, excessively cruel to Germans, rape, etc.
6. Steal, loot.
Like About the French
About a fourth of the men listed something they liked about the French people.
The most frequently mentioned are :
1. Friendly, hospitable, etc.
2. Cheerful, easy-going, know how to have a good time, etc.
3. Helped all they could, tried to do their share in winning war, etc.
Dislike About the French
About two-thirds of the men listed one or more characteristics they disliked
about the French. Most frequently mentioned are :
1. Dirty, filthy, unsanitary, etc.
2. Mercenary, grasping, want to get something for nothing, etc.
3. Lazy, backward, no ambition, no spirit, etc.
4. Undependable, irresponsible, etc.
5. Loose morals.
Like Aboiit the Germans
About half of the men listed one or more things they liked about the Germans.
Most frequent items were :
1. Clean, neat, orderly, etc.
2. Indu.strious, good workers, etc.
3. Intelligent, educated, resourceful, etc.
4. Friendl.v, good manners, treat you well, etc.
5. Look and act like Americans in many ways.
Dislike About the Germans
About two-thirds of the men mentioned something they disliked about Ger-
mans. The most frequent items were :
1. Dishonest, two-faced, treacherous, etc,
2. Fascistic, militaristic ideas, still believe Hitler had right idea, etc.
3. Easily led, can't think for themselves, etc.
4. Superiority complex, arrogant, etc.
5. They don't accept any responsibility or guilt for the war.
6. Self-pity, whining, complaining, fawning, all to get sympathy.
ATTITUDES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
The general picture which one gets from the men's replies is that many of
them are in doubt and suspicious about Russia and a substantial minority antici-
pate war with her sometime in the next 25 years. In contrast there is a great
deal of confidence that we shall he able to get along well with England and only
slightly less confidence about our relations with France.
Hoio Will We Get Along With Other Nations?
Four men in every ten say they are either in doubt as to how we will get along
with Russia (26%) or that they expect we will fight Russia sooner or later
(14%). Only about one man in ten expresses this opinion regarding England
and France.
5096
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Qnestiont "How do you think we will get along with England (France,
Russia) from now on?"
^awere t
Peroentage answering:
Russia France England
We will get along very well
We will disagree about some
things but manage to get
along
We will have some serious dis-
agreements but we- won't fight"
each other
W« will very likely fight each
other sooner or later
Undecided
No answer
3^
95i
30^
18%
\IA
2%
1%
5256
22?
10%
1%
3%
K2%
39%
-w
9%
26%
When asked, "Do you think the United States will get into another big war
within the nest 25 years V" 23 percent said, "yes" ; 38 percent said, "undecided" ;
.and 37 percent said "no". Two percent did not answer.
In addition, the men were asked, "If you think the US will be in another big
war, who do you think the US will be fighting against?" Twenty-nine percent
of the men named one or more countries. Twenty-five percent of the men named
Russia. The highest percent of mention any other nation received was Japan,
mentioned by 3 percent of the men.
Cooperation in Settling Disputes
The overwhelming majority say they expect England (80%) and the United
States (93%) to cooperate with otber nations to settle disputes peaceably. Only
half of them (51%) think Russia will cooperate.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5097
qneatlont "Which do you think the US (England, Russia) is most
likoly to do about international problems in the future?"
Answera^
Try to oooperate with other notions
and tiT" to aottle disputes
peaooably
Try to hove nothing to do with
disputes between other
countries ...
Try to settle things their own way
without cooperating with other
nations
No answer
Percentages answering:
Russia
England
United
States
51%
12%
3256
5r
80SI
3%
s%
9?
' 2%
Confidence in the English and Russian Governments
The men express much less confidence that the Russian government will be
"on the up-and-up" in dealing with the US than will the English government.
Qufletlont "How much confidence do you have that the English
(Russian) government will be on the up-and-up in
dealing with the US?"
Anawera;
A great deal of confidence
Some confidence
Not much confidence
No confidence at all .
88348— 52— pt. 14 13
Percentages answering!
BuBsian
Government
25%
A2%
26%
No answer.
JUL
English
Government
1%^
*-3%
*-2%
5098
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
The better educated man and those less well educated differ only slightly in
their attitudes on international relations.
Men who have been in combat do not differ appreciably from the non-combat
men in their attitudes on internatioua) relations.
As might be expected, those who have a generally favorable attitude toward
the Russian people are also mca-e likely to be more optimistic about the possi-
bility of working out good int«;rnatior.al relations with Russia and to express
more confidence in the Russian government's intentions. The following charts
will illustrate this relationship.
Question: "How do you think we will get along with Russia from now on?"
Among those who hove , .
Percentage saying . . .
Wo v/111 get along very well
Favorable attitudes
toward the Russian
people
Unfavorable
attitudes toward
the Russian people
We vd.ll disagree about some things
but manage to get along
We will have some serious disagree-
ments but vre won't fight each other
Wg will very likely fight each
other sooner or later
Undeolded
Ko answer
12$
38$
15$
9$
ZlS
2$
15$
26$
26$
27$
^tS
^73.
Question : "Which do you think Russia is most likely to do about international
relations in the future?"
Among those who have . . •
Percentage saying she
Favorable attitudes Unfavorable
toward the Russian attitudes tov7ard
people the Russian people
Will cooperate with other nations and
try to settle disputes peaceably . .
■Will try to have nothing to do with
disputes betvreon other countries . .
Win try to settle things their own
way without cooperating with other
nations
No answer . . .
-3$
31$
12$
50$
'W
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5099
Question: "How much confidence do you have that the Russian government
will be on the up-and-up in dealing with the US?"
Among those who have . . •
Percentage aoying . . .
A great deel of confidence
Favor fible attitudes Unfavorable
tov;ard the Russian attitude a toward
people the Russian people
Some confidence
Hot nruch confidence or
T.o confidence at all
No answer
33%
ijb%
205b
^1%
\1%
yn
i»%
■JS
It cannot be assumed from these data that by changing soldiers' attitudes in
the direction of greater personal favorablfness toward Russian people that one
will effect change in their international attitudes. However, it is very likely
that such personal attitudes are likely to be accompanied by a greater willing-
ness to view the problems of our relations with Russia in a less prejudiced,
more pudicious frame of mind.
Soldiers Suggestions for Improving Allied Relations
The men were asked to write out any suggestions they had for improving-
relations among Allied soldiers in the Berlin area. About six men in every ten
offered one or more suggestions.
By far the most frequent type of suggestion centered around the idea of
increasing opportunities for friendly contact with individuals in other Allied
forces. Typical of these suggestions were :
"More mixing of all Allied troops in sports, joint recreational activities."'
"Have facilities like clubs, canteens, etc., where men can meet."
"Have dances and other social events of interest to all troops."
"Give men more freedom and facilities for transportation to visit soldiers
in the other forces."
"Have joint classes, discussion groups, speakers at meetings open to all
interested Allied soldiers."
Less frequently mentioned were :
"Decrease contacts with Allied soldiers, let each keep to his own area."
"Have a more uniform policy in Berlin and let all Allied forces follow it."
"More control of Russians."
CHANGES IN ATTITUDES OF SOLDIERS IN THE EUROPEAN THEATER
TOWARD OUR ALLIES FROM APRIL 1945 TO AUGUST 1945
(Based on a Comparison of 2 Cross-sectional Surveys : Survey 1 : Among 3.795
Enlisted Men Queried 25 April to 5 May 1945. Survey 2 : Among 2,9811
Enlisted Men Queried 14 to 24 August 1945)
(Research Branch, Information and Education, Headquartei's, Theater Service
Forces, European Theater, September 1945)
Report No. ETO-102.
Copy No. 8
HOW the study was made
1. Information on men's attitudes and opinions was secured by means of
anonymous questionnaires filled out by two representative cross sections. One
5100
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
survey was conducted during the period from 25 April to 5 May 1945 among a
cross-section sample of 3,795 white enlisted men. The other was conducted dur-
ing the period from 14 to 24 August 1945 among a sample of 2,981.
2. Each sample was designed to give proper representation to all arms and
services and types of outfits. Men in Air Forces, Field Forces, and Service Forces
units were included in the proportions found in the Theater as a whole. Within
each unit selected, a random sample was drawn so that all types of men had a
proportional chance of being included in the survey.
3. As in previous Research Branch studies, the men who filled out question-
naires were assured of anonymity. No names or serial numbers were placed on
the questionnaires, and it was explained to the men that the purpose of the
survey was simply to secure their frank and honest opinions.
OVEB-ALL OPINION Gl'S HAVE OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH PEOPLE
In the four months following VE-day a considerable shift took place in soldiers'
attitudes toward the French. During the same period no appreciable changes
took place in attitudes toward the English.
QUESTION: "?)hnt sort of opinion do you have of the English people?"
"Vfhat sort of opir.ion dc .vcu have of the rrench people?"
English People
April August
19A5 19A5
French People
April
1W5
Au£[ust
19^5
Very Favorable
Fairly Favorable
Rather Unfavorable
Very Unfavorable
No answer » • .
21^6
545&
16^
2
21^
31
39!K
31^
19^
JE
Whereas just prior to VE-day as many soldiers said they thought as well
of the French people as of the English (about 7 in every 10 said they felt "very"
or "fairly" favorable toward them), in August, 75% of the soldiers thought
favorably of the English but only 45% thought well of the French.
The fact that there was a smaller proportion of soldiers who indicated that
they thought favorably of the P'rench in August as compared to April is not
the result of the changing composition of the Theater during the elapsed period
of time but rather is a true reflection of differences in men's attitude between
the two dates.*
' In this as well as In other comparisons of April and Augnst findings appearing in this
report, detailed analysis shows that differences are not the result of a changed composition
of the Armed Forces in Europe in August as compared with April, except insofar as time
in Army and time overseas is concerned where, of course, the 4-month lapse of time must
be taken into account.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5101
OVEE-ALL OPINION OF FEENCH NO BETTEB THAN OF GEBMANS
The two charts below indicate that, in general, the expressed opinion is no
more favorable toward the French people than toward the German and that
attitudes expressed toward both French and German people is considerably
less favorable than toward English people.
QlgSTION: (August Survey) What sort of opinion do you have of
the (Fnpllsh. French. Gernwn) people?
'Very-
favorable
'Fairly
fav •
French people
German people
English people
21^
39^
kl%
5k%
'Pather
imfav. ■
'Very No
unfdv ' ans,
31^
19?6
33^
12^
16^
QtJESTIOK; Leaving aside for
the raomant the fact that thoy
are our enemies or cur allies,
which £ne of the follcv^ing do
you like best .lust as pocple—
the French peop'le, the German
people, or t)te English people?
Answers C^^^^
The tvpes of reasons men gave for disliking the English or French were the
same for both surveys (report of April findings— Research Report No. E-12.5 —
lists cliief reason soldiers mention). Reasons men advance for liking or dis-
liking the Germans, along with other data on attitudes toward Germans, are
presented in Research Report No. E-134.
EFFECT ON ATTITUDES OF TIME SPENT IN COUNTRY
Men who have spent considerable time in all three countries have substan-
tially the same attitudes toward the people of each of the three countries as
do all soldiers surveyed. As was pointed out in the report of the April survey
there is no evidence to support the tlieories that better-educated men have more
favorable attitudes toward our Allies or that the longer men are overseas, the
worse their attitudes toward our Allies become. On the other hand, there is
some evidence to suggest that the longer men remain in a particular country
the more favorable their attitude becomes to the people of that country. This
holds for Germany as well as for France and England.
For example :
6102
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
ATTITUDE TOWARD ENGLISH PEOPLE ...
Time spent in England
'Very Fairly 'Rather 'Yeny Ko
favorable' fav.' unfav.' unfav. ' ans.
No time ••••«••«•
18?
53?
13? p 13?
18?
5655
18? (
S ...2?
■ ' L
4 to 8 mos
14?
53?
20?
7 ...1?
Over 8 mos
28^
55?
12? 4 .
. .1?
ATTITU-
Tine sioent in France
DE TOWARD FRENCH PEC]
•Very 'Fairly
fffvwraTDla' fav, •
=LE ...
tRather
unfav. '
•Very
unfav. '
MO
ans.
Less than 4 mos.^- , , .
r
5
35%
33^
20?
7
4 to 8 njoa ••••••
...1*
.256
•F
U-?
3L?
21?
Over 8 mos. » • * .
8 UU%
31?
15? ..
Attitude toward German people seems to be even more closely related to time
spent in the country than patterns shown above for Britain and France.
Among men who spent no time in Germanj 34 percent say they have a
favorable opinion of German people.
Among men who spent less than 4 tcceks in Germany 42 percent say they
have a favorable opinion of German people.
Among men who spent between // and 8 loeeks in Germany 54 percent say
they have a favorable opinion of German people.
Among men who spent over 8 weeks in Germany 59 percent say they have
a favorable opinion of German people.
Althou.yh time spent in country and attitude toward people of the country
are related, analysis reveals no appreciable relationship between time in one
country and attitude toward people of other countries. For example, time
spent in Germany (for men who have also spent some time in England and
France) does not appear to appreciably affect attitudes men have toward the
English or the French.
DECREASE IN FEELING THAT WE SHOULD HELP ALUES GET BACK ON THEIR FEET
In the August as well as in the April survey, more soldiers were favorable
to the idea of helping to feed our Allies after the war than the proportion who
felt we should help our Allies by sending them money and materials. However,
a slightly snuiiler proportion of men in August as compared to April thought we
should send help along these lines.
These two questions were asked the men :
1. "After the war, some of our Allies will need help in feeding their people.
Do you think the United States should send food to these countries
even if it meant that we would have to keep on rationing food in our
own country for a while to do it?"
2. "After the war, soyyie of our Allies will need money and materials
to help them get back on their feet.
Do you think we should let them liave money and materials to help
them get back on their feet, even if it meant that we should have to
pay higher taxes to do it?"
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5103
SZVV TOOD?
April August
1945 19AS
-2-
HELP WITH MONEY
AND MATERIALS?
April
1945
August,
194^5
SHOULD
SHOULD NOT
NO ANSWER
58%
39^
t
h%
49J6
2*
385S
^Tfo
3s:
29%
b&%
Consistent with findings shown ahove is the small decline in proportion of
men ^ho feel we should do everything we can to help Frauce get back on her
feet. Men were asked to tell whether they agreed or disagreed with the
statement :
"We should do everything we can to help France get back on her feet as soon
as possible."
In April: 60'% of men surveyed Agreed with statement.
In August: 51% of men surveyed Agreed with statement.
OTHER SHIFTS IN ATTITUDES TOWARD FRENCH
Some Change in Belief That France Will Again Be A Strong Nation. More
men in August than in April felt that French nation is too weak and split up
to ever amount to anything again.
Men were asked if they agreed or disagreed with the following statement : ''The
French nation is so weak and split up that it will never amount to anything
again."
In April: 73% of men surveyed Disagreed with statement.
In August: 62% of men surveyed Disagreed with statement.
Fairly Large Change In Belief That French People Sincerely Like Americans.
Men were asked if they agreed or disagreed with the following statement : "Most
French people sincerely like Americans."
In April: 73% of men surveyed Agreed with statement.
In August: 52% of men surveyed Agreed with statement.
APPRAISAL OF allies' WAR EFFORT UNCHANGED
About the same proportions of men feel that our major Allies — Britain and
Russia — have done as good a job as possible of fighting this war. Even as
regards France, who suffers in other respects a decline in favorable attitudes,
there is no appreciable decrease since April in soldiers' respect for her con-
tribution in war effort.
Statement: "Considering everything, the (specified people) have done as
good a job as possible of fighting this war."
Specified People —
Russians — More than 19 men in every 20 surveyed Agreed with statement
in both April and August surveys.
British — More than 16 in every 20 surveyed Agreed with statement in both
April and August surveys.
5104
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
French — About 10 men in every 20 surveyed Agreed with statement in both
April and August surveys. (In April, slightly more than half the men
agreed. In August just slightly less than half — but the difference is too
small to be significant.)
AIMS OF OUE ALLIES REMAIN UNCHANGED IN EYES OF SOLDIERS
In August just as in April most men had faith in the war aims and the future
course of action that England and Russia are likely to take. In each survey
about as many men expressed faith in Russia as faith in England and no change
in the level of these attitudes took place between the two dates.
Statement : "(Specified country) is more interested in dominating or controlling
the world than she is in building a truly democratic world."
In April and in August about 7 in every 10 men surveyed DISAGREED
with this statement as it applies to both Russia and to Britain.
Statement: "The (specified country) will try as much as possible to work out
a just and lasting peace."
In April and in August about 8 in every 10 men surveyed AGREED with
this statement as it applies to both Russia and to Britain.
RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA AND ENGLAND AFTER THE WAR
No changes have taken place in the 4-month period between surveys, in soldiers'
attitude toward our postwar relations with Russia and England.
Question: "How do you think we will get along with (specified country) after
the war?"
Russia England.
April
194?
August
1%5
April
August
1945
"We will get alone very
well"
"We will disagree about
some things but manage
to get along"
Undecided * . . . .
"We -will have some ser-
ious disagreements but
we won't fight each otli-
er"
"We will very likely-
fight, each other .sooner
or later"
Wo
yi%
15/.
195^
13S
yi%
39/c
16^
19^
9^
17^
■:>%
vi%
'M.
i&^
^yf"
18$
III the April surve.y comparable questions were also asltod about France and
China, but these were not repeated in Augu:;t. (See Research Branch Report
a E-125.)
^■Includes a few men who die not ansv<er the question.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
5105
Exhibit No. 981
ECC from R JG :
I am at present having a card file made of all corporation prospects. By now
I have accumulated eight or ten lists, many of which have duplications. Each
card will give the name of the corporation, source, and individual to contact.
When it is completed I thought you and I could go over it to decide what method
of approach to use on each one. Some few you will probably want to contact
personally. Others should get a letter and others we probably won't bother
with at all for awhile. But it seemed a simpler approach to have all the infor-
mation in one place.
If you would like to give this list back to me I will include the names on it
with the rest of the names I have. I know there are some on this list which I
already have on other lists.
(Pencilled note:) Have carded all of these along with our other corp. pros-
pects 6/21/46.
R. J. G.
(Pencilled note :) RJG : Note & Return to ECC who hasn't seen it yet.
American Council,
Institute of Pacific Relations, Inc.,
June 12, 1946.
Washington Office, 744 Jackson Place NW., Washington 6, D. C. Telephone District 8665
Mr. Edwabd C. Caetee,
IPR, 1 East 54th Street, Netv York 22, N. Y.
Dear Mr. Carter : Attached are two lists which I spoke of yesterday when
you were here and which should be useful in campaigning among big corporations
interested in the Far East.
You will be interested, I think, in the opinion of Mr. Blair Bolles, of the Foreign
Policy Association, on the outlook for the IPR here. He thinks it will take
six or seven mouths' hard work to lay the base for a sound job of membership
expansion and enlargement of program. He does not believe that the IPR should
hope or expect to get all its financial support in Washington for the local office.
The FPA here gets about $2,500 a year from its membership and the rest from
the New York office, which the Washington unit exists to serve. I judge that the
total budget of the Washington-FPA is above $15,000 a year. Bolles said that a
staff of four people is the minimum he thinks either FPA or IPR needs in order
to do a first class job. He says you have to plug very hard to get the information
you need in order to serve outside offices ; no automatic flow system from gov-
ernment sources will work. He adds that he thinks IPR can and should do
more community service here than FPA can do.
Sincerely,
[s] I. A. P.
Busines& and noncommercial holdings in Japan of United States organizations
(total value of interest is as of December 1, 1941)
Name
Address
Value
All America Radio, Inc
67 Broad St., New York
$8, 494
38 801
American Foreign Insurance Association
80 Maiden Lane, >;ew York
American Magnesium Metals Corp
800 Ohio St., Pittsburgh
327 600
Associated Merchandising Corp
1440 Broadway, r\ew York _ .-
11,231
AmpriVan PrPsidpnf T.inps;
311 California St., San Francisco
4,036
460 526
American Trading Co., Inc
96 Wall St., New York
Anderson, Clayton & Co
Cotton Exchange Bldg., Houston
33 554
Associated Press
50 Rockefeller Plaza, New York
5 721
Baker & Co., Inc. (precious metals)
113 Astnr St., NewaikS, N. J
118, 266
Can ier Corp . - - --.
900 S. Geddes St., Syracuse
67 308
Commercial Pacific Cable Co
67 Broad St., New York
8,129
Dorr Co., The (engineers)
570 Lexington Ave., New York
114 149
Eastman Kodak Co
343 State St., Rochester
213, 424
Ford Motor Co. (2 units in Japan)
Dearborn. Mich __
5,403,873
2,614,973
General Motors Corp 3044 West Grand Blvd., Detroit
5106
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Business and noncommercial holdings in Japan of United States organizations
{total value of interest i!< as of December 1, 19 il) — Coutiuued
isiame
Address
Value
Goodrich, B. F., Co
Go?ho Co., Inc. (Cotton agents) _
Hanovia Chemical & Mfg. Co. (2 units) .
Hanson-Van Winkle-Munning Co. (electro-
plating & polishing).
International Automatic Electric Corp
Internationa! Business Machines Corp
International Nickel Co
International Standard Electric Corp. (7 units).
Irwin-Harrisons-Whitney, Inc. (tea)
Locw's, Inc
Metro-Goldvvyn-Mayer Co
National Cash Register Co. (2 units)
Natioaal City Bank
Nichibei Securities Co., Ltd
Otis Elevator Co
Paraffine Co., Inc
Paramount Pictures, Inc. (2 units)
RCA Communications, luc
RKO Radio Pictures, Inc
Sales Afiiliates, Inc. (beauticians' stuff) .-_
Singer Sewing Mad.ine Co
Standard Brands of Asia, Inc
Standard Oil Co. (N. J.)
Standard- Vacuum Oil Co. (.3 units)
Tide Water Associated Oil Co
Titan Co. (titanium products) 2 units
Twentieth Century-Fo.x Film Corp
United Artists Corp
United Engineering & Foundry Co
United Press Associations
Universal Pictures Co., Inc
Warner Brothers-First National Pictures.
Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society
Western Electric Export Co
William Wrigley, Jr., Co
500 S. Main St., Akron, Ohio
c/o Alien Property Custodian, 1577 Mercan-
tile Bank Bldg.. Dallas, Texas.
233 New Jersey Railroad Ave, Newark 5,
N.J.
Matawan, N. J
1033 W. Van Buren St., Chicago
Madison at 57th, New York
67 Wall St., New York
67 Broad St., New York
50 S. Front St., Philadelphia
1540 Broadway, New York
1540 Broadway, New York
Main & K Sts., Dayton, Ohio
55 Wall St., New York
c/o Oinco of Alien Property Custodian, 417
Montgomery St., San Francisco.
260 Eleventh Ave., New York
175 Brannan St., San Francisco
New York
66 Broad St., New York
1270 Sixth Ave., New York _--.
730 Fifth Ave., New York
149 Fiftli Ave., New York.__
595 Madison Axe., New York
30 Rockefeller Plaza, Now York
26 Broadway, New York
17 Battery Place, New York
111 Broadway, New York
444 W. 56th St., New York
729 Seventh Ave., New York
First National Bank Bldg., Pittsburg
220 E. 42nd St., New York
1250 SLxth Ave., New York
321 W. 44th St., New York
124 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn
195 Broadway, New York
410 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago
$334, 080
138, 555
84, 414
37,008
6,111
318.375
3,896
2, 645, 245
405, 887
513, 493
65, 296
928, 507
12, 630
349, 164
154. 101
571.619
5, 342
246, 274
5,733
2, 323, 195
18, 877
2,181
5. 580. 812
1, 549. 613
249, 852
284, 899
37, 520
1,5^1,177
14, 823
150.942
270. 932
43. 023
87, 172
23, 400
AMERICAN COMPANIES HAVING PATENT LICENSE OK TRADE-MAKK AGREEMENTS WITH
COMPANIES IN JAPAN PGOPEE
Ajax Electrothermic Corp., Ajax Park, Trenton 5, N. J.
Ajax Electric Furnace Corp., 1108 Frankford Ave., Philadelpliia, Pa.
American Cyananiid Co., 30 Rockefeller Plaza. New York, N. Y.
American Magnesium Metals Corp., 800 Ohio St., Pittsburgli, Pa.
Baker & Co., 113 Astor St., Newark ^, N. J.
Bendix Aviation Corp., 11th floor, Fisher Bldg., Deti'oit. Mich.
Bohn Aluminum & Brass Corp., 1400 Lafayette Bld.ii., Detroit 26, Mich.
California Institute of Technology, 1201 E. California St., Pasadena 4.
Carrier Corp., 900 S. Geddes St., Syracuse, N. Y.
Chemical Construction Corp., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, N. Y,
China Electric Co., Ltd., 67 Broad St., New York, N. Y.
Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Monica, Calif.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington 98, Del.
Gasoline Products Co., 26 .Journal Square, Jersey City, N. J.
General Cable Corp., 420 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.
General Railway Signal Co.. 801 West Ave., Rochester, N. Y.
B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio.
Gray Processes Corp., 26 Journal Sq., Jersey City, N. J.
Hanovia Chemical & Mfg. Co., 233 New Jersey Railroad AVe., Newark 5. N. J.
Hooker Electrochemical Co., Buffalo Ave. & 47th St., Niagara Falls, N. Y.
International General Electric Co., .570 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y.
International Standard Electric Corp., 67 Broad St., New York, N. Y.
Kidde, Walter & Co., Inc., 675 Main St., Belleville, N. J.
Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Nicholas Bldg., Toledo, Ohio.
Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.
Merco Nordstrom Valve Co., 400 N. Lexington Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Merrill Co., 582 Market St., San Francisco, Calif.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5107
Northern Equipment Co., 1945 Grove Drive. Erie, Pa.
Kadio Corporation of America, Rockefeller Center, New York, N. Y.
Saint Regis Paper Co., 230 Park Ave., New York, N. Y.
Sperry Gyroscope Co., Inc., 40 Flatbush Avenue Extension, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Stanco, Inc., 216 W. 14tli St., Nevp York, N. Y.
Standard Oil Co. (N. J. ) , 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York. N. Y.
Standard Oil Development Co., 26 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Stewart-Warner Corp., 1826 Diversoy Parkway, Chicago, 111.
Texaco Development Corp., 26 Journal Square, Jersey City, iN. J.
Titan Co., Ill Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Universal Oil Products Co., 310 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111.
Western Electric Co., Inc., 195 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Western Electric Export Co., Ditto.
Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Wilmerding, Pa.
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Weston Electric Instrument Corp., 014 Frelinghuysen Ave., Newark 5, N. J.
Exhibit No. 982
(Pencilled note:) Urgent.
Mr. Carter: The attached article on the CIC is to appear in the September
22nd Survey. Its history is as follows : Hugh Deane submitted a short, which
KB and Bob Barnett wanted Hugh to rewrite a little more ol)jectively, giving a
little more on the other side of the question. Hugh's second piece also fell short
of what was required, so I secured Hugh's OK on KB's rewriting the article, the
final piece to be signed by both KB and Hugh. Hugh has seen the article in its
present form and has .iust wired that he is returning it special delivery with his
comments, and he added the phrase "en garde" which may .suggest that he is
unwilling to sign it in its present form. We shall presumably have his comments
tomorrow morning.
In case Hugh is unwilling to sign the piece, KB is also unwilling to sign it. I
therefore suggested some such device as this: indicating that the article had
been written by the staff of the American Council, on the basis of sources given
in the text and of first-hand material supplied by Hugh Deane. I will suggest
this formula to Hugh after I have heard from you.
Do you approve the piece as it stands? If we cannot have the the double signa-
ture, do you approve my suggestion about authorship? (Pencilled note :) Please
let me have your answer Friday morning.
CP.
The piece has gone to the printer and galleys should be here tomorrow after-
noon {Friday). I am sorry to have to bother you with the matter at this late
date, but the possibility of "a hitch about authorship makes it necessary.
CP.
Thursday p. m.
Exhibit No. 983
(Handwritten:)
Seislin, July 17.
Dear Dear Ket: Well I have been to Manchukuo and got in & out alive. I
place our invitation to the Emperors Garden Party on the top of my (your)
office bag at every frontier & where every Japanese gendarme can see it &
though the questions continue they are in a mellow atmosphere. In one Man-
churian city in an important Govt, office — the Japanese chief was called out of
the office to the phone. His Chinese assistant quick as a flash took a piece of
paper out of his pocket & wrote "Don't believe a word they tell you." Then a
moment later on another piece he wrote "I can't talk." When I looked straight
into his eyes as you have seen me some time "intense sympathy" he wrote again
"Meet in front of Station at 6.30. He appeared at 7— driving along a side street
in a half-covered Russian Troika — I walked alone for two blocks down a side
street and then stepped into the Troika & we zigzagged first to a Russian Res-
taurant where I dropped him & drove on. Then I joined him at a Chinese Res-
taurant across the street — we talked & talked & talked. I'll tell you all when
5108 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
we meet. When we started back to my Hotel — Air raid drill was on sirens
blew — tlae streets filled with amateur patriots with arm bands who began wildly
putting out shop lights, bicycle light, & fairly leaped on our driver & blew out
his coach lights — later gendarmes insisted that we alight & we walked on until
a block from my hotel he said goodbye. I wonder whether he was agent provo-
cateur or Chinese patriot — I think the latter. Don't mention this I beg of you
until we meet. I don't want to get the lad shot. (You can tell this to John.)
After leaving him — I had a devil of a time in the hotel — the lights were out
because of the air raid drill & I had to pack in the dark, paying bill in the dark,
drive to the station in a lightless taxi & catch my train in a station that was
dim & where you first bumped into luggage coolies, next excited passengers,
next the muskets of hurrying soldiers & got into a train with an armed &
armoured engine & an armed »& armoured caboose. It was one more hectic and
amusing get away as I had only about 20 minutes and had to get two bags out
of the handgepack.
Much love,
Edward.
JtTLY 19.
Well, here I am in Vladivostok harbor — what a contrast with Korea ! It
is cool & there is a little mist hanging over the lovely hills that are much like
the Korean Hills & not unlike the Japanese sea — I am guessing which is Brem-
man of those on the dock. The Siberia Maru is a very comfortable ship. It
does a regular triangle or quadrant every ten days, Tsuruga, Seislin, Raslin,
Vladivostok. I am the first foreign passenger in a long time to board the ship
at Seislin. There are many who board it at Tsuruga. There were two Soviet
women attached to the Embassy in Tokyo and two Japanese F. O. men on board,
one going to Berlin the other to be consul general in Vladivostok.
Later : I am now on shore in the same hotel with Bremman.
Exhibit No. 984
Report of Conference of March 9th
A conference of leaders in the academic field was held at the Institute of
Pacific Relations on March 9th to devise a scheme for meeting the emergency
demand for people with unusual qualifications, primarily in the language field,
without unduly dislocating the academic system or disrupting future sources
of supply.
what are the main government needs in this respect
1. IntelViience officers for all forces. — Requirements: all-round knowledge of
the language in question, especially reading script and printed matter, and mil-
itary knowledge.
2. Economic analysis. — Requirements : ability to read the language, and
knowledge of the economic situation of the country in question.
3. Interpreters with troops. — Requirement: ability to speak the language.
4. Diplomatic advisers. — Requirements : ability to read the language, and
knowledge of the political situation.
5. Communications Intelligence. — Requirements : ability to read script and
printed matter and speak the language, and a thorough general knowledge of
the country.
6. Propaganda. — Requirement : ability to read, speak, and write the language,
and a thorough knowledge of the country and the people.
7. Censorship. — Requirement: ability to read all forms of writing of the
language.
8. Reserve categorii, including those engaged in basic or special studies, and
those working on long-terra government projects or on research related to
government needs.
Note. — Since it will be impossible for some time to find sufficient personnel
in the above categories who combine all the necessary qualifications, the func-
tions of each category could be divided. (For example, the work of economic
analysis could be shared between economics and linguists.)
ESrSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5109
HOW IS THE GOVERNMENT AT PRESENT RECRUITING SUCH PERSONNEI.?
The governruent is already taking some people with a knowledge' of Russian,
Chinese, and Japanese from academic sources, but so far chiefly from the periph-
ery. There is a danger, however, that its demands will soon involve disloca-
tion of the academic system.
The present method of recruiting varies with the different departments. Thus
the Army may encounter difficulties in recruiting specialists under existing
regulations. On the other hand, the F. B. I., the Marines, and the Navy are
freely enrolling them as the need arises
The supply of those with a knowledge of Russian and Chinese is still sufficient
to meet the present demand without seriously affecting academic organizations.
But in the case of Japanese, the supply is already practically exhausted.
WHAT ARE THE NONACADEMIC SOURCFS FROM WHICH THE GOVERNMENT'S NEEDS
MIGHT BE MET?
1. Japanese language. — (a) Second-generation Japanese. The government is
still reluctant for political reasons to use this group. Moreover, few of them
can read Japanese ; and even those who speak the language frequently speak only
patois. Those who can read and speak well have usually received their train-
ing in Japan and are therefore under suspicion. However, the latter are one of
the few groups who could read script.
(b) Businessmen. — Very few are able to read and wi-ite Japanese. Those with
speaking knowledge would be valuable if they could be used on active service,
but most of them are above the age limit for such work. However, their speak-
ing knowledge could be made use of in the fields of Communications Intelligence
and Propaganda.
(c) Missionaries: Some have reading and writing, as well as speaking, knowl-
edge of the language ; and although the majority would be over-age for active
service, this group might be an important source of supply. However, it is
doubtful how many would be willing to work against Japan in view of their con-
nections with that country and of the fact that by so doing they would probably
be unable to continue their activities in Japan after the war was over.
Missionaries with knowledge of Chinese, on the other hand, could learn to read
Japanese fairly quickly and would not be subject to the same scruples as the
missionaries from Japan.
(d) White-Russian emigres from Manchuria and Koreans knowing Japanese,
It is probable that few would be able to read or write the language; and the
political allegiance of both groups would be suspect.
(e) Chinese could possibly be used to read and write Japanese.
2. Chinese language. — The supply is still adequate to meet the present demands-
of the government. If the demand grows, Chinese could be used.
3. Russian language. — The supply is plentiful ; and, if necessary, new personnel
can be trained comparatively quickly.
4. Siamese and Malay languages. — Missionaries are at present the chief source
of supply, but there are not enough of them to meet possible demands. However^
since the reading and writing problem is not great in the case of these languages,
the training of new personnel would not be difficult. Another possible source of
supply would be British Malaya.
5. Dutch language. — No problem.
6. Political and economic analysts. — The chief problem here is to utilize the
present supply with a minimum of wastage, and to conserve the present facili-
ties, and develop new ones, for training additional personnel. Newspapermen,
State Department officials, and students and research workers abroad would be
a valuable source of supply in this category. Steps should be taken to ensure
that such people will be available in the case of emergency and not interned
abroad.
Conclusion. — As regards languages, the situation is already acute only in the
case of Japanese. However, there is no machinery for making the liest use of
available personnel in all the above categories : and there is no adequate organ-
ization for the training of new personnel. For two reasons, therefore, it is
essential that the academic world, in cooperation with the government, should
devise some scheme to meet these deficiencies. First because its cooperation is
essential to the efficient working out of such a scheme, which is of vital importance
to the whole national defense organization ; and secondly because, in the absence
of such a plan, the whole academic system would be dislocated by the haphazard
extraction of teachers and students for government service.
51 0 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
PROPOSALS FOE THE MORE EFFICIENT UTILIZATION AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN THE
ABOVE FIELDS
A committee representing the various academic institutions, learned societies,
etc. should be set up to offer its services to the government in the tasli of worliing
out a well integrated plan on a national scale. The first step in the drawing up
of such a plan must be to compile a list of available personnel in the above fields
and to classify them according to their special ability. The questionnaire already
issued by the government with a view to creating a national roster in this con-
nection is just beginning to get under way. This roster will do the mechanical
work satisfactorily; l)nt it cannot show initiative in selection, and it cannot sell
its services to the departments.
Thus, when the preliminary listing and classifying have been completed, a
sclieme must be devised by which the personnel can be utilized with the maxi-
mum efficiency. Both as a means of conserving the limited supply of specialists
and as an aid in coordinating tlie work of the various government departments,
it would be desirable, in the case of the kind of work that lends itself to such
treatment, to set up a central information bureau, possibly through the agency
of the National Resources Planning Board. Without such centralization the
available supply of specialists would soon be exhausted, and the present
practice of duplication of work in the various departments would be perpetuated.
A possible nucleus for such a central information bureau in the Far Eastern
JBeld already exists in the Institute of Pacific Relations.
In coordination with the above scheme for the most efficient utilization of
existing pei-sonnel, machinery should be devised for the training of new personnel
In languages and the social sciences. The establishment of some kind of Na-
tional Training School would preserve intact and even extend the existing
teaching facilities and would guarantee a continued supply of new personnel.
It would also enable those doing important research work to continue their
studies or to undertake special studies in accordance with government needs.
Such a school could either be centralized or decentralized. If it were cen-
tralized at Wasliington, where members of government departments could attend
after office hours, the government might be more inclined to provide the neces-
sary funds. On the other hand, centralization would disorganize the training
centers already established; and the value of part-time study in the present
emergency situation, particularly in the case of the Japanese language, is
doubtful. (In the latter connection, the question of organizing evening classes
wherever the necessary facilities exist was also discussed, and it was agreed
that the matter should be further investigated.)
The teaching facilities for such a National Training School are adequate,
except in the case of the Japanese language, which presents a special difficulty.
{Similar problems will arise if the government should require specialists in such
langauL:;es as Malay, Turkish, and Arabic.) Limited facilities exist for the
teaching of the reading and writing of Japanese print and script in this country.
And in the case of spoken Japanese, students could be sent to Hawaii; or mis-
sionaries and second-generation Japanese might be used for training purposes,
though few are trained teachers. It was agreed that a conference of all teachers
of Japanese should be held to discuss the problem.
THE PROBLEM OF DOCtTMENTS, DICTIONARIES, ETC.
Steps should be taken to lay in a stock and to ensure the future supply of
documents, newspapers, periodicals, etc. from potential enemy countries and
from countries with which commnnications are likely to be blocked. The chief
deficiency at present is in Russian and Japanese materials. In the former case,
inquiry needs to be made as to what agencies or governments are holding up
such materials. In the latter case, the defir-iency should be made up by increased
purchases from Japan. The Institute of Pacific Relations has already increased
its purchases of such materials slightly and is attempting to organize delivery
through neutral countries in the event of war. It was suggested that the
Japanese section of the American Council of Learned tSocieties, and some of
the universities, should take similar steps on as large a scale as possible; and
that the Library of Congress should be encouraged to increase its activities along
these lines.
A special problem arises in the case of Japanese dictionaries, textbooks, etc.,
the supply of which in this country is already practically exhausted. Since
they would be extremely costly to reproduce, an adequate number should be
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5111
ordered from Japan immediately. Snch purchases covild best be made through
the State Department. It was agreed that tlie problem would be taken up
immediately by the Japanese teachers at the conference.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
It was agreed that Mr. Mortimer Graves should be entrusted with the task
of taking all necessary steps, with the assistance of anyone he thought fit, for
the implementation of the above proposals. It was suggested that the aid of
Mr. Philip Moseley should be enlisted in connection with the drawing up of
a new national roster ; and that, as the essential first step, all the proposals
put forward at the conference should be takeu up with Washington as soon as
possible.
NOTE ON FAB EASTERN INSTITUTE AT CORNELL
A two months intensive course in Chinese and Japanese is being given at
Cornell this summer. This course, for which scholarships are available, will
be the equivalent of a normal one-year course. In view of the emergency need
for Japanese linguists, students should be encouraged to attend this summer
school.
The conference was attended by :
Knight Biggerstaff, Cornell
Kurt Rloch, I. P. R.
Hugh Borton, Columbia
E. C. Carter, I. P. R.
Samuel N. Cross, Harvard
Carrington Goodrich, Columbia
Mortimer Graves, A. C. L. S., Wash-
ington
W. L. Holland, I. P. R., Berkeley
Elizabeth Jorgensen, I. P. R.
Cieoi-ge O. Kennedy, Yale
Owen Lattimore, Johns Hopkins
John Leaning, I. P. R.
W. W. Lockwood, A. C. I. S., Princeton
John Marshall, Rockefeller Foundation
Harriet Moore, A. R. I.
E. O. Reischauer, Harvard
G. T. Robinson, Columbia
David N. Rowe, Princeton
Exhibit No. 985
[Telegram]
Washington, D. C, Jan. 11 1129A.
Edward C. Carter :
Delighted to see your son Tuesday 11 : 30 at the Court.
Felix Frankfurtee. 1130.1151A.
Exhibit No. 986
(Handwritten :)
Aug. 6.
It is difficult to answer your very thoughtful letter re office space because
I don't know yet whether Chen Han N-seng will have returned to China as
Holland desires or whether he will still be in N. Y. The problem is simplified
through Bill Holland's not coming. The Amerasia space, i. e., beyond Amerasia
seems a solution.
(Inserted here is a sketch of the office layout, with the following initials
and names : EFC
Orrick
McDonald
KM ECC)
5112 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
If Chen returns before I do I guess we can manage to squeeze into our present
space. I don't think card tables will do. I think you should continue in my
office — I would rather like to work in yours.
We are having a peaceful crossing. Bremman is a store house of information.
I am also lucky in that your friend & Tommy White's is in the next compartment —
Col. Faymonville. He has been out in Vladivostok for the visit of the U. S.
Asiatic Squadron. If every American had his wise and comprehensive out-
look on the U. S. S. R. there would be great possibilities of cooperation between
U. S. and U. S. S. R.
This carriage is very wobbly. I have run out of stationery as you see — so
I am afraid my letters will bother and bore you because of their sloppiness. I
envy you your clear distinguished handwriting & your lovely blue writing paper.
Aua. 7.
It has been hot but today is lovely and cool. I hope when I get to Moscow to be
able to reach you by cable or phone. Bremman and I got up at 4 a. m. to get
your cable at Irkutsk but every one there swore there was no cable from you
anywhere in the city. I saw a lovely sunrise over Baikal but that hardly made
up for the lack of a cable from you.
This is our longest and I hope our last separation.
Love,
Edwaed.
Carter,
Tourist Bureau, HarMn.
Cable care Stationmaster, Birobidjan, whether leaving as planned.
No answer.
Exhibit No. 987
Arthur Paul, Daisy Paul, reserved Don't mention Vluz
Hrepilad Fall Camincho
N. Y. Bus Ma for Roosevelt
Crm. Smith Boat
Wash.
Harriman Clifford Durr
pro court Liberty Able friend
Thurman Arnold FCC South Conf
Abe Fortas, 50,000 income Little money
RS : Albert Friendly, Post Raymond Swing
William Cochrane, Bait., wife Cli
Mary Gresham, Govt. Folk good. I. P. R.
Robert Lamb Anne Wheeler
C. I. O. now Williams F. E. State
AI. Baiting daylete
Miss Nathausen 2 children
Pub. Rel. Bait.
Lincoln Bid.
Exhibit No. 988
Meeting; Arctic Institute; April 9; ECC; OL; FD ; HM ; Schmidt; Motiliet
Harondab
Schmidt is head of all the work north of the 62nd parallel, it is about one-third
of the U. S. S. R.
The first thing that had to be developed in the Arctic was science. This
began in 1917, but since 1929 the development has been very raijid. Every region
of the north has its permanent arctic station, where work is carried on during the
whole year.
The second thing to be developed was transportation. This is the key to the
arctic. The aim is to get a route across the north sea. In 19.S2 the Sibinjakov
made the first complete trip in one season. In 19,33 was the Cheliuskin expedi-
tion in 19P>4 the Litlcn got through and in 19.35 they opened a regular route for
commercial vessels, four ships made the trip. In 1936 six will go from West to
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5113
East ; two from East to West ; 6 as far as the Kolyma ; 8 to the Lena and 40
to the Yennisea. More than 300,000 tons of cargo will be carried.
River transportation is very important. The basin of the Lena is larger
than Western Europe and this has to be developed. Since 1933 ships have gone
to the mouth of the Lena. Now they have their own shipbuilding wharf on the
Lena.
The next thing is the geological survey in order to begin the production of
minerals. There is zinc and lead and niclcel. There is rock salt near the Taimir
penninsula. This is very important because there is no salt in the Soviet Far
East. They have had to get salt for the fishing industry trom Odessa and
from Western Siberia. In 1938 there will be 5,000 worliers there and they
will produce 150 tons per year.
The Yennisea is navigable for ocean ships as far as Igarka, 450 km. from
the mouth. Last year many foreign steamers came there for timber, which is
shipped down the river from Western and Eastern Siberia. One even took timber
to South Africa. River transport on the lower Yennisea has existed since before
the Revolution.
There is no need to colonize the north, because there is better land to be
settled elsewhere in the U. S. S. R. There they plan to have more machines
than men. There is one labor camp on the Yennisea, but there is not much use
for criminal labor there, everyone wants to work in the Arctic. The population
in the asiatic part of the north, north of 62nd parallel is 900,000 of which 150,000
are the native tribes.
Aviation has been widely developed. There is regularly daily, all-year serv-
ice down the great rivers, the Ob, the Yennisea, the Lena, etc. There are oc-
casional services East and West between the rivers to the fur centers or to the
mines. They find it cheaper to transport the men and equipment for the mines
by air. The airplanes also help with the navigation, to locate the ice flows, etc.
At present they have a general rough geological survey of the whole region
and on a basis of this they are doing more specialized surveys. In 1936 there
will be 12 geological expeditions to different parts of the North.
In 1935 the most important product of the region was timber. This is shipped
from the interior. In 1936 they expect that minerals will be the most im-
portant. The Lena and the Yennisea are open about 4 or 4V^ months for
shipping.
The native peoples are helped by the Institute of Northern Peoples. Every
tribe has its schools and at present they are concentrating on training teachers
from the native peoples. There are already native technical experts, ship cap-
tains, wireless operators, etc.
When Schmidt was in the U. S. he found everyone very friendly to him.
Roosevelt was interested in his work and questioned him very carefully on all
the details.
Conditions in Alaska are better than in the North here. The climate is not as
severe. But in the north of Canada they are worse.
The Soviet weather forecasts, based on their observations in the North, are
very good and far ahead of other countries. The U. S. siiould establish similar
stations for this purpose in the north of Canada.
Reindeer are to be increased for meat production, but they will not be used
more widely in transportation. At present there is agriculture in the north,
in Igarka and Franz Joseph Land. It is just for raising vegetables. In the next
few years they plan to have agriciilture for fresh vegetables in all the places
where there are people. There is no grain grown there.
The work in the mines goes on all the year.
At present there is a 50-60 percent increase in transportation facilities every
year. The growth of transportation over the next twenty years will depend on
the development of mining.
Exhibit No. 989
ApEir. 19, 1933.
ECO from JB :
OWEN LATTIMORE
You will remember that when Lattimore was first suggested as a memlier of
the American Council I was inclined to support the proposal. It is true that he
is not an economist, but the following reasons would weigh very heavily in my
mind in favor of inviting him : (1) as far as I know, he is not reputed to be in
88348 — 52— pt. 14 14
5114 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
the pay of any frovernraent ; (2) he has a remarkable background of personal
experience in Manchuria and China; (3) he has written what is perhaps the
best book in existence on Manchuria; (4) although he is not an economist, he
is thoroughly familiar with what the economists are interested in. In other
words, he understands the nature of the pressures which impinge on the Far
East, and although I myself think that he overweights the cultural or Spen-
glerian analysis, he never loses sight of reality; (5) he has a very understand-
ing and sympathetic attitude toward the Soviet Union, and (6) our job at the
Banff Conference is not only to break political issues down into their economic
units, but also to put them together again. In this second job, Lattimore would
have a very great deal to contribute.
April 17, 1933.
ECC to JB :
I wrote Fred saying that Lattimore had offered to be a member of the Ameri-
can Group at Banff but that we had misgivings as to whether it was more
important to have him than some of the others who we felt w^ould help more
on our economic program.
Now I have the following cable from Fred dated Honolulu, April 14:
"Matsukata : I Strongly Recommend Lattimore."
This would mean more if you also joined in the recommendation. What is your
reaction? Attached is a copy of the letter I sent Fred.
March 27, 1933.
Mr. F. V. Field,
Institute of Pacific Relations,
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Dear Fred : Owen Lattimore is coming home from Mongolia and Manchuria
across Canada just at the time of the Banff Conference, and he is very eager
to attend. This news came to us after the Selection Committee had met, and it
looks as though we were going to have the very greatest difficulty in keeping
down the American group to 25. So it will be hard to find a place for Lattimore.
But before the Selection Committee finally passes on his name, we should like
to know wliether you feel strongly that he should be secured, even though that
might mean increasing the size of the American group. Please send a full
statement of your views as to the importance or otherwise of having him, at
the earliest possible moment.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 990
June 28, 1933.
Mr. L. T. Chen,
China Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
J23 Boulevard de Montigny, Shanghai.
Dear Mr. Chen : Here is a copy of a letter of introduction which I have given
at his request to General Yakhontoff. The General is very eager to get the
backing of the Institute of Pacific Relations in making a study of Communism
in China. He felt that his wide contacts in Russia and in the Far East fitted
him uniquely to make such a study and that he might be employed jointly by the
China Institute, the American Council and the Pacific Committee of the I. P. R.
in the U. S. S. R.
We have told him that the I. P. R. was not in a position to sponsor his study.
We do not know where the funds would come from.
A further difficulty is that we do not think that General Yakhontoff stands in
the first rank as a scholar. He is more in the class of a popular lecturer than a
research worker of high qualifications.
I think it would be a friendly act for you to see him when he calls and talk
with him about his plans, but I do not think there is any reason for you to go
out of your way to render him special favors or give a great deal of time to him.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Cabteb.
ECC:W
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5115
June 28, 1933.
Mr. L. T. Chen,
China Council, Institute of Pacific Relations,
123 Boulevard de Montigny, Shanghai.
Deab Mr. Chen : This is to introduce General Victor Yakhontoff, who hopes to
visit China in September and October to get material for lectures and for a book
on Communism in China. He was formerly a General in the liussian Imperial
army ; later he was an attach^ in the Russian embassy in Tokyo ; after the
Revolution he was an emigre and settled in America. More recently he has
re-established friendly relations with people in Moscow interested in the study
of foreign affairs. He is the author of "Russia and the Soviet Union in the Far
East." He recently became an American citizen.
Inasmuch as General Yakhontoff lectures quite widely before men's women's
clubs in America and is making a serious effort to continue as an objective
student of Far Eastern affairs, any help that you can give him will be deeply
appreciated.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
ECC:W
Personal.
Exhibit No. 991
July 13, 1933.
Dr. Stanley K. Hornbeck,
State Department, Washington, D. C.
Dear Hornbeck : As you know, a group of scientific workers in the U. S.
S. R. who have specialized on a study of the economic, ethnic, cultural, and po-
litical problems of the Far East has been definitely organized as the Soviet
Group of the Institute of Pacific Relations. The head of this group was elected
unanimously at the Shanghai Conference as the Soviet member of the Pacific
Council, the international governing body of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
Sir Robert Borden, the Honorable Newton W. Rowell and Vincent Massey,
the outstanding leaders of the I. P. R. in Canada, are exceedingly anxious to
have a Soviet representative at the Banff Conference. Unfortunately the ofiicial
attitude of the Canadian Government is such that it is illegal for members of
the Communist Party to visit and live in the Dominion of Canada. Prime
Minister Bennett, however, is so interested in the success of the Banff Conference
that he has privately informed the Honorable Newton W. Rowell that the Ca-
nadian immigration ofiicers at all points of entry in the Dominion will be in-
structed to facilitate the arrival and departure for Banff of all accredited
members of the Institute of Pacific Relations en route for the Banff Conference.
Some months ago he gave a personal assurance of this to Mr. Rowell after Mr,
Rowell raised the question of the legal and administrative obstacles that might
arise in the case of a Soviet representative.
To make doubly certain that there is no embarrassment and unfortunate
incident accompanying the arrival of a Soviet representative, Mr. Rowell has
(again reopened the matter with Prime Minister Bennett. As a result, I am able
to send to yovi herewith a copy of a letter just received from Escott Reid, the
Secretary of the Canadian Institute, conveying to me formally a copy of a recent
letter from Prime Minister Bennett to the Honorable Newton W. Rowell.
It so happens that it would be of the greatest value to the American Council
in developing its program of studies of Russian practice and policy in the Far
East if it were possible for us to get permission from the State Department to
ensure that the Soviet member of the Banff Conference was able to visit New
York for conference with the ofiicers and staff of the American Council both be-
fore and after the Banff Conference.
If the Institute of Pacific Relations group in Moscow is finally able to send
a representative to Banff, the chances are three to one that they will send as
the sole member or as Chairman of a group of two or three, Karl Radek whose
article in Foreign Affairs a few months ago you must have read. He is a member
of the Communist Party and, as you know, he has been specializing for some
time on Soviet policy in the Far East.
I would like to inquire from you what steps the American Council should take
in order that we might be able to cable Karl Radek that if it is possible for him
5116 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
to visit New York on his way to and from Banff, the State Department will
attend to the necessary formalities.
I do not know sufficiently the present policy and division of responsibility in
the State Department in such a matter but have wondered whether it will be
possible for you to discuss the question with Mr. Phillips and enlist his interest
in finding a solution to the problem which confronts the American Council. There
is no one in Washington better qualified than you to explain to Mr. Phillips the
purpose and importance of the scientific studies of the Institute of Pacific Rela-
tion. If any personal reference would help, you might remind Mr. Phillips that
I was a classmate of his at Harvard and that our fellow classmate, Charles Dana
Draper, whom he knows, is my brother-in-law.
If some formal communication from the American Council addressed to the
Secretary of State is called for, will you kindly let me know what sort of letter
I should send in place of this purely personal inquiry.
With kindest personal regards, I am
Sincerely yours.
ECC/NH
Exhibit No. 992
Edward C. Carter.
November 29, 1933.
JB to ECC :
The following men at Harvard should be interested in the Russian field :
Cross, Samuel A. — Professor of Russian, working in the medieval period. An
expert on the Chronicles. Former commercial attache, with, I think, chemical
training. Pretty anti-Soviet personally, but a good American citizen. Said to
be really good at the language. You will remember that Elisieff spoke very
highly of him, and of the six or eight young men, including one of the Coudert
boys, who are working for him.
Fainsod, Merle— Y'oung, married a classmate of Betty Field's, took his Ph. D.
in Government two years ago. Spent last year in Russ'a, working on the Third
International, and is preparing a monograph for publication on this. Thor-
oughly intelligent, a protege of Holcombe's personally, at present a tutor in
government.
Langer, William — Modern European history. One of the best men in this field
in America. Teaches History 30, Archie Coolidge's old course, and therefor
partly inheritor of Coolidge's Russian tradition. Has no special competence
in Russian, but an interest in it. Works for Foreign Affairs, and is the special
friend of Mosely's. On the board of the Fletcher School.
Holcombe — You know.
Elliott, W. Y. — Government, at present titular head of the department. A special
colleague of Lowell's, expert on the British empire, on which he has written a
big book.
Emerson, Rupert — Government, relatively young. Has married a Russian, his
own Russian background uncertain. Said to have spent the past year in the
Far East. Recommended by Cross. Spoken well of by Moseley.
Blake, Robert — Head of the library. A very important fellow in Harvard poli-
tics. Knows only a little Russian, but knows Georgian, Armenian and about
twenty other peripheral languages. Dug up Mount Athos with Kirsopp Lake.
Very much interested in the Russian field.
Pope — Fine Arts. The greatest master of Persian art alive, and personnally said
to be an advance Bolshevik. Went through Russia two years ago with Eddie
Warburg, who has told me that he knows no Russian but is sold on the Soviet
Union. Knows quite a lot about icons, and might be interested from the point
of view of Russian art.
Hopper, Bruce — You know. Away on a sabbatical in Russia.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5117
Exhibit No. 993
Memoeandum of Interview With Mortimer L. Graves
. Thursday, December 7, 1933
Present: Edward C. Carter and Joseph Barnes.
Speaking from meinory Mr. Graves said that the exi)enditure budget for the
Harvard Summer School of Chiuese Studies was as follows :
24 assistances @ 125 and 62.50 $2,500
3 inst. P $800 2, 400
2 sub. @ $400 800
22 spec. lect. @ $50 1, 100
Adm. 40 @ $5 200
$7,000
Income budget was as follows :
Tuitions 40 and 45 $1,800
Harvard Yenching 1, 8.50
Society of Japanese Studies 850
Carnegie Corporation and American Council Learned Societies 2, 500
$7, 000
There were forty students registered ; sixteen paid their way entirely, twenty-
four were assisted, eight at $(J2.50 per person and sixteen at $125 per person.
The charge for board and room for six weeks ranged from $70 upward according
to accommodation. The tuition fee was $45 for the six weeks.
Graves expressed delightful desire that the American Council of Learned
Societies was not to have the credit for taking the initiative for the proposed
Russian Language School but expressed a deep and sincere desire to cooperate
to the full with the I. P. R. in putting the school across.
Exhibit No. 994
Finance 193G
Document 7
Individual Travel Expenditure Foe the Past Few Tears
I — Administration
193-'t
Edward C. Carter
Left New York January 1934, visited Toronto. Winipeg and San Francisco
prior to sailing for Honolulu. Left Honolulu, after a two weeks' visit, for Japan.
After a four weeks' stay in Japan, he sailed from Kobe to Manila for a short
visit. He returned to China early in April and visited the following cities:
Canton, Shanghai, Nanking, Tientsin, Peiping, and Ting Hsien. He left for
Moscow early in May, visiting Hsinking en route. He left Moscow the end of
May and visited Amsterdam, The Hague, Leyden, Paris, Geneva and London
and returned to New York the end of June.
He remained in the United States until the fall with the expection of visits
to Toronto and Montreal in July and October.
Early in November he purchased a round-the-world trip ticket via London,
Marseilles, Bombay, Hongkong, Shanghai and San Francisco in order to take
advantage of the saving possible on purchasing a round-the-world ticket. Re-
5118 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
mained in London from the middle of November xmtil early in December, He
then visited I'aris, Amsterdam, The Hague and Moscow, returning to London
January 2, 1935.
Total Expenditure, $4,777.48.
19S5
After a week's stay in London and a brief visit in Paris he sailed from Mar-
seilles to Bomiiay. Remained in India from January 24 to February 7 visiting
Bombay, Delhi, Nagpur and Wardha. Traveled to Shanghai via Hongkong.
He remained in China until April 2 visiting Hankow, Nanking, Tientsin and
Peiping. Left for Japan to attend the interim research confei'ence in Tokyo.
On May 14, he sailed from Japan to Honolulu where he remained until June
3rd. He sailed from Honolulu to Australia, arriving in Sydney on June 18.
In Australia he visited Sydney, INIelbnurne and Brisbane. Left Australia on
July 5 for New Zealand where he remained until July 27, visiting Auckland,
Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill, Oamaru, Hastings, and Napier.
He left New Zealand for Los Angeles spending August 5th in Honolulu. He
visited Los Angeles, San Francisco and Yosemite. He reached New York late
in August.
During the autumn he visited Washington, D. C, Seattle, Portland, Vancouver,
Edmonton, Regina, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Toronto and Montreal.
Total Expenditure, $5,077.30.
1936
He visited Washington, D. C, Cleveland, Chicago, San Francisco, and returned
to New York to sail for London on March 11. He visited Amsterdam, The Hague
and Leyden, Moscow, Geneva, Paris, and returned to London. Sailed for New
York on May 7th.
At the end of May he visited Ottawa to attend the meetings of the Canadian
Institute Studies Conference. June and July spent on work in connection with
preparing for the Yosemite Conference at Lee, Mass.
In July he received a $500 advance toward his Yosemite travelling expenses.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $1,996.35.
Kate Mitchell
Miss Mitchell accompanied Mr. Carter on all of the above mentioned visits
with the exception of his visits to the west coast and Canada in 1935 and his
visits to Chicago, San Francisco, Amsterdam, The Hague, Leyden, and Moscow,
and Ottawa in 1936.
No expense to the Institute was involved in Miss Mitchell's travel.
Elsie Fairfox-Cholmeley
Miss Cholmeley joined the Secretariat staff on January 9, 1935, and accom-
panied Mr. Carter on his visits to India, China, Japan, Honolulu, Australia, New
Zealand, and returned to the United States, visiting Los Angeles, San Francisco,
and Yosemite. She did not accompany Mr. Carter on his trips to the west coast
and Canada during 1935.
No expense to the Institute was involved in Miss Cholmeley's travel during
1935.
The details of Miss Cholmeley's travel during 1936 will be found under item
VI— Staff and Staff Exchange.
n — ^PAcmc AFFAIES
1934
Owen Lnttimore
Mr. Lattimore left New York in September 1934 for Peiping, visiting Honolulu
en route.
Total Expenditure, $1,200.00.
1935
Mr. Lattimore's travel in China during 1935 was paid for by a grant from
the International Research Fund.
1936
Left Peiping in March, visited Moscow, Amsterdam, London, and returned to
New York in May.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5119
Mr. and Mrs. Lattimore were given travelling grants to enable them to attend
the Yosemite Conference.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $2,034.39.
Ill — RESEARCH
193Ii
W. L. Holland
Early in 1934 he visited Toronto and Winnipeg en route to Japan vt'here he
established his headquarters in Tokyo. He also visited China during 1934.
Total Expenditure, $5GS.98.
2935
In March 1935 he travelled to Shanghai to meet Mr. Carter and participate
in staff conferences with Mr. Carter, Mr. Lasker, Mr. Lattimore, Miss Tylor
and Miss Mitchell in Shanghai, Nanking and Peiping as well as to confer with
members of the China Council. In June 1935, he visited Manila, Hcmgkong,
Shanghai, Nanking, Teiping, Tientsin, and Dairen. He left Japan in July and
spent some time in Honolulu, relurniug to New York the end of August ; since
which time his headquarters have been in New York and Stockbridge.
In December he paid a short visit to Toronto.
Total Expenditure, $892.98.
1936
Mr. Holland visited Ottawa in May 1936 to attend the Canadian Institute
Studies Conference. He lias also been given a travelling grant in connection with
attending the Yosemite Conference.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $280.25.
1935
Carl L. Alsierff
Dr. Alsberg was given a grant towards his travelling expenses in connection
with attending the interim research conference in Tokyo in April.
Total Expenditure, $300.00.
1936
Pardoo Lowe
Incidental travel and travelling grant in connection with attending Yosemite
Conference.
Total Expenditure, $191.06. ,
VI STAFF AND STAFF EXCHANGE
1935
Ricliard Pyke
Mr. Pyke was given a grant of $150 toward his expenses in connection with
coming to the United States. He visited Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa in
December.
He was given a grant of $1,000 to purchase a round-trip ticket from New York
to Shanghai.
Total Expenditure, $1,226.58.
1936
Mr. Pyke visited Toronto early in 1936 in connection with arranging for his
readmission to the United States.
He left for the Far East in February visiting Seattle, Vancouver, and Honolulu
en route. He spent 3 weeks in Japan visiting Tokyo, Nagaya, Kobe, Kyoto, and
Mara. He spent about 8 weeks in China visiting Shanghai, Nanking, Peiping, and
Tientsin. He spent a week in Manchuria visiting Hsinking. Mukden, and Dairen.
The advance of $1,000 given Mr. Pyke during 1935 practically covered all his
travel to and in the Far East and return.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $63.54.
5120 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
19S5
Charlotte Tyler
Miss Tyler left the United States in the fall of 1934 and visited London. Left
London for the Far East via Singapore, Slam, and Indo China. She spent some
time in Shanghai and accompanied the Secretary General to Nanking and Peiping
where she maintained her headquarters until March 1936.
Total Expenditure, $1,000.00.
1936
She returned from Peiping via Moscow, and London to attend the Yosemite
Conference.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $306.25.
Note.— Miss Tyler's salary and travel is paid from a special earmarked grant
from the Payne Fund.
1936
Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley
Miss Cholmeley visited Canada in January 1936 for purposes of readmission to
the United States.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $97.02.
1936
Harriet Moore
Miss Moore left New York on March 11 and paid short visits to London and
Amsterdam, and accompanied Mr. Carter to Moscow where she remained until
the latter part of INIay. She then returned to the United States to assist in con-
ference preparation.
Total Expenditure, first 7 months, $600.00.
Exhibit No. 995
Februart 13, 1984,
Selsker M. Gunn, Esq.,
Rockfeller Foundation,
1,9 West J,9th Street, New York City.
Dear Gunn : It is impossible to tell you how highly we all appreciated the
information and the insights which you and Mrs. Gunn gave us here. We only
wish we could have pumped you for 10 weeks instead of 10 hours.
I am hoping that you will have a long talk with Barnes and Holland almost
immediately after you arrive in New York, for Barnes is leaving for Russia and
Siberia a few days after your arrival, and similarly Holland about the first of
March is leaving New York for the Pacific Coast, Honolulu, and Japan.
First of all I hope you can in confidence sketch to Barnes and Holland your
general plan for China. It is of the utmost importance that they get as full
a picture of your analysis of China's needs as you so vividly gave to me. To
understand what is in your mind will be invaluable to Holland when he goes to
the Far East, and to Barnes when he goes to Russia. I know you want to discuss
with them the Standard of Living study, particularly with reference to China.
I hojie you and Mrs. Gunn can go over to the Fifty-second Street office and more
generally give the background of your studies, not only to Barnes and Holland
but also to Lattimore, Miss Tjler, and Lasker.
Any help that any of them can give you in return will be gladly given.
I don't think I told you that, when we saw Kerakhan in Moscow in 1931,
he told us that the Institute's researches in China and Japan would be equally
valuable whether the Far East remained capitalist or became communist. He
afl3rmed that these basic researches on food and population, trade, tariffs, in-
dustrialization, and farm management must form the basis for any socially valid
public policy. Similarly I have the feeling that your program of education
and research for rural reconstruction in China will prove equally indispensable
whether China goes communist or not. I think this is an important point for
you to bear in mind, for it may be that some of your trustees will want to veto
your proposals because they think that China is going communist.
Holland and Barnes you must see soon after your arrival, as they wiil be
leaving the city very soon. A little later, when your initial rush is over, I hope
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5121
you can give a little time to Miss Tyler to tell her what you know of the Basic
English situation in the Far East.
If there are any memoranda that would be of use to me in China, 1 hope
that you will send them to me in care of the China Institute of Pacific Relations,
123 Boulevard de Montigny, Shanghai. I wish now that I had been forehanded
enough to get from you a list of the twenty or thirty Chinese whom you found
the wisest and most promising. If you could possibly spare the time to send
me the names and cities and a brief "Who's AVho" regarding the people I ought
to see without fail. You would be rendering the I. P. R. a great service.
With deepest appreciation for all that you did for us here, and with kindest
regards from us all to you both, I am
Very sincerely yours,
Edwakd C. Carter.
ECC/H
Exhibit No. 996
Conversation Between Mr. Arosev, President op VOKS, Mr. Carter, and J, B.,
Interpreter
May 21, 1934.
Mr. Carter began by explaining that this was his third trip to the Soviet
Union. On each of his previous trips, he had made every effort possible to work
out arrangements for cooperation between the I. P. R. and Soviet social scien-
tists interested in the Pacific area. The results of these efforts were by no
means insignificant. The degree of cooperation actually achieved today was far
higher than when he first came here in 1929. On the other hand, he was equally
convinced that it did not yet begin to correspond to the volume and importance
of the work being done here or of that with which the Institute is familiar
outside the Soviet Union. The main purpose of his present trip was to try to
improve these arrangements, if possible, through a better organization of
Soviet representation in the I. P. R.
Mr. Arosev began by saying that he wished to be entirely frank and open
with us. As he had told JB previously, the question was unfortunately not
one simply of scientific cooperation. From what he had been able to learn
of the Institute, it was obvious that it was at least in large part a political
institution.
Mr. Carter explained that this was only partly true. The subject matter of
the Institute's research is political, but its own organization and activity is
entirely nonpolitical. The Institute is a research organization which works
through the scientific bodies and workers of different countries, and must con-
sequently take into account the political situation of those bodies and scholars,
but it is not itself a political body.
Mr. Arosev replied that in tlie Soviet Union there were no private bodies or
individuals. The nearest exception to this rule is VOKS, which is organized
on the same lines as TASS, the Soviet News Agency. But even with these, we
must understand, it is inevitable that any activity carried on by anyone in the
Soviet Union in cooperation with other nationals has a political significance. It
was for this reason that he himself was eager to straighten out the question.
The inclusion of Dr. Petrov's name on the Pacific Council, whatever the mis-
understanding as to his action in accepting election three years ago, was today
merely an empty formality, and both sides would profit by clearing the question
up. The very misunderstanding, by which Dr. Petrov feels that he accepted
the position as President of VOKS while the record shows that he did so as an
individual, is representative of the situation here and indicates the need for a
clear understanding of the Soviet position in principle, an understanding which
could be worked out only in responsible quarters when the question had the wide
political significance which is inevitable in joining officially the Institute of
Pacific Relations.
Mr. Carter agreed completely with the desirability of arriving at such an
understanding, and stated that it was the principal reason for his visit to
Moscow. He pointed out that in reality it was the substance of cooperation
which interested him, and that the form or formula, although it was important
to straighten out, was after all of secondary importance. The increase of
5122 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
direct contacts between other research institutions and those of the Soviet
Union, and a wider exchange of documents and materials are the real desiderata
which the Institute had in mind.
Mr. Arosev expressed his gratitude for this statement, which left him in a
better position to understand the motives of the Institute. For these purposes,
VOKS was the ideal organization in the Soviet Union. It is independent, it is
responsil)le to no one and it unites in its contacts with foreign countries all the
organizations of the Soviet Union in the arts and sciences.
The main question at the moment, he felt, was to secure the understanding in
principle about which he liad spoken. If that decision, which under the circum-
stances could be made only by very responsible people, should be favorable, he
would iind no difficulty at all in the Soviet Union. He had been in his new post
only 25 days, but he was convinced that VOKS could be made a significant link
between the Soviet Union and foreign scientists. In regard to the Institute, he
and other officials had lacked hitherto any concrete idea of what the Institute
wanted.
Mr. Carter stated that we are now in a position to supply such a statement in
written form, if desirable, as a formal outline of the aims and objectives of the
Institute and the part which the Soviet Union would be desired to play in their
attainment. He wondered if Mr. Arosev would care to advise him as to the form
and method of presenting such a statement.
Mr. Arosev said tliat he would try as quickly as possible to secure, on the basis
of the large amoimt of information which they now had as a result of our visit, a
definite ruling on the question in principle. He hoped to be able to secure this
by May 2Gth, when he wished we would telephone him. Then we could submit
such a concrete statement as we had mentioned, and he could guarantee that if
the decision in principle should be favorable, we would find every aid and coopera-
tion in carrying out our plans.
Mr. Carter then described in some detail the history of the Institute's relations
with the Soviet Union. In 1929, through the warm interest of Commissar Lit-
vinov, Mr. Alexandre Romm of TASS was sent to the Kyoto Conference as an
observer. In 1931, Vice Commissar Karakhan spoke with cordiality of the re-
search work of the Institute, and of the keen interest in it which was felt by
Soviet scientists, and assured a responsible group of Institute representatives
that individual cooperation on the part of Soviet scientists was entirely accept-
able to the government authorities. At that time he recommended that VOKS be
used as the agency, and in the same year Dr. Petrov who was then President of
VOKS accepted his election to the Pacific Council of the Institute. This formal
representation of the Soviet Union in the Institute bad not developed as might
have been hoped. In other ways, liowever (Mr. Carter referi'ed to JB's presence
in Moscow for the past two months, the survey he had made of research societies
in the Soviet Union, and to the last number of Prohlemii Kitapa, which contains
the translation of an I. P. R. data paper) we have been successful in working
out larger and more fruitful cooperation than we have ever had before.
He concluded by repeating his assurances that he was only too eager to conform
to any suggestion which might be forthcoming as to the formula of cooperation.
He would wait until the 2nth for the decision which Mr. Arosev had promised,
particularly since he planned to be in Moscow again in the fall.
JB added personally, since he knew Mr. Arosev from a previous meeting, that
he wished to assure him that the invitation was by no means a political gesture.
The persistence and zeal of Institute representatives in Moscow in attempting to
work out some answer to this problem reflected no desire on the part of any
nation or group to use the Soviet Union for political purposes. It reflected rather
our increasing conviction of the importance of Soviet studies, as witnessed by the
fact that some of us have learned the Russian language and spent considerable
periods here, and also to some extent the impossibility of securing any sort of
really definite answer from Soviet authorities. If Mr. Arosev could secure a
definite answer, even if it should be negative, it would probably be an assistance
to the substance of what we want to secure.
Mr. Arosev, concluding, assured Mr. Carter that he had no desire to continue
"feeding us with empty promises." While we were here, we should feel free to
commend VOKS in any way possible. If the answer is in the affirmatve, VOKS
will officially bend every effort to advance our projects here. If it is in the nega-
tive, however, VOKS will still be only too happy to help us in any way possible
that does not commit it to our policies. He reminded us that it would be hard toi
convince anyone in the Soviet Union that the Institute is not political. Any
organization in which England, Japan, China and the United States are working,
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5123
because of the delicate relations between those countries, is of necessity political.
In this case, political significance is like the fat in wliich a cutlet is fried. It
may be butter fat, or sunflower seed oil, but you can't fry a cutlet without fat.
Mr. Arosev took a list of Banff Conference members, and asked a few additional
questions concerning the central headquarters of the Institute and the role of
Pacific Council members. He liad already been given a pretty complete sheaf of
documents, including Pacific Affairs, a list of A. C. members. Empire in the East,
a check list of publications, the Harvard Summer School circular, etc.
Exhibit No. 997
July 18, 1934.
Miss Barbaea Wb^itheim,
129 East 52nd Street, New York
Dear Miss Wertheim : This is to formalize the invitation that I have already
given you orally to go to Tokyo this autumn for one year to act as Research.
Assistant to W. L. Holland, the Institute's International Research Secretary and
S. Uramatsu, Secretary of the Japanese Council of the I. P. R.
You would thus be serving both the Pacific Council and the Japanese Council
and the division of your work would be made by a three-cornered understanding
between Mr. Holland, Mr. Uramatsu and yourself. At the time of your arrival
Mr. Holland and Mr. Uramatsu will be occupying offices in the same building.
As they are working together in the closest collaboration there will be no diffi-
culties whatsoever in working out your program so that your work for Mr. Ura-
matsu and Mr. Holland will be complementary.
In order that you may know just what has transpired since first I talked with
you I now wish to quote my cable to Holland. It reads as follows :
"Cable could you Uramatsu use I5arbara Wertheim one year from Novem-
ber volunteer research worker. Shiman Barnes endorse."
It was sent on July 12. On July 14, Mr. Holland cabled me from Tokyo in reply,
as follows :
"Wertheim valuable and welcome."
At your convenience v/ould you please let me know whether you would prefer
to sail some time in October, or whether you would prefer to wait until early
November ?
Mr. Barnes informs me that the American Council will be willing to give you
leave of absence for the period of your sojourn in Japan and also six to eight
weeks' leave this summer as soon as you have completed your current assign-
ments.
In the autumn before you go I would be glad to make suggestions for a short
period of reading and work, preparing to assuming responsibilities in the Tokyo
office.
With kindest regards, I am
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 998
129 East 52nd Street,
New York City, September 25, 1934.
Mr. Frederick V. Field,
Office.
Dear Fred : Would you let me know whom of the following you would like to
meet before I sail? Sooner or later, under the most easy and natural auspices,
I assume that you will want to establish personal contacts with all whom you
don't know already.
Arthur W. Packard David H. Stevens Stanley K. Hornbeck
Robert M. Lester Henry S. Haskell Henry R. Luce
Frederick P. Keppel Miss Ella Crandell Maurice Wertheim
Raymond B. Fosdick Edwin R. Embree Martin Egan
Henry Allen Moe Richard Walsh James D. Mooney
If there are other people not listed above whom you would like me to establish
contact with for you, please do not hesitate to call on me.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
5124 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
Exhibit No. 999
KB to ECC :
This memorandum, which contains my ideas of what may be accomplished by
the Institute in the Soviet Field, falls into two parts :
I. Long-term objectives.
II. The immediate steps necessary in order to accomplish I.
I. The long-term objectives embody an ideal state of things which is admit-
tedly impossible of accomplishment for many years. I would like to see all
activities which have been proved of value by one national council incorporated
in the work of the other councils with such modification as the peculiar needs and
situation of each may necessitate. Keen interest by all national councils in the
work carried on in the other countries, with active cooperation in such work
would be an integral part of this Utopian picture. A description of this picture
from the Soviet angle falls into the following three divisions :
A. The Soviet Council in relation to the other member countries.
B. The Pacific and National Councils in relation to the Soviet Union.
C. Activities impossible without the active support of the Soviet and other
national councils.
A. 1. The Soviet Council must ultimately be as active on the International
committees, in the preparation for the conferences and in the conferences
them.selves as any other council. This will take a long time to bring about,
due to financial, political and geographic reasons. But there seems to be no
reason why these difficulties should be insurmountable once the Soviets are
convinced of the advantages accruing to their own research and scholarship
from such active cooperation. This conviction can only be given by actual
requests for information and studies and by the reciprocal rendering of
concrete assistance to the Soviet workers in the Pacific field.
2. Under the auspices of the Soviet Council, a survey should be made in
the Soviet Union of the facilities afforded research workers to acquire the
lanuua^'es of the other members of the Institute. Should the survey show
that facilities are provided, adequate to the building of a body of research
workers equipped to function in the various fields, no further action would
be necessary. Should the opposite be the case, action should be taken to
remedy the situation.
3. Coordination of the studies carried on in the Soviet Union of the prob-
lems of the other member countries should be one of the functions of an
active Soviet Council.
4. Tlie Soviet Council should possess an up-to-date record of organisations
and personnel interested in the problems of the Pacific area.
5. The Soviet Council should investigate whether a need exists in the Soviet
Union for the issue of periodical, timely information on the problems of the
Pacific Area. It is possible that the magazines already published absorb
all demand for such information. On the other hand, some such service as
the American Council is giving in its biweekly memoranda might fill a real
lack in providing a section of the population of the USSR, which would not
otherwise be reached, with authoritative accounts of Pacific incidents and
situations.
B. Before going into detail on B and C, I would like to recapitulate the situa-
tion of the various national councils as I know it re the Soviet Union.
Australia— Lack of interest coupled with suspicion. Lack of research
workers in the Soviet field and even of people acquainted with the Russian
language.
New Zealand — Ditto but even stronger.
Canada— Ditto. Feeling towards the Soviets reminiscent of 1920.
Netherlands — Admittance of possible value of Soviet material in their
work, but unable to use it through lack of people acquainted with the lan-
guage and unwilling to through general fear of communism.
Great Britain— Luke-warm attitude towards Soviet Affairs. However,
something is being done in the Soviet field, e. g., in Birmingham, and people
can be found in Great Britain who handle the language.
China— Language facilities exist, but people found in possession of Soviet
literature are in extreme danger during the periodic anti-communist drives.
Japan— Keen interest on the part of some members of the Council exists
but there is a lack of language facilities and it is practically impossiMe to
import Soviet literature.
U. S. A.— Interest is present. Language can be handled. Soviet literature
is importable and causes no embarrassment to possessor.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5125
Such being the case, a considerable period of time will have to be spent in
arousing interest and waiting for political obstacles to disappear. Granted such
a period of time, it would be desirable to have in each member country the
following :
1. Facilities for acquiring the Russian language, so that a body of research
workers could develop, capable of handling Soviet and Russian materials.
2. A coordinating center for all Soviet Studies and the institutions and
personnel concerned.
The Pacific Council of course would act as originator of such plans, with due
regard for national autonomy, and would receive reports as to progress in their
achievement. It would seem logical, moreover, that the compiled lists of Soviet
studies, interested institutions, and research personnel should be sent to the
Pacific Council which would then be in a position to keep all national councils
informed as to the state of Soviet studies in the membership as a whole. Care
would have to be taken in setting up the machinery that it did not become so
cumbersome and the process so lengthy that the information would be out of
date before distributed.
C. Under activities requiring active support of the Soviet and other councils
we can list :
1. Exchange of books and publications. The American Council has for
some time been exchanging books and periodicals with various institutions
in the Soviet Union. This can be continued in the same fashion as before
or through some central agency set up by the Soviet Council. This central
agency would of course carry on exchange arrangements with the other
National Councils. The extent to which this exchange would develop would
depend on how B. was carried out. It is obviously useless for a library to
be collected if it is unused through lack of interest or ability.
2. Exchange of research workers such as has existed between the Ameri-
can Council and the Japanese and Chinese should be extended. It would be
of great value if ultimately such exchange could function between the
Soviet and all the other national councils.
3. A bibliographical service such as is now being contemplated, inevitably
will demand the cooperation of all countries concerned. In the far future
a similar service covering Japan, China, the Soviet Union and the English
and Dutch speaking countries should be set up in each of the member
countries of the Institute.
4. The Soviet and other councils could be of valuable mutual assistance
if they kept each other informed of the progress of their various activities
without waiting for the inevitably longer procedure of communicating
through the Pacific Council.
11. Immediate steps necessary in order to accomplish I. divide into two parts :
A. In the Soviet Union.
B. In other member countries.
A. In the Soviet Union.
1. From the point of view of terminology, it might be as well to suggest
that the Pacific Institute of the U. S. S. R. should be known as the Soviet
Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations.
2. Membership on International Committees. The necessary documents
should be presented to the Soviet Council which will acquaint them with
the activities of the various committees : Program ; Research ; Publications ;
Education. They should be urged to appoint a representative on each
committee. Perhaps, to begin with, one person might do for all, preterably
the person who might conceivably come to the next conference so as to
increase the chance of the Soviet representative actually meeting the other
members of the committees.
3. An associate editor for Pacific Affairs should be appointed and asked
as his first job to check up on the articles promised by Voitinsky, Abram-
son, and Radek.
4. Data Papers. The Soviet Council has already announced five studies
that they intend to publish before the next conference as well as two collec-
tions of articles. As these all deal with subjects pertinent to the general
subject matter for data papers for the next conference as determined at
Banff, these publications may very well be counted enough.
5. Standard of Living Studies. All relevant material such as the Inter-
national Research Program 19.33-35, FVF's report on the progress of the
American Council in the Standard of Living Studies and any other reports
the Secretary General may get from other council visits, should be shown
5126 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
to the Soviet Council. They should be asked to draw up a report on what
has been published and on what projects are now under way or being
contemplated on the subject of Standard of Living in the Soviet Union.
HM can be offered as assistant or collaborator. They should be informed
that all countries are making such a report to the International liesearch
Committee early next year and be asked to send their report in at the same
time. Suggestions how the studies in each country might further progress, or
what new ones might be originated, in order best to coordinate all the work,
will then be sent out. As for the cultural side of the research program. I
understand that that is still under discussion. Concrete suggestions as to
just what "cultural relations" signifies will be sent to the Soviet Council
later.
6. The question of translation of Soviet studies should be discussed as it
affects both the data papers and the projects connected with the Research
program of the Institute.
7. The report of JB made last spring on Soviet Institutions concerned
with the problems of the Far East is so confidential in character that no
reference should be made of it to the Soviet Council or to any of tlie In-
stitutions concerned. (N. B. to IIM.) The Soviet Council should be told
that in the American Council we are attempting the coordination of Soviet
and Far Eastern Studies. They should be urged to compile a report of all
Soviet organisations interested in Pacific Relations with a description of the
type of work each carries on. Such a report, they would realize would be
of value not only to themselves but to all Soviet-minded research workers.
If they demur owing to lack of time or personnel, HM could be offered as the
person to undertake it, in so far as her other activities permit, with the Soviet
Council as sponsor and guide.
8. Exchange of books and periodicals. Some machinery should be .set up
within the Soviet Council which could arrange for exchange of books and
periodicals. Obviously this would be feasible as far as the publications of
the nine institutions embodied in the Soviet Council are concerned. Would it
be equally feasible for the Soviet Council to act as the clearing house for
arrangements witli other Soviet Institutions?
9. The possibility of exchange of research workers should be broached.
The preliminary trial of such an arrangement would seem logically to take
place between the American or the Pacific Council and Moscow. An ideal
arrangement would be for Kantorovich to come over here in 1036, after he
has got the data papers published, and stay through the Conference. He
could be attached to the staff of either the Pacific or the American Council
and paid a salary in dollars while in exchange some member of the Pacific
or American Council staff could be sent to the Soviet Union and the Soviet
Council made responsible for his or her room, cooperative cards, supply
of rubles etc. Wliether a foreigner would be willing to live in Moscow with-
out an additional valuta income, of course, is doubtful, but something could
be worked out.
10. What cooperation is asked from the Soviet Council in connection with
the bibliographical service depends on what decision is reached about the
service itself. This matter has already been broached to several people in
Moscow, I believe. I feel that they would be keenly interested in the pros-
pect of a similar service in English and Dutch books being set up some time.
11. Attendance at the next conference should be put forward as being
desirable in order to convince the national councils of the Soviet Council's
real desire to cooperate. It should be stressed, however, even more highly
for the value it would have in facilitating research work and cooperation. If
the suggestion in point 9 should be feasible, the aim would be to some extent
accomplished. Any large representation of the Soviet Union at the next
conference can hardly be expected.
12. In order to give the Soviet Council a picture of what other councils
are doing, national council reports such as the present one of PVF to the
Amei-ican Council should be shown along with any other documentation
possible, such as Cross's report on the Harvard Russian Language School.
Out of the latter could develop a discussion of what are the facilities for
language study in the Soviet Union.
13. In connection with points 7, 10, and 12, a suggestion might be made
to the Soviet Council that they publish a periodic memorandum on work in
Pacific problems in the Soviet Union for dissemination among the member
councils of the Institute. This might appeal to them strongly.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5127
14. Finance. On the question of the Soviet Council contribution to the
Institute, I feel that some contribution should be made if only nominal. In
all financial matters, it must be remembered that the Soviets are intensely
proud. Direct subsidy from abroad, I believe, would not be acceptable, nor
would they wish to be in the position of the only national council not contrib-
uting financially. Exchange relations, both for research workers and mate-
rials, will have to be arranged with the minimum of international money
payments.
In taking up the above points with the Soviet Council, the Secretary General
will have to be constantly on the alert to see how much load they seem willing
to carry and will have to stress the points correspondingly. If necessary, em-
phasis could be merely laid on Data papers and Studies of Standards of Living.
After all, such research work as would be represented in them and the making
of it available to the other countries by means of translation is the main objec-
tive of the Institute. Also the Secretary General must observe to what extent
the Soviet Council is liable to be an integrated unit with functions of its own,
and to what extent it tends to leave everything to the initiative and activity of
the institutions out of which it is made. All discussion of plans with the Soviet
Council will have to be tempered by whichever of the above cases is triie.
B. 1. The Secretary General in his forthcoming tour should endeavour to
discover the exact status of Soviet Studies in ench country visited, both as
regards interest and actual accomplishment. My own impressions of what
exists I have stated earlier. If they are correct, the only thing to be done
seems to be to discuss with the few persons interested ways and means of
utilizing the existence of the Soviet Council.
2. The Secretary General could present to Moscow requests for help in
Mackenzie's Statiis of Aliens coordination, his Communications project and
the navalism project of the American Council. There also could be presented
with a request for suggestions as to broadening or otherwise improving,
a statement of the exchange relations between the American Council and
various Soviet Institutions. Any other concrete requests for assistance
should be gathered from the countries visited for presentation to Moscow.
3. It should be stressed to the national councils that the Soviet Council
is now in existence and eager to cooperate.
Note. — The activities of the Pacific and the American Councils re the Soviet
Union have become intermingled in the past. The library that is being built up
in the oflBce of the American Council, for example, obtains many of its periodicals
in exchange for Pacific AlTairs. The fact that J. Barnes when Secretary of
the American Council acted likewise as representative of the Secretary General
before the latter's arrival in Moscow, also added to the confusion in Soviet
minds. It has been unavoidable owing to personnel reasons, and for the im-
mediate future the distinction of activities will be hard to make at least to the
Soviet Council. In the ideal future, of course, each council will have its staff
worker able to handle Soviet materials, and the intermingling of activities will
cease. Until then, it may be as well not to confuse the Soviets by attempting toa
much to disentangle the Pacific and American Councils.
OcTOBEB 22, 1934.
Exhibit No. 1000
Moscow, Noveniiber 22, 1934.
Mr. E. C. Carter.
Chatham House, St. James Sq., London, S. W. 1.
Dear ]Mr. Carter: I have now been in Moscow twelve days and am more or
less settled. I am sorry that I have not been able to write to you sooner but I
have been separated from my typewriter for some days.
As soon as I arrived I went to VOKS and they arranged for me to see Voitin?ky.
He was very nice to me and offered to help me in every way possible, but of
course, he referred all Institute matters to Kantorovitch. Unfortunately it took
me almost a week to make arrangements to see him. Immediately after my inter-
view with him I sent you the following cable :
"Send complete list Institute publications. Have asked me for specific
answers to questions sent to you. Especially interested in exchange of pub-
lications and afraid you uninterested. General answer desirable now and
details when you arrive."
As soon as I met Kantorovitch, he got down to the business of the Institute. He
first wanted to know if I was empowered to give him specific answers to the ques-
5128 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
tions which the Russian group addressed to you this summer. I, of course was
not able to give him these answers. The question that interested him most was
that of the exchange of publications. He aslved if the Institute had its own pub-
lication establishment and I told him that we had books printed through com-
mercial firms. He asked if books prepared by the separate National Councils
appeared under the imprint of the Central Office. I said that apart from the
conference papers this generally was not the policy. He inferred from the fact
that you had not answered him specifically on the possibility of exchanging pub-
lications that you were not interested in doing so. I told him that, as I under-
stood the situation, you were very interested in making some such arrangement
and were waiting to make the definite arrangements after you arrived here.
In the course of the interview he asked many questions about the organization
and functions of the National Groups. I am keeping a full record of these con-
versations for you to see on your arrival. He asked to see the Memoranda. I
have given him a few of my copies which I had with me. If it is possible, I think
it might be wise to send copies here for a certain period. If you do not wish to
do that officially, I will continue to give him mine.
Both Kantorovitch and Voitinsky are very anxious to hear about new books
published in America on this general field. Voitinsky asked specifically for one.
He was not sure of the exact title l)ut thought it was some Annals on the United
States Policy in the Pacific. Perhaps you know what book he is referring to. I
shall try to discover the exact title and if it is convenient for you, you might bring
it when you come. I shall also write Kathleen Barnes and ask her to keep me
posted on all new books and to send me any that she considers particularly
important.
The Institute Office is in the office of the Soviet World Atlas. Kantorovitch
is usually there and his secretary speaks perfect English, having lived in England
for several years. She is taking care of the arrangements for me. There is a
small lil)rary for the Atlas and they are able to get books for me from other lib-
raries. They have also given me letters to two other places which may have more
of the books which I need. Kantorovitch has offered to let me have a desk in the
Institute Office and in a few more days I think that I will work there most of the
time.
As you undoubtedly know, the Pacific Ocean Cabinet of the Institute of World
Economics and Politics of the Communist Academy is publishing a new magazine
of the Pacific Ocean. It is a quarterly. At the moment I am in the process of
reading it and hope to be able to tell you all about it when you arrive. Among
other things, it has a long review of Empire in the East and a short statement
about the IPR in Russia.
At present I am giving a great deal of time to studying Russian, which you,
of course realise is very important for me. I am starting working on the Na-
tional Minorities, because I have no idea where to begin on the Standards of
Living. I hope that you will be able to bring with you an outline of Gregory's
book on Standards of Living and of any others that have been started. I am
also very eager to hear from Bill Holland in answer to your questions about the
National Minoi'ities.
Just before I left London I heard that in November a new book was to be
Published on the National Minority policy in the U. S. S. R. This is number 7 of
the New Soviet Library, published by Gollanz, Ltd. 14 Henrietta St., Covent
Garden. The title of the book is "tlie Soviet State and the Solution of the
Problems of Nationalities," By Victor Dimanstein. He is a Russian Authority
on the subject and it is very important for me to have this book. Could you
bring it when you come or have it sent?
In London I received from you two files of material in relation to Russian
participation. One was supposed to contain the Preliminary Survey of Soviet
Research Institutions Specializing in the Siberian and Far Eastern Field, pre-
pared by Joe this Spring. On the folder it is marked that I already have this.
Although I saw the first draft of it here in Moscow, I have never had a copy.
If you think it is advisable, you might bring me a copy.
In your letter of October 31st, you asked me to advise you where it would be
most convenient for you to stay when you are here. At present, I would certainly
advise the National again or the Metropole. Both are in a central position and
near the Institutions in which we are interested. As soon as you know definitely
when you are arriving and how many are coming with you, I will make the
arrangements here for you.
In my opinion the Soviet group of the Institute is a very serious and business-
like group. We will get cooperation from them in proportion to the cooperation
we are willing to give to them. For this reason it is most important that I be kept
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5129
informed on all the latest Institute news and any changes in policy, etc. As you
know, I have been away from the office for over a year and there are probably
many things which you take for granted but which are news to me. I will con-
tinue to cable you for specific information, but if you have any general informa-
tion on the work being done by the various National Councils, I would be very
grateful to be kept informed about it.
I think it will be best if you continue to send my mail to Irftourist, as it is
less likely to go astray. However in cases it is necessary to reach me some other
way, my address is
Moscow
Savelevski Pereulok
Dom 2, Kv. 4
Sincerely
Harriet Mooee.
Exhibit No. 1001
Amstel Hotel,
Amsterdam, December 15, 1934.
Miss Harriet Moore,
Hotel Metropole, Moscow, U. 8. 8. R.
Deae, Harriet : There are no special instructions for our visit. It was thought-
ful of you to ask me for further suggestions.
The principal purpose of the visit is twofold — First, to be of every possible
assistance to the new Soviet IPR as it develops its program. The second is to
have the maximum time with you is conferring about your work and in loading
you with IPR ammunition so that you can be of the greatest consultative value
to Kamtorovich is the weeks following our departure. I want, of course, to
talk fully with you regarding your work when you have finished your present
Moscow assignment.
Subordinate to those two purposes is the desire to give my three colleagues a
favorable opportunity of seeing something of important influences in the
U. S. S. R. as revealed in Moscow. For five hours each day all of them will be
engaged on immediate IPR duties, but all of the rest of the time can be given
to studying and observing the various aspects of INIoscow life. All of this can
be easily arranged atter we have arrived. These purposes can be in part
realized in connection with the main object of the visit, for example a couple
of hours spent by us at the Institute of Minor Nationalities would serve many
purposes.
One incidental matter which I will want to discuss with you, and if you
and Kamtorovich advise it, is this. How can scholars from abroad who obey
the Soviet law fare nearly as well as those who violate it?
As a result of your letter to Kate we got the coffee and can opener that yon
requested in Paris.
We will drive straight from the flying field to the Metroi>ole on our arrival
on the night of the 20th. Did I tell you that Simon Wingfield-Digby will, be-
cause of his luggage come by train, arriving in Moscow a little before noon
on the 21st? I have ,iust received two friendly letters from Kantorovich in one of
which he indicates that advancing my visit by a few days is equally convenient
for him. I hope that on the 21st we can have a long conference with him and
then on the 22nd or 23rd a meeting of the Soviet group, if that is regarded by
Kantorovich and yourself as a possible and desirable thing to do.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C Carter.
We want first of all a long talk with you.
Exhibit No. 1002
W. L. H from ECC
Hotel Metropole, Moscow,
December 25th, 19S4.
A. Kantorovttch,
20, Razin 8treet, Moscow.
Dear Kantorovitch : In my conversation vsdth you on December 24th, I men-
tioned two projects which have formed part of the International Research
program of the Institute of Pacific Relations since the 1931 conference. These
are, (1) an international survey of Communicatioits in the Pacific Area, and (2)
an international survey of the Legal 8tatus of Aliens in Pacific Countries.
8834&— 52— pt. 14 15
5130 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
This letter constitutes a formal request from the Pacific Council and the
International Research Committee to the U. S. S. R. Council of the I. P. R. to
contribute a section to each of these two studies.
On December 24th I handed you the British paper on Communications, the
Australian paper on the Status of Aliens, and four pamphlets dealing with the
Status of Aliens in Canada, from which the final Canadian paper will be com-
piled. These papers will serve to show you the general form which the Research
Committee would like yovi to follow, but, of course, the details as to the method
of treatment and the scope of the study would be left entirely to your discretion.
If the U. S. S. R. Council agrees to contribute a chapter to each of these
studies, these should be in manuscript form and mailed to the International
Research Secretary, W. L. Holland, 30G Osaka Building, Tokyo, by April 1st,
1935. A copy of the manuscript should be sent to Professor Norman Mackenzie,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Professor Mackenzie has been selected
by the International Research Committee to act as final editor and complete the
report on both these studies for publication.
As you will note from the sample sections which I have given you, the material
is almost entii'ely factual. Each study will be published as a small reference
handbook, in which statistics and terminology will have been made as nearly
uniform and comparable as possible. Professor Mackenzie has not decided as
yet whether he will write an interpretive analysis of the material presented. If
he does so, he will circulate it to all the National Councils before the final
publications of the two reports.
At present Professor Mackenzie has on hand papers on the Status of Alietis from
the following countries :
Japan China Australia
United States Canada France
Philippines Holland
New Zealand Great Britain
He is not planning to edit more than is absolutely necessary. His introduction
will emphasize the similarities and the differences in treatment of aliens in the
countries of the Pacific.
With regard to the study of Communications, Professor Mackenzie has received
papers from every member country of the Institute with the exception of
Australia and tlie Philippines. He hopes to receive these papers in the near
future.
The details as to the publication of these two studies have not been decided,,
pending the completion of the final manuscript.
Both the Pacific Council and the International Research Committee feel that
it is of the utmost importance that information from the U. S. S. R. on both
these questions be secured if possible. I hope, therefore, that the U. S. S. R.
Council of the I. P. R. will be able to respond favorably to this request for a
Soviet contribution to each study.
Sincerely yours,
Edward C. Carter.
Copies to Holland, Moore
Exhibit No. 1003
Moscow, December 26, 19S4,
Frederick V. Field, Esq.,
129 East 52nd Street, New York City.
Dear Fred : As Leonard Wu is coming to Moscow I would strongly recommend
that you urge him seriously to consider reaching here before Harriet Moore
leaves. The reception that we have had from Motylev and Kantorovich and the
other members of the Soviet Council could not have been more cordial or useful.
In no country has any group made more precise and more adequate arrangements
for the fulfillment of the purposes of our visit than the offiees here.
For the sake of continuity there would be very great advantages in Wu's
arriving l)efore Miss Mooi'e leaves. She could be of the greatest assistance to
him, and he could perpetuate the wonderful tradition that she is establishing-
here.
Could you and Kathleen talk this over with Wu to discover what' his plans
are, what he particularly wants to study when he gets here, what his dates are.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5131
and then write Harriet very fully. It w<jald be better if he got here when Har-
riet was in Moscow, rather than when slie was in the Buriyat Mongolian Republic.
Sincerely yours,
Edwabd C. Carter.
Exhibit No. 1004
Mi-. W. L. Holland : For your information.
Chatham House, 10, St. James's Square,
London, 8. W. 1, 4th January 1935.
Galkn M. FiSHKR, Esq.,
5^7 Madison Aretiiic,
New York City.
Dear (tAlen : The enclosed from Lasker would seem to indicate that he has
got a garbled idea of the proposed Bibliographical Service. I wonder whether
he has received one of your American or international letters on the subject?
I will be writing you more fully about the attitude of the four countries re-
cently visited. Briefly it is as follows :
In England, those who know Russian, Chinese, or Japanese think the proposal
important. Those who do not know any one of these three languages seem to
question its value.
In France, Boyer, Bonnet, Dennery, and Lavey all thought the service would
be of very great value.
In Holland, the entire I. P. R. Council thought that the Service would be very
important, but it would have to be started and an exhibition given of its value
before any large number of people would recognize its importance and subscribe
to it.
In the U. S. S. R. several very important items came out, regarding which I will
write you more fully later.
1. The I. P. R. Group wants immediately from America and, if possible, from
London, a desci'iption of what the I. P. R. people, for example in New York, feel
are the i-eally important books and ai'ticles on the Pacific in the English language.
Tlio listing of such books supported by good reviews that may appear in other
journals not necessarily prepared for the I. P. R. would serve their purpose.
2. Our friends in Moscow at the moment are not terribly impressed by the
scientific quality or the indispensability of much of the literature that is being
published in China and Japan.
3. Although they do not say so, it is quite apparent that we will have to
be careful not to lump Russia, China, and Japan together as in a similar category
when we are dealing with our Rassian colleagues. At that moment when the
Bibliographical Service includes English language publications, then the danger
of Soviet leaders thinking that the Service is lumping Soviet Russia with China
and Japan as Asiatic countries will disappear.
It is difiicult for our Soviet colleagues to envisage a Service conducted from
London or Washington by a staff that will be predominantly capitalistic, describ-
ing either Soviet or other books in a manner that would be regarded as objec-
tive by Communist and capitalist readers.
Here is one of the central difficulties facing us, not only in the Bibliographical
proposal, but from now on in "Pacific Affairs" and any other I. P. R. publications.
We have worshipped at the shrine of objectivity, but nearly all of the wor-
shippers heretofore have been non-Communist. The coming of the Soviet I. P. R.
into not only formal but active, wholehearted, and generous co-operation with
the I. P. R. involves a complete rethinking of our entire programme of research;,
conference, and publication. Each one of us who is working for the Pacific
Council is now a servant of an organisation in which the Communist outlook
on politics and economics must organisationally be regarded as deserving the
same consideration as the capitalists.
Translating this into terms of the Bibliographical problems facing us. suggests
among others three possible plans: (1) a note of each book and articles in the
Bibliographical Service from both a Communist and non-Communist ; (2) an
attempt at a description that would be regarded as equally objective by Com-
munists and capitalists; (3) capitalist reviews of Communist books and articles
and Comnmnist reviews of capitalist books and articles.
As I say, I hope to write you a little more fully on this matter later, but I
wanted to send you immediately this advance report on my discussions in four
European countries.
5132 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
You have doubtless already appraised the value of the International Bibliog-
raphy of Historical Sciences. I would like to have you write me fully as to
vi^hat extent you feel that this meets the need that we have all had in mind. The
fact that it does not come out until about IS or 20 months after the year under
review militates against it slightly, though I suppose we might find ourselves
from six to nine months behind the wishes of our constituency. Do you know
whether the fact that a book or article is listed in this Bibliography persuades
people that books and articles in their field are indispensable to them? The
intrinsic importance of each book and article seems to be the principal criterion
of selection. How widely does the scientific world accept the judgment of those
who make the selection as final?
The letter from Hughes, the Chinese expert at Oxford, is significant as an
example of the reaction of one who knows Chinese. The letter from Webster
is significant as coming from one who does not know any of the three languages,
so also is the formal letter from Arnold here at Chatham House.
Duyveudak, the great sinologist at Leiden, is very keen on the Bibliographical
Service, and believes that both he and several of the Netherland institutions can
-cooperate. Rade, the Japanologist at Leiden, is also ready and eager to help.
Duyvendak goes to Columbia very shortly. It is of the utmost importance that
you see him on arrival. You should talk with him as to the desirability of
considering once a year the review of the very important Dutch publications on
the Pacific.
I am sending copies of this letter to Lattimore, Lasker, and Holland, with
the request that they should not distribute it to others, as it is only a hurried
interim report. I would ask that you share it immediately vdth Field and
Kathleen Barnes, and that you three send me individually or collectively your
Ibest reaction to the problem raised by Soviet cooperation with the I. P. R.
At this point I perhaps ought to add that I believe that the Soviet Group is
going to make a very substantial contribution both to scholarship and realism
in the I. P. R.
I am enclosing a copy of Miss Harriet Moore's private memorandum on the
Bibliographical Service. This was written after she had listened in on the
preliminary discussions which Miss Mitchell and I had with the Praesidium of
the Soviet I. P. R.
Apiiended is a list of those who were present at the Luncheon discussion and
the Afternoon Conference at Oxford. At both of these meetings the Bibiliogra-
phy was discussed. The attitude of those who knew Chinese and Russian was
such as to convince nearly all those present as to the importance of the I. P. R.
proposal. Zimmern, for example, does not know Russian, Chinese or Japanese,
yet he felt that the project was of the utmost importance.
I ought to add that our colleagues in the Soviet Union will cooperate superbly
in whatever plan we finally decide to inaugurate. The resources of the Soviet
I. P. R. Group are very gi-eat indeed. They will be able to command the active
collaboration of the principal Russian scholars throughout the Soviet Union
on any plan which we finally work out which thoroughly commends itself to us
and to them.
Sincerely yours,
Edwabd C. Cabter.
Exhibit No. 1005
Draft
20, Razxn Street,
Moscow, 3rd January, 1935.
Meeting of the Peiaesidium of the U. S. S. R. I. P. R.
Present. — V. E. Motylev
A. Kantorovitch
G. Voitinsky
Edward C. Carter
Harriet Moore
Kate Mitchell
Mr. Carter had prepared an Agenda for the Meeting, a copy of which is at-
tached to this Report. It was agreed that the points listed should be taken up
in order.
mSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5133
1. Organisation of I. P. R. Conferences. — Mr. Carter explained that the various
international committees of the I. P. C. listed under item 7 on the Agenda, held
their Meetings for two or three days before and after the Conference. The
Conference itself is devoted entirely to education and research work. Mr. Carter
then described the "Round Table" technique. He explained that at I. P. R. Con-
ferences, papers are read by the members in advance of the Confrence and that
the discussion begins as soon as the Conference opens. The Conference is divided
into four or five Round Table groups, with from 35 to 40 members at each.
Discussions begin at 9 o'clock in the morning and ordinarily last until 12 p. m.
The afternoons are given up to informal discussion amongst small groups of
Conference members. The Conference meets as a whole, every two or three days,
and at this time Reports are read by either the Chairman or the Secretary of
each Round Table, thus enabling the Members to follow the course of discussions
at Round Tables other than their own.
Mr. Motylev asked whether discussion at the Round Tables was organised.
Mr. Carter explained that each Round Table had a Chairman and a Secretary
who were responsible for guiding a discussion in such a way that all points of
view were presented. The object of the Round Table technique is to ensure both
a free and informal discussion and at the same time to make sure that each
member of a Round Table is given an opportunity to make his special contribu-
tion. In dividing the Members of the Conference among the Round Tables, the
Programme Committee consults with the National Secretaries and attempts: —
(a) To see that national groups are divided equally amongst the Round
Tables, and
(b) To see that the division brings together men and women of similar
interests or fields of knowledge.
Every effort is made to avoid the formation of national blocs on any question
under discussion. Mr. Carter explained that this description was, of course, a
"Council of perfection," but that he hoped that in the next Conference the Round
Tables would be organised better than they had ever been before, and that this
standard of perfection would be more nearly attained than in former years.
Mr. Motylev asked how the Round Table topics were divided amongst the
different groups.
Mr. Carter explained that all the Round Tables discussed the same topics at
the same time. The equal di^^sion of time amongst the five Round Tables topics
had not yet been decided. Presumably the first two days would be spent on
topic (a) "Japanese Economic Expansion in World Markets." The next two
days on "The United States Recovery Programme;" three days on the "Soviet
Union" ; two days on "China" ; and three days on the final topic, "The Changing
Balance of Political Forces in the Pacific."
Mr. Motylev expressed satisfaction with this plan of organisation. He ex-
plained that it would be something new in Russian experience but that he felt
that it had a distinct advantage in that it created a chance for every member
of the Conference to express his opinion on the subjects under disciission.
Mr. Motylev then discussed the points raised in the letter sent by the Secretary
General to the members of the Institute from Amsterdam, December 18th, 1934.
In general he was in full agreement with the provisions contained therein. With
regard to the specific points, he felt that the American Consul's proposal for
changing topic (e) was not sound. The Soviet Union has no special interest in
Manchuria and, therefore he did not see that the question of Manchuria's status
could properly be discussed in connection with the topic concerning the Soviet
policy in the Far East. It might, of course, be considered in connection with the
topic dealing with China, but he felt that it would be better to leave it under
topic (e).
Mr. Carter said that he was very glad to have this expression of Soviet opinion.
Mr. Voitinsky said that he felt topic (e) was very well formulated and should
prove valuable in summarising the problems brought out during the discussion
of the first four topics.
With regard to the daily papers which the Union intends to contribute to the
Conference, Mr. Motylev explained that the Council had decided to combine Nos.
4 and 5.
This paper will deal not only with the economies, but also with the political
struggle in the Pacific and will therefore furnish the Soviet data for the final
Round Table. Mr. Motylev raised the question as to whether the National Coun-
cils were still to be allowed to prepare an official paper as stated in the Secretary
General's Memorandum of June 21st. Mr. Carter said that this provision still
held good and that his December 18th Memorandum in no way superceded the
5134 INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS
provisions of the former Memorandum. Mr. Motylev explained tliat the Soviet
g^roup had not decided on any additional paper, but wished to be free to con-
tribute one if international conditions should make it necessary.
Mr. Kantorovitch added that the Soviet Council would see that a definitive list
of papers were sent to the Secretariat by April 1st, 1935, and a partial list of
probable Soviet members by December 1st, 1935.
2, Interim Research Conferences. — Mr. Motylev explained that before he could
give Mr. Carter a definite answer with regard to Soviet attendance at the pro-
posed Conference in Tokyo in April, the Soviet Council would have to discuss
the question of standards of living studies with various specialists in that field.
This would be done during the next few weeks and he would then send to Mr.
Carter and to Mr. Holland, the Soviet Council's views on the question of possible
research projects in this field within the Soviet Union; With regard to Mr.
Carter's invitation to him to attend the Conference in person, Mr. Motylev ex-
j)lained that his teaching duties would ordinarily occupy him until June and that
it might be difficult for him to leave Moscow by April 1st. He asked whether the
Conference was to be a general one confined to Members from the Far Eastern
countries.
Mr. Carter explained that the original plan had been for a Regional Confer-
ence, but that information which he had received while in America and Moscow
had led him to feel that it was of the utmost importance that the Soviet Union,
Great Britain and the United States should be represented there. The principal
task of the Conference will be to try and work out a common methodology for
all future work in the field of standards of living and for this reason it ia
desirable that it should be as international in character as is possible at this
short notice.
Mr. Motylev said that although Soviet representation might not be ix>ssible,
the Council would send a Memorandum setting forth their views on this ques-
tion.
The Meeting then took up items 3 and 4 on the Agenda.
With regard to the exchange of staff, Mr. Motylev said that he was thoroughly
in agreement with the principle involved. In this connection he might say that
the financial aspect need not prove the handicap which Mr. Carter evidently
feared. The Soviet Council could, if it desired, send students at its own ex-
pense as it had been given a certain endowment in valuta. The working out of
principle might, however, take time as the Soviet Council would first have to
attract research workers and students interested in the idea of such an exchange.
Mr. Kantorovitch expressed his gratitude at the invitation of the American
Council for him to spend a period of months in the New York Office. It was, of
course, impossible for him to accept at present, but it might be arranged at a
later date.
Mr. Carter said that he understood that ^Ir. Kantorovitch would be very' oc-
cupied in Moscow for the next few months, but that the invitation was a stand-
ing one which he hoped could be accepted later on.
Mr. Motylev expressed regret that Miss Moore had not asked for more help
from the Soviet Council. He exijlained that his Institute had a special depart-
ment for securing all necessities in the way of materials for his staff, and he
hoped that Miss Moore will make full use of it. He also hoped to arrange any
special consultations with experts in various fields which would be useful for
Miss Moore in carrying out her proposed study. With regard to the possibility
of Miss Moore visiting F.uriat, Mongolia, he was a little doubtful, but promised
to do everything he could to help her in arranging this, should she wish to do so.
Miss Moore expressed her appreciation of this offer and explained that the
reason she had not hitherto asked for more assistance was because she had
been concentrating upon her study of the lan,guage and had not as yet begun
much actual work on her research project.
5. An English Edition of the Great Xoviet World Atlas. — Mr. Carter felt that
it would be a very valuable contribution to the work of the I. I*. R. if such an
edition could be arranged, as English was the first or second language for the
majority of the member countries.
Mr. Motylev promised to inform the Editorial Council of Mr. Carter's proposal
and expressed the hope that a favourable decision would be possible.
6. Langiiaffe Problem. — Mr. Carter explained that one of the most difficult
problems now facing the I. P. R. was that of the language barrier amongst its
different members. As one step in attacking this problem the American Coun-
cil of the I. P. R., in collaboration with Harvard University, had put on 'a.
Summer School during 1934, for an intensive study of the Russian language.
INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS 5135
This experiment had iiroved so .successful that it is to be repeated at Cohimbia
University in the summer of 1935. Mr. Carter also mentioned that Mrs. Barnes
had consulted with Tolokonoky. the Soviet Consul-General in New York, con-
cerning the possibility of securing a Russian instructor for the school. Toloko-
noky had suggested writing direct to Arosev for his suggestions. Prince Mlr-
sky's name had been mentioned as a possibility and Mr. Carter wished to find
out from the Praesidium their reaction to this proposal. Mr. Motylev asked
what the terms would be. Mr. Carter explained that Professor Patrick at the
University of California had been secured for the first part of the school and
that Mirsky would be requested to take the second half, from approximately
July 22d to August 30th. His travelling expenses wovild be paid and he would
receive $800 in addition. The Praesidium appeared to feel that there was no
reason why Mirsky should not be approached if it seemed advisable.
Mr. Carter next mentioned the question of Basic English, explaining that
the I. P. R.'s interest in Basic was entirely as a method of learning English in
a much shorter length of time. He told of his conversations with Litvinova
and showed Mr. Motilev the clippings from Pravda which dealt with the matter
of language teaching in the U. S. S. R. Mr. Motilev expressed great interest
and promised to get into touch with Litvinova at once. He agreed that the
present teaching of English in the Soviet Union was far from satisfactory and
was eager to learn more about Basic as a simpler and more effective method.
7. International Committees. — Mr. Carter explained that the Soviet group
was entitled to representation upon all the International Committees of the I.
P. R. The Praesidium agreed to take up this question with the Council and to
inform Mr. Carter as to their nominations for the varioiis positions.
8. Studies in Standards of Living and Culture. — Under this topic the hope was
merely left that, if possible, Mr. Motilov himself should attend the Research
Conference in T 
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